Energy Harvesting and Storage For Electronic Devices 2011-2021 - IDTechEx

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Energy Harvesting and Storage for Electronic Devices

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2011-2021
Brand new for May 2011 By Dr Peter Harrop and Raghu Das
Total market for energy harvesting devices will rise to over $4 billion in 2021
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Description
In 2011, IDTechEx research finds that the amount of money spent on energy harvesters will be $0.7Bn, with several hundred developers involved throughout the value chain. Energy harvesting is the process by which ambient energy is captured and converted into electricity for small autonomous devices, such as satellites, laptops and nodes in sensor networks making them self-sufficient. Energy harvesting applications reach from vehicles to the smart grid. The majority of the value this year is in consumer electronic applications, where energy harvesters have been used for some time. In 2011, 1.6 million energy harvesters will be used in wireless sensors, resulting in $13.75 million being spent on those harvesters. Energy harvesting, otherwise known as power harvesting or energy scavenging includes photovoltaics, thermovoltaics, piezoelectrics and electrodynamics, among other options, which are now being used in a wide variety of applications. The technology has reached a tipping point, because the necessary lower power electronics and more efficient energy gathering and storage are now sufficiently affordable, reliable and longer lived for a huge number of applications to be practicable. From wind-up laptops for Africa, wireless light switches working from the power of your finger and wireless sensors in oil fields monitoring equipment power by vibration - these are all in use now with many more applications emerging. Market Segments using Energy Harvesting This report covers the following market segments with detailed ten year forecasts of each: Wristwatches Bicycle dynamo Laptops, e-books Mobile phones Other portable consumer electronics - Calculators, toys, piezo gas lighters, electronic car keys, electronic apparel etc Wireless sensor mesh networks Other Industrial -Mainly buildings, machinery, engines, non-meshed wireless sensors and actuators Military and aerospace excluding WSN Healthcare - Implants, disposable testers and drug delivery etc Other - Research, animals, farming etc
Energy harvesting by technology type This year, most of the harvesters used in the above market segments are solar cells followed by electrodynamos, two relatively mature energy harvesting technologies. However, many new technologies are now taking some market share enabling power in areas not possible before. This includes thermoelectrics - generating power from heat - where organisations such as the Department of Energy in the US are working with BMW and GM to turn heat waste from engines and exhaust into power for the vehicle's electrical systems. NASA use thermoelectrics to power Mars rovers where they work without light, unlike solar cells. Piezoelectric energy harvesters are also of great interest due to their small form factor and high efficiency. In 2021, these four energy harvester types will have near similar market share for industrial sensing applications. However, even by then solar will continue to dominate for consumer applications. For the first time, this unique report looks at the global situation. It covers the progress of more than 200 organizations in 22 countries and gives detailed case studies. Market forecasts are provided for everything from self-sufficient wristwatches to mobile phones that will never need a charger and light switches and controls that have no wiring and no batteries when fitted in buildings to wireless sensors power from the environment they are placed in. However, there are further mountains to climb in order to achieve self powered wireless sensors monitoring forest fires, pollution spillages and even inside the human body and in the concrete of buildings. These applications will become commonplace one day. Even devices with maintenance-free life of hundreds of years can now be envisaged. Meanwhile, bionic man containing maintenance free, self-powered devices for his lifetime is an objective for the next few years. IDTechEx find that the total market for energy harvesting devices, including everything from wristwatches to wireless sensors will rise to over $4 billion in 2021. Market value - non-consumer and consumer - by technology 2021
