Acoustics lesson 1

Steve Vanlanduit Departement of Mechanical Engineering B ildi Building Z, Z room ZW113 E-mail: steve.vanlanduit@vub.ac.be

1-10-2012

Herhaling titel van presentatie

Consult
For any remark/question/complaint/etc. Concerning the Bruface program Electromechanical Engineering During the Acoustics and vibrations lectures By e-mail: steve.vanlanduit@vub.ac.be After appointment (room ZW113)

Acoustics and vibrations Course overview

Acoustics Acoustics, S. Vanlanduit, 4 lectures,
Tuesday 10-12AM weeks 1-4

Vibrations part 1, A. Preumont, , 9 lectures

Thursday 2-4PM, weeks 1-8

Vibrations part 2, 2 P. Guillaume, 5 lectures,

Tuesday 10-12AM week 5-7 and Friday 8-10h weeks 8+9

Labs Excercices

Acoustics course content

Overview:
Physics y of sound Hearing Measurement of sound Acoustics in enclosed spaces Transmission of sound European legislation

Environmental noise

Noise on the workfloor

Number o N of incapac citated pe ersons

Source: Belgian Fund for Professional deseases (FBZ)
Vibrations Silicosis Noise Asbetos Other

Introduction

Sound sources

Acoustics course content

Overview:
Physics y of sound Hearing Measurement of sound Acoustics in enclosed spaces Transmission of sound European legislation

Basic physics of sound

Definition of sound: Longitudinal waves in a medium (air, water) Pressure variations (sound pressure in Pa,Bar,atm) Frequencies: 20Hz-20kHz

Basic physics of sound

The dB scale S Sound d pressure level l l (SPL): (SPL)

Basic physics of sound

Pressure dB conversion factors:

Basic physics of sound

Basic physics of sound

Basic physics of sound

Logaritmic frequency division
Octave bands Tertz bands

Basic physics of sound

Propagation p g of sound

Simplified sound sources: Plane source plane sound wave Line source cylindrical sound wave Point source spherical wave

Basic physics of sound

The plane wave equation:

Solution:

Basic physics of sound

The speed of sound: Gasses Solids
MEDIUM helium air air water water sea water iron brass copper gold TEMPRATURE (C) SOUND SPEED (m/s) 0 972 0 331 20 340 0 1402 20 1482 20 1522 0 5130 0 4700 0 3560 0 3240

Basic physics of sound

Wave equation solutions for simplified sources: Plane wave:

Spherical wave:

Cylindrical wave:

Basic physics of sound

Basic physics of sound

Types of sound signals: Periodic

Stochastic

Impulse

Basic physics of sound

Spectral analysis:

Basic physics of sound

Spectral analysis:

Basic physics of sound

The acoustic impedance:

Acoustic impedance MKS unity: For plane waves: I air: In i z=400Rayl 400R l

Basic physics of sound Definities geluid: impedantie

Use of impedance:
Acoustic absorption:

4 z1 a z2

Resonators

See lesson 2

Basic physics of sound

RMS value:

Equivalent sound level:

Ldn:

Basic physics of sound

Adding two dB values:

Basic physics of sound

Correlated uncorrelated sources:

1 Coherent 1. C h t source:
RMS2(totaal sound) RMS2(source1) + RMS2(source2)

2. Incoherent sources:
RMS2(totaal sound) = RMS2(source1) + RMS2(source2)

Basic physics of sound

Sound Power in Watt :
= energy gy flux through g a closed surface Sound power level LW in dB:
Lw = 10log(W / W0) with W0 = 10-12 Watt

Sound Intensity I in Watt/m2:

energy flux through 1m2 surface Sound intensity level LI in dB:
LI = 10log(I 10l (I / I0) with i h I0 = 10-12 10 12 Watt/m2 W / 2
W IdS
S

Basic physics of sound

Sound intensity:

F plane For l waves:

I is a vector quantity!

Basic physics of sound

Relation between power and pressure:

The hearing system

The hearing system

The hearing system

The hearing system

Measurement of sound
Simple instrument for sound pressure measurement: t = sonometer

Microphone

Amplifier

Signal conditioning

Display

Measurement of sound
IEC 651: Type 1 Type 2 Type 3

Measurement of sound
Measurement microphones

Principles:
Piezoelectric Pi l t i Inductive Condenser Electret l

Measurement of sound

Measurement of sound

Measurement of sound

Measurement of sound

Measurement of sound

Measurement of sound

Measurement of sound

Measurement of sound
A, B, C en D filters IEC 60651 (1979-01) (1979 01) (40, 70, 100, 120 dB respectively)

Measurement of sound

Measurement of sound
Octaves and Tertz band analysis
25 200 1600 12500 31,5 250 2000 16000 40 315 2500 20000 50 400 3150 63 500 4000 80 630 5000 100 800 6300 125 1000 8000 160 1250 10000

Measurement of sound

Measurement of sound
Sound exposure level:

Measurement of sound
Sound intensity measurement:

Measurement of sound
Limitation of the frequency range

Sound power measurement

Different possible techniques: 1U i 1.Using SPL measurements: t ISO 3740 series 2.Using sound intensity measurements ISO 9614 series

Sound power measurement

ISO 3741 to 3747 Procedure: Choice of a surrounding surface SPL measurements at discrete points on the surface
A weighted In octave or tertz bands

Variants depending on: Type of surface Acoustical environment (anechoic room?) Required accuracy Size of the source Background noise Application pp area, , required q information

Sound power measurement

ISO 3744
Semi-anechoic, outdoor, large room Largest source dimension < 15m All types of sound In frequency bands Surrounding surface:
Parallellepipedum Hemisphere Sphere

S Lw Lp 10 log K1 K 2 S0

1 Lp 10 log N

10
i 1

0.1L pi

Sound power measurement

Comparison method: ISO 3747
Accuracy = 4 to 5dB Fixed non-mobile machines In-house and outside No limitation on the volume of the source All stationary y sound Method:

Power of the reference source

Avg. SPL of unknown source

Avg. SPL reference source

Sound power measurement

Using sound intensity: ISO 9614 : Determination D t i ti of f sound d power levels l l of f noise sources using sound intensity Procedure: Definition of an arbitrary surrounding surface Measure Meas e acoustic aco stic intensity intensit at discrete disc ete points on the surface Calculation of the sound power:

Wi I ni Si

Wi LW 10 log i 1 W0

Sound power measurement

Advantages:
Elimination of background noise In situ measurement possible Nearfield measurements Arbitrary surfaces possible

Sound power measurement

Disadvantages:
Li Limited i d frequency f range Directivity Cost of the instrumentation

Sound power measurement

ISO 9614-2 : Sweep p method

Example exam questions

Major j q question: Explain the working principle of the human hearing system. Discuss the working principle of a sonometer and an intensity meter. Explain how one can measure sound power in practice. Minor questions: Calculate dB level (by heart) Give order of magnitude of acoustical quantities