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Source: IDTechEx report "Energy Harvesting & Storage for Electronic Devices 2011-2021" How do these things work? Which technologies have the most potential now and in the future? What are the advantages and disadvantages of each? Which countries have the most active programs and why? What are the leading universities, developers, manufacturers and other players up to? What alliances exist? What are the timelines for success? All these questions and more are answered in this report. Stay updated with free IDTechEx research All purchases include one hour of consultancy from IDTechEx by telephone or email. Further information If you have any questions about this report, please do not hesitate to contact our report team at Research@IDTechEx.com or call Clare on +44 (0) 1223 813 703 if you are based in EMEA or Raoul on +1 617 577 7890 if you are based in the Americas, ROW or Spain. Table of Contents 1. INTRODUCTION 1.1. What is energy harvesting? 1.2. What it is not 1.3. Energy harvesting compared with alternatives 1.4. Power requirements of different devices 1.5. Harvesting options to meet these requirements 1.6. Battery advances fail to keep up - implications 1.7. Some key enablers for the future - printed electronics, smart substrates, MEMS 1.7.1. Printed and thin film 1.7.2. Smart substrates 1.7.3. MEMS 2. APPLICATIONS AND POTENTIAL APPLICATIONS 2.1. Aerospace and military 2.2. Industrial 2.2.1. Standards - EnOcean Alliance vs ZigBee 2.2.2. Real Time Locating Systems 2.2.3. Wireless Sensor Networks (WSN) 2.2.4. Aircraft, engines, automotive and machinery 2.3. Consumer 2.3.1. Mobile phones, wristwatches, radio, lamps etc 2.3.2. E-Labels, E-Packaging, E-signage, E-posters 2.3.3. Textiles 2.4. Healthcare 2.5. Third World 2.6. Environmental 3. HARVESTING-TOLERANT ELECTRONICS, DIRECT USE OF POWER, STORAGE OPTIONS 3.1. Harvesting tolerant electronics and direct use of power 3.1.1. Progress with harvesting tolerant electronics 3.2. New battery options 3.2.1. Smart Dust 3.2.2. Lithium laminar batteries 3.2.3. Planar Energy Devices 3.2.4. Cymbet Corporation - integrated battery management 3.2.5. Infinite Power Solutions 3.2.6. Transparent printed organic batteries
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3.2.7. 3.2.8. 3.2.9. 3.2.10. 3.3. 3.3.1. 3.3.2. 3.3.3. 3.3.4. 4. 4.1. 4.1.1. 4.1.2. 4.1.3. 4.1.4. 4.2. 4.3. 4.4. 4.5. 4.6. 4.7. 4.8. 4.9. 4.10. 4.10.1. 5. 5.1. 5.2. 5.2.1. 5.2.2. 5.2.3. 5.2.4. 5.3. 5.4. 5.5. 5.5.1. 5.5.2. 5.5.3. 5.5.4. 6. 6.1. 6.1.1. 6.1.2. 6.1.3. 6.1.4. 7. 7.1. 7.2. 7.3. 8. 8.2. 8.3. 8.4. 8.5. 8.6. 8.7. 8.8. 8.9. 8.10. 8.11. 8.12. 8.13.
Biobatteries do their own harvesting Battery that incorporates energy harvesting - FlexEl Technion Israel Institute of Science Need for shape standards for laminar batteries Alternatives to batteries Supercapacitors Supercapacitors and Supercabatteries Supercabatteries Mini fuel cells LIGHT HARVESTING FOR SMALL DEVICES Comparison of options Important parameters Principles of operation Options for the future Many types of photovoltaics needed for harvesting Limits of cSi and aSi technologies Limits of CdTe GaAsGe multilayers DSSC CIGS Organic Nanosilicon ink Nantennas Other options Nanowire solar cells MOVEMENT HARVESTING Vibration harvesting Movement harvesting options Piezoelectric - conventional, ZnO and polymer Electrostatic Magnetostrictive Energy harvesting electronics Electroactive polymers MEMS Electrodynamic Generation of electricity Harvesting from the human heart Bridge monitoring Wind up foetal heart rate monitor HEAT HARVESTING Thermoelectrics Thermoelectric construction Advantages of thermoelectrics Automotive Thermoelectric Generation (ATEG) Heat pumps OTHER HARVESTING OPTIONS Electromagnetic field harnessing Microbial and other fuel cells Multiple energy harvesting PROFILES OF PARTICIPANTS IN 22 COUNTRIES Advanced Cerametrics Agency for Defense Development AIST Tsukuba Alabama A.&M. University Alps Electric Ambient Research AmbioSystems LLC Applied Digital Solutions Argonne National Laboratory Arizona State University Arveni Australian National University - Department of Engineering
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8.14. 8.15. 8.16. 8.17. 8.18. 8.19. 8.20. 8.21. 8.22. 8.23. 8.24. 8.25. 8.26. 8.27. 8.28. 8.29. 8.30. 8.31. 8.32. 8.33. 8.34. 8.35. 8.36. 8.37. 8.38. 8.39. 8.40. 8.41. 8.42. 8.43. 8.44. 8.45. 8.46. 8.47. 8.48. 8.49. 8.50. 8.51. 8.52. 8.53. 8.54. 8.55. 8.56. 8.57. 8.58. 8.59. 8.60. 8.61. 8.62. 8.63. 8.64. 8.65. 8.66. 8.67. 8.68. 8.69. 8.70. 8.71. 8.72. 8.73. 8.74. 8.75.
Avago Technologies General BAE Systems Boeing California Institute of Technology California Institute of Technology/Jet Propulsion Laboratory California State University - Northridge Carnegie Mellon University CEA (Atomic Energy Commission of France) Chinese University of Hong Kong Chungbuk National University Citizen Holding Co Ltd China National Space Administration Clarkson University Cymtox Ltd Drexel University East Japan Railway Company EDF R&D Electronics and Telecommunications Research Institute (ETRI) Ember Corporation Encrea srl European Space Agency Exergen Fast Trak Ltd Fatih University Ferro Solutions, Inc. Fraunhofer Institut Integrierte Schaltungen Freeplay Foundation G24 Innovations Ganssle Group Gas Sensing Solution Ltd General Electric Company Georgia Institute of Technology GreenPeak Technologies Harvard University High Merit Thermoelectrics Hi-Tech Wealth Holst Centre Honeywell Idaho National Laboratory IMEC Imperial College India Space Research Organisation IntAct Intel ITRI (Industrial Technology Research Institute) Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency Kanazawa University KCF Technologies Inc Kinergi Pty Ltd Kinetron BV Kobe University Konarka Kookmin University, Korea Electronics Company Korea Institute of Science and Technology Korea University Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory Lear Corporation Lebn Solutions Leviton Lockheed Martin Corporation LV Sensors, Inc.
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8.76. 8.77. 8.78. 8.79. 8.80. 8.81. 8.82. 8.83. 8.84. 8.85. 8.86. 8.87. 8.88. 8.89. 8.90. 8.91. 8.92. 8.93. 8.94. 8.95. 8.96. 8.97. 8.98. 8.99. 8.100. 8.101. 8.102. 8.103. 8.104. 8.105. 8.106. 8.107. 8.108. 8.109. 8.110. 8.111. 8.112. 8.113. 8.114. 8.115. 8.116. 8.117. 8.118. 8.119. 8.120. 8.121. 8.122. 8.123. 8.124. 8.125. 8.126. 8.127. 8.128. 8.129. 8.130. 8.131. 8.132. 8.133. 8.134. 8.135. 8.136. 8.137.
Massachusetts Institute of Technology MEMSCAP SA Michigan Technological University Microdul AG Micropelt GmbH MicroStrain Inc., Mid Technology Corporation MINIWIZ Sustainable Energy Dev. Ltd Mitsubishi Corporation Nanosonic Inc NASA National Physical Laboratory National Semiconductor National Taiwan University, National Tsing Hua University Network Rail Infrastructure Ltd Newcastle University Nextreme Nokia Cambridge UK Research Centre North Carolina State University Northrop Grumman Northeastern University Northwestern University Nova Mems NTT DOCOMO Oak Ridge National Laboratory Ohio State University Omron Corporation Pacific Northwest National Laboratory Pavegen Pennsylvania State University Perpetua Perpetuum Ltd Polatis Photonics POWERLeap PowerFilm, Inc. PulseSwitch Systems Purdue University Rockwell Automation Rockwell Scientific Rosemount, Inc. Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, Sagentia Sandia National Laboratory Satellite Services Ltd Siemens Power Generation Scuola Superiore Sant'Anna Seiko SELEX Galileo Sentilla Corporation Shanghai Jiao Tong University Simon Fraser University Smart Material Corp. SMH Solid State Research inc Sony Southampton University Hospital SPAWAR Spectrolab Inc State University of New Jersey Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Syngenta Sensors UIC
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8.138. 8.139. 8.140. 8.141. 8.142. 8.143. 8.144. 8.145. 8.146. 8.147. 8.148. 8.149. 8.150. 8.151. 8.152. 8.153. 8.154. 8.155. 8.156. 8.157. 8.158. 8.159. 8.160. 8.161. 8.162. 8.163. 8.164. 8.165. 8.166. 8.167. 8.168. 8.169. 8.170. 9. 9.1. 9.1.1. 9.1.2. 9.1.3. 9.1.4. 9.1.5. 9.1.6. 9.1.7. 9.1.8. 9.1.9. 9.2. 9.2.1. 9.2.2. 9.2.3. 9.2.4. 9.2.5. 9.2.6. 9.2.7. 9.2.8. 9.2.9. 9.2.10. 9.2.11. 9.2.12. 9.2.13. 9.2.14. 9.2.15. 9.2.16. 9.2.17.
Technical University of Ilmenau, Thermolife Energy Corporation The Technology Partnership TIMA Laboratory Tokyo Institute of Technology Trophos Energy TRW Conekt Tyndall National Institute University of Berlin University of Bristol University of California Berkeley University of California Los Angeles University of Edinburgh University of Florida University of Freiburg - IMTEK University of Idaho University of Michigan University of Neuchatel University of Oxford University of Pittsburgh University of Princeton University of Sheffield University of Southampton University of Tokyo Uppsala University US Army Research Laboratory Virginia Tech Voltaic Systems Inc Washington State University Wireless Industrial Technologies Yale University, Yonsei University, ZMD AG THE ENOCEAN ALLIANCE Promoters BSC Computer GmbH - Germany EnOcean -Germany Leviton - United States Masco - United States MK Electric (a Honeywell Business) - United Kingdom Omnio - Switzerland OPUS greenNet - Germany Texas Instruments - United States Thermokon Sensortechnik - Germany Participants ACTE .PL Ad Hoc Electronics - United States Atlas Group b.a.b technologie GmbH - Germany Beckhoff - Germany bk-electronic GmbH BootUp GmbH - Switzerland BSC Computer GmbH Cozir - United Kindom Denro - Germany Distech Controls - Canada DRSG EchoFlex Solutions EHRT Elsner Elektronik - Germany Eltako GmbH Emerge Alliance
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9.2.18. 9.2.19. 9.2.20. 9.2.21. 9.2.22. 9.2.23. 9.2.24. 9.2.25. 9.2.26. 9.2.27. 9.2.28. 9.2.29. 9.2.30. 9.2.31. 9.2.32. 9.2.33. 9.2.34. 9.2.35. 9.2.36. 9.2.37. 9.2.38. 9.2.39. 9.2.40. 9.2.41. 9.2.42. 9.2.43. 9.2.44. 9.2.45. 9.2.46. 9.2.47. 9.2.48. 9.2.49. 9.2.50. 9.2.51. 9.2.52. 9.2.53. 9.2.54. 9.2.55. 9.2.56. 9.2.57. 9.2.58. 9.2.59. 9.2.60. 9.2.61. 9.2.62. 9.2.63. 9.2.64. 9.2.65. 9.2.66. 9.2.67. 9.2.68. 9.2.69. 9.2.70. 9.2.71. 9.2.72. 9.3. 9.3.1. 9.3.2. 9.3.3. 9.3.4. 9.3.5. 9.3.6.
Ex-Or - United Kindom Funk Technik - Germany GE Energy - United States GFR - Germany Hansgrohe Group - Germany Hautau - Germany HESCH - Germany Hoppe - Germany Hotel Technology Next Generation - United States IK Elektronik GmbH - Germany ILLUMRA - United States INSYS Electronics Intesis Software SL - Spain IP Controls - Germany Jager Direkt GmbH & Co Kieback&Peter GmbH & Co. KG - Germany LonMark International Lutuo - China Magnum Energy Solutions LLC - United States Murata Europe - Germany Osram Osram Silvania OVERKIZ - Germany PEHA PEHA - Germany PROBARE Regulvar Reliable Controls - Canada S+S Regeltechnik S4 Group - United States Sauter Schulte Elektrotechnik GmbH & Co. KG SCL Elements Inc - Canada SensorDynamics AG Servodan A/S Shaspa - United Kingdom Siemens Building Technologies - Switzerland Siemens Building Technologies GmbH & Co SmartHome Initiative - Germany SOMMER - Germany Spartan Peripheral Devices - Canada Spega - Germany steute Schaltgerte GmbH & Co. KG Texas Instruments Titus - United States Unitronic AG Zentrale - Germany Unotech A/S - Denmark USNAP - United States Vicos - Austria Viessmann Group - Germany Vossloh-Schwabe - Germany WAGO Kontakttechnik GmbH & Co. KG - Germany Wieland Electric GmbH - Germany YTL Technologies - China Zumtobel Lighting GmbH - Austria Associates A. & H. MEYER GmbH - Germany ABC Shop 24 - Germany Active Business Company GmbH Akktor GmbH - Germany Alvi Technologies ASP Automao - Brazil
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9.3.7. 9.3.8. 9.3.9. 9.3.10. 9.3.11. 9.3.12. 9.3.13. 9.3.14. 9.3.15. 9.3.16. 9.3.17. 9.3.18. 9.3.19. 9.3.20. 9.3.21. 9.3.22. 9.3.23. 9.3.24. 9.3.25. 9.3.26. 9.3.27. 9.3.28. 9.3.29. 9.3.30. 9.3.31. 9.3.32. 9.3.33. 9.3.34. 9.3.35. 9.3.36. 9.3.37. 9.3.38. 9.3.39. 9.3.40. 9.3.41. 9.3.42. 9.3.43. 9.3.44. 9.3.45. 9.3.46. 9.3.47. 9.3.48. 9.3.49. 9.3.50. 9.3.51. 9.3.52. 9.3.53. 9.3.54. 9.3.55. 9.3.56. 9.3.57. 9.3.58. 9.3.59. 9.3.60. 9.3.61. 9.3.62. 9.3.63. 9.3.64. 9.3.65. 9.3.66. 9.3.67. 9.3.68.
Axis Lighting - Canada Biberach University of Applied Sciences bmd AG -Switzerland BMS Systems Building Intelligence Group LLC - United States CAO Group, Inc. - United States Circuit Holding - Egypt Com-Pacte - France Cymbet - United States Dauphin - Germany DigiTower Cologne DimOnOff - Canada Distech Controls Dogma Living Technology - Greece Elektro-Systeme Matthias Friedl - Germany Elka Hugo Krischke GmbH - Germany Encelium Technologies - United States Energie Agentur enexoma AG - Germany Engenuity Systems Engenuity Systems - United States Engineered Tax Services - United States EnOcean GmbH Enolzu - Spain Enotech - Denmark ESIC Technology & Sourcing Co., Ltd. Functional Devices Inc. - United States Gesteknik Green Link Alliance Gruppo Giordano - Italian Hagemeyer - Germany HBC Hochschule Biberach - Germany Herbert Waldmann GmbH & Co. KG - Germany Hermos - Germany HK Instruments - Finland Hochschule Luzern - Technik & Architektur - Switzerland I.M. tecnics - Spain Indie Energy - United States Infinite Power Solutions, Inc. - United States Ingenieurbro Knab GmbH - Germany Ingenieurbro Zink GmbH Ingenieurbro Zink GmbH - Germany INGLAS Innovative Glassysteme GmbH & Co. KG Interior Automation - United Kingdom Ivory Egg - United Kingdom Kaga Electronics - Japan KIB Projekt GmbH Korea Electronics Technology Institute (KETI) - Korea KVL Comp Ltd. Ledalite - Canada LessWire, LLC Lighting Control & Design - United States LogiCO2 International SARL. - Luxembourg Masco Mitsubishi Materials Corporation - United States MK Electric (a Honeywell Business) MONDIAL Electronic GmbH - Austria Moritani - Japan Moritani and Co Ltd MW-Elektroanlagen - Germany myDATA - Germany Nibblewave - France
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9.3.69. OBERMEYER Planen + Beraten GmbH - Germany 9.3.70. Omnio 9.3.71. Orkit Building Intelligence 9.3.72. Pohlmann Funkbussystems - Germany 9.3.73. PressFinish GmbH - Germany 9.3.74. Prulite Ltd - United States 9.3.75. Pyrecap - France 9.3.76. PYRECAP/HYCOSYS 9.3.77. R+S Group - Germany 9.3.78. SANYO Semiconductor LLC. - United States 9.3.79. SAT Herbert GmbH 9.3.80. SAT System- und Anlagentechnik Herbert GmbH 9.3.81. Seamless Sensing - United Kingdom 9.3.82. Selmoni - Switzerland 9.3.83. Sensocasa - Germany 9.3.84. Seven Line Control Systems - France 9.3.85. SIFRI, S.L. - Spain 9.3.86. SmartLiving Asia - Hong Kong 9.3.87. Spittler Lichttechnik GmbH - Germany 9.3.88. Spoon2 International Limited - United Kingdom 9.3.89. Steinbeis Transferzentrum fr Embedded Design und Networking 9.3.90. StyliQ - Germany 9.3.91. STZEDN - Germany 9.3.92. Suffice Group - Hong Kong 9.3.93. Tambient 9.3.94. Tambient - United States 9.3.95. Technograph Microcircuits Ltd 9.3.96. Teleprofi-Verbindet - Germany 9.3.97. Thermokon - Danelko Elektronik AB - Sweden 9.3.98. ThermoKon Sensortechnik 9.3.99. t-mac Technologies Limited - United Kingdom 9.3.100. Tridum - United States 9.3.101. TRILUX GmbH & Co. KG - Germany 9.3.102. Unitronic AG Zentrale 9.3.103. Vicos 9.3.104. Vity Technology - Hong Kong 9.3.105. WAGO Kontakttechnik GmbH & Co. KG 9.3.106. WeberHaus - Germany 9.3.107. Web-IT - Germany 9.3.108. WelComm - United States 9.3.109. Wieland Electric GmbH 9.3.110. WIT - France 9.3.111. WM Ocean - Czech Republic 9.3.112. Yongfu - Singapore 9.3.113. Zurich University of Applied Science (ZHAW) - Switzerland 10. MARKET FORECASTS 10.1. Forecasts 2011-2021 for energy harvesting markets 10.1.1. Addressable markets and price sensitivity 10.1.2. IDTechEx energy harvesting forecasts 2011-2021, 2031 10.1.3. Timeline for widespread deployment of energy harvesting 10.1.4. Which technologies win? 10.2. Wireless sensor networks 2010-2020 10.3. IDTechEx forecast for 2030 10.4. Bicycle dynamo market EXECUTIVE SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS APPENDIX 1: IDTECHEX PUBLICATIONS AND CONSULTANCY APPENDIX 2: WIRELESS SENSOR NETWORKS APPENDIX 3: PERMANENT POWER FOR WIRELESS SENSORS - WHITE PAPER FROM CYMBET TABLES 1.1. Energy harvesting compared with alternatives
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4.1. 4.2. 4.3. 4.4. 10.1. 10.2. 10.3. 10.4. 10.5. 10.6. 10.7. 10.8. 10.9. 10.10. 10.11. 10.12. 10.13. 10.14. 10.15. 10.16. 10.17. 10.18. 10.19. 10.20. 10.21. 10.22. 10.23. 10.24.
Comparison of pn junction and electrophotochemical photovoltaics. The main options for photovoltaics beyond conventional silicon compared CdTe cost advantage Efficiency of laminar organic photovoltaics and DSSC Some high volume addressable global markets for energy harvesting for small devices Ambient power available for volume markets Addressable market for high priced energy harvesting Electronic products selling in billions yearly and their pricing Global market for energy harvesting Consumer market for energy harvesting Industrial, healthcare and other non- consumer markets for energy harvesting Wristwatches Bicycle dynamo Laptops and e-books Mobile phones Other portable consumer electronics~ Wireless sensor mesh networks Other Industrial^ Military and aerospace+ excluding WSN Healthcare# Other+ Consumer vs other market value by technology 2021 Consumer market value in $ million by application and technology 2021 Other market in $ million by application and technology in 2021 IDTechEx forecast of market % value share of total photovoltaic market by technology excluding conventional crystalline silicon Timeline for widespread deployment of energy harvesting Division of value sales between the technologies in 2021 Percentage value share of the global market for energy harvesting across large areas such as vehicles and railway stations (eg regenerative braking, shock absorbers, exhaust heat) in 2021 IDTechEx Wireless Sensor Networks (WSN) Forecast 2010-2020 with Real Time Locating Systems RTLS for comparison WSN and ZigBee node numbers million 2010, 2020, 2030 and market drivers Average number of nodes per system 2010, 2020, 2030 Number of systems 2010, 2020, 2030 WSN node price dollars 2010, 2020, 2030 and cost reduction factors WSN node total value $ million 2010, 2020, 2030 WSN systems and software excluding nodes $ million 2010, 2020, 2030 Total WSN market value $ million 2010, 2020, 2030 FIGURES Power requirements of small electronic products including Wireless Sensor Networks (WSN) and the types of battery employed Ten year improvement in electronics, photovoltaics and batteries Temperature monitoring on high speed trains Huge number of potential WSN applications in the SNCF system Evolution of a few of the feasible features for e-labels and e-packaging Battery assisted passive RFID label recording time-temperature profile of food, blood etc in transit Smart Dust WSN node concept with thick film battery and solar cells New Planar Energy Devices high capacity laminar battery World's first thin-film battery with integrated battery management Infinite Power solutions produce thin, lithium based rechargeable batteries Flexible battery that charges in one minute
10.25. 10.26. 10.27. 10.28. 10.29. 10.30. 10.31. 10.32. 1.1. 1.2. 2.1. 2.2. 2.3. 3.1. 3.2. 3.3. 3.4. 3.5. 3.6.
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3.7. 3.8. 4.1. 4.2. 4.3. 4.4. 4.5. 4.6. 4.7. 4.8.
4.9. 4.10. 4.11. 4.12. 4.13. 4.14. 4.15. 5.1. 5.2. 5.3. 5.4. 5.5. 5.6. 5.7. 5.8. 5.9. 5.10. 5.11. 6.1. 6.2. 6.3. 8.1. 8.2. 8.3. 8.4. 8.5. 8.6. 8.7. 8.8. 8.9. 8.10. 8.11. 8.12. 8.13. 8.14. 8.15. 8.16. 8.17. 8.18. 8.19. 8.20. 8.21. 8.22.
Comparison of an electrostatic capacitor, an electrolytic capacitor and an EDLC Comparison of an EDLC with an asymmetric supercapacitor sometimes painfully called a bacitor or supercabattery NREL adjudication of efficiencies under standard conditions International Space Station Number of organisations developing printed and potentially printed electronics worldwide Some candidates for the different photovoltaic requirements Spectrolab roadmap for multilayer cells DSSC design principle HRTEM plane view BF image of germanium quantum dots in titania matrix The CIGS flexible photovoltaics of Odersun AG of Germany is used for energy harvesting to mobile phones on the bag of Bagjack of Germany CIGS construction The CIGS panels from Global Solar Energy Wide web organic photovoltaic production line of Konarka announced late 2008. Operating principle of a popular form of organic photovoltaics Module stack for photovoltaics INL nantennas on film Nanowire solar cells left by Canadian researchers and right by Konarka in the USA Power paving Microscope image shows the fibers that are part of the microfiber nanogenerator. The top one is coated with gold Schematic shows how pairs of fibers would generate electrical current. Piezo eel Capacitive biomimetic energy harvesting Mid energy harvesting electronics Artificial Muscle business plan Artificial Muscle's actuator MEMS by a dust mite that is less than one millimeter across Examples of electrodynamic harvesting Heart harvester The thermoelectric materials with highest figure of merit Operating principle of the Seiko Thermic wristwatch The thermoelectric device in the Seiko Thermic watch with 104 elements each measuring 80X80X600 micrometers Profiled organisations by continent Profiled organisations by country Number in sample by intended sector of end use Number of cases by type of harvesting Transparent photovoltaic film Arveni piezoelectric batteryless remote control CNSA moon orbiting satellite with solar cells Solar powered ESA satellites Electrical lanterns, torches etc charged by hand cranking. Freeplay wind up radio in Africa Solar sail Light in Africa Hi-Tech Wealth's S116 clamshell solar phone Nantennas Bulk nantennas Human sensor networks ISRO moon satellite JAXA moon project "Ibuki" GOSAT greenhouse gas monitoring satellite KCF Harvesting Sensor Demonstration Pack Flux density of a microgenerator 3D drawing of the Pedal Light
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8.23. 8.24. 8.25. 8.26. 8.27. 8.28.
8.29. 8.30. 8.31. 8.32. 8.33. 8.34. 8.35. 8.36. 8.37. 8.38. 8.39. 8.40. 8.41. 8.42. 8.43. 8.44. 8.45. 8.46. 8.47. 8.48. 8.49. 8.50. 8.51. 8.52. 8.53. 8.54. 8.55. 8.56. 8.57. 8.58. 8.59. 8.60. 8.61. 9.1. 9.2. 9.3. 10.1. 10.2. 10.3. 10.4. 10.5. 10.6. 10.7.
WSN deployment Micropelt thermoelectric harvester in action Helicopter vibration harvester Bell model 412 helicopter Solar-powered wireless G-Link seismic sensor on the Corinth Bridge in Greece. Multiple solar-powered nodes monitor strain and vibration at key locations on the Goldstar Bridge over the Thames River in New London, Conn MicroStrain Wireless sensor and data acquisition system. Source: MicroStrain Inc Volture vibration harvester Another version of Volture International Space Station Solar panels for the Hubble telescope Schematic representations of a PN-couple used as TEC (left) based on the Peltier effect or TEG (right) based on the Seebeck effect. Nextreme thermoelectric generator eTEC Module and Die Morph concept Flexible & Changing Design Concept device based on reduce, reuse recycle envisages many forms of energy harvesting Carrying strap provides power to the sensor unit An optical image of an electronic device in a complex deformation mode NTT DOCOMO concept phone with energy harvesting Pavegen Systems Limited is looking for ways to tap into the energy of moving crowds Heart energy harvesting Perpetuum vibration harvester PowerFilm literature PulseSwitch Systems makes piezoelectric wireless switches that do not need a battery Seiko Thermic wristwatch Knee-Mounted Device Generates Electricity While You Walk Tissot Autoquartz Heart harvester developed at Southampton University Hospital Compromise between power density and energy density Thin film batteries with supercapacitors were efficient for energy storage Two other battery formats Syngenta sensor Trophos BES Power Management & Application Architecture Transmitter left and implanted receiver right for inductively powered implantable dropped foot stimulator for stroke victims PicoBeacon, the first fully self-contained wireless transmitter powered solely by solar energy Surveillance bat Sensor head on COM-BAT A solar bag that is powerful enough to charge a laptop Self-powered Wireless Sensor Technology from EnOcean Solar powered wireless sensor node Sensor monitoring rock net using energy of net movement and solar cells Energy harvesting for small devices, renewable energy replacing power stations and what comes between. Global market number million Global market unit value dollars Global market total value millions of dollars Consumer market number million Consumer market unit value dollars Consumer market total value millions of dollars
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10.8. 10.9. 10.10. 10.11. 10.12. 10.13. 10.14. 10.15. 10.16. 10.17. 10.18. 10.19. 10.20. 10.21. 10.22. 10.23. 10.24. 10.25. 10.26. 10.27. 10.28. 10.29. 10.30. 10.31. 10.32.
Industrial, healthcare and other non-consumer markets number million Industrial, healthcare and other non-consumer markets unit value dollars Industrial, healthcare and other non-consumer markets total value millions of dollars Consumer market number by sector Consumer market total value by sector Consumer market value by technology 2021 Other market value by technology 2021 Total market value by technology 2021 Meter reading nodes number million 2010-2020 Meter reading nodes unit value dollars 2010-2020 Meter reading nodes total value dollars 2010-2020 Other nodes number million 2010-2020 Other nodes unit value dollars 2010-2020 Other nodes total value dollars 2010-2020 Total node value billion dollars 2010-2020 WSN systems and software excluding nodes billion dollars 2010-2020 Total WSN market million dollars 2010-2020 WSN and ZigBee node numbers million 2010, 2020, 2030 Average number of nodes per system 2010, 2020, 2030 Number of systems 2010, 2020, 2030 WSN node price dollars 2010, 2020, 2030 WSN node total value $ million 2010, 2020, 2030 WSN systems and software excluding nodes $ million 2010, 2020, 2030 Total WSN market value $ million 2010, 2020, 2030 Global bicycle and car production millions
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