REVIEW ARTICLE

Ethanopharmacological Review of Cyathocline lyrata Cass

K G Malviya1*, U D Shivhare2, Preeti Srivastav1, S C Shivhare1
Abstract: Present review is an attempt to compile the current information on taxonomy, vernacular names, morphology, occurrence and distribution, traditional uses, phytochemistry and pharmacological activities of the Cyathocline lyrata Cass respectively chronologically. This information will be helpful for finding the new chemical entities as well as pharmacological activities.

INTRODUCTION Cyathocline is a genus of flowering plants in the daisy family i.e. Asteraceae. [1] Cyathocline purpurea is a rare existence Indian medicinal plant which is not popular among the local in habitants and commonly found in moist habitats such as along water courses and in rice fields throughout most of peninsular and northern India at an elevation of 1300m. Never- the less its rare being, this plant is used for pharmaceutical usage. C. purpurea has been used as antimicrobial, anthelmintic, hypotensive [2] and cancer [3] traditionally from many years. The roots of this plant are reportedly used to relieve stomach pains [2]. Literature survey revealed the chemical constituents guaianolide, [4] sesquiterpene lactones, eudesmanolide, isoivangustin and guaia- nolide, 6 a-hydroxy-4(14),10(15)guaianadien-8a-, 12-olide [5] and santamarine, 9 Bacetoxycostu-nolide and 9 B-acetoxy part henolide have been isolated from Cyathocline purpurea which exhibited significant anticancer activities in-vitro[3]. Therefore, based on the primary information available on this plant, further series of studies like isolation and identification of active constituents, pharmacological standardization of extracts and activities on isolated compounds as well as clinical and toxicological efficacy and their formulation development is still remained to explore so far. Biological Names Cyathocline purpurea (Buch.-Ham. ex D.Don) Kuntze Dichrocephala minutiflora Vaniot Tanacetum purpurea (Buch.-Ham. ex D. Don) Artemisia hirsuta [1, 6] Taxonomical Classification Kingdom: Plantae Phylum: Tracheophyta Class: Magnoliopsida Order: Asterales Family: Asteraceae Genus: Cyathocline Species: lyrata Cassini [1,6] Vernacular name Hindi: Bandhaniya
1MJRP College of Health Care and Allied Sciences, MJRP University, Jaipur, Rajasthan, India. E-mail: kmalviya81@gmail.com *Corresponding author 2Department of Pharmaceutics, Sharad Pawar College of Pharmacy, Nagpur, Maharashtra, India.

Marathi: Gangotra Nepali: Gal Phulle [6] Plant Parts Used Roots [7] and whole plant [8, 9] Morphology C. lyrata is erect, slender delicate annual herb, growing to 20-50 cm high. Branched, grooved stem has soft hair covering it. Laternately arranged stalkless leaves are sessile, the lobes toothed or pinnaticfied, more or less pubescent, covered with soft hair and 3-12 cm long, basal leaves larger. Flowers occur in corymbs at the end of branches. Flower heads are 5-8 cm across, and purple in color. The whole plant is strongly aromatic. Flowering and fruiting time is usually in November-June. [10-12] Occurrence and Distribution C. lyrata has been widespread in Himalaya (Kashmir to Bhutan), Maharashtra, Karnataka, Madhya Pradesh, Assam, India, Nepal, Burma, Thailand, Indo-China, China. [12,13] It is very widespread and considered a weed [6] Usually met with on the banks of streams and in moist localities. It is growing in gardens in moist regions and has native of India. Traditional Uses C. lyrata is traditionally used as a antimicrobial, anthelmintic, hypotensive [2] and cancer [3] Phytochemistry 1. Physical Constituents Physical constituents present in C. lyrata (whole plant) [9] as shown in Table 1. 2. Chemical Constituents C. lyrata (whole plant) have been afforded various phytochemical constituents as shown in Table 2. PHARMACOLOGICAL ACTIVITIES C. lyrata have reported for its various activities are as follows; Antibacterial The antibacterial activity of oil of C. lyrata was tested against four Gram positive and four Gram negative bacteria using tube dilution method. The oil was found active against Gram positive bacteria with minimal bactericidal concentration (MBC) values in the range of 0.26-0.57 mg/ml and resistant against Gram negative bacteria and the oil has bactericidal property. [7]

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REVIEW ARTICLE
Table 1: Physical Constituents of C. lyrata (Whole plant) Parameter Moisture content Total ash Acid insoluble ash Water soluble ash Petroleum ether extractive value Chloroform extractive value Benzene extractive value Ethanol extractive value Water extractive value Table 2: Chemical Constituents Present in C. lyrata Phytoconstituents Santamarine, 9 B-acetoxycostu-nolide and 9 B-acetoxy part henolide Guaianolide Eudesmanolide, guaianolide isoivangustin and guaia- nolide, 6 a-hydroxy-4(14),10(15)guaianadien-8a-, 12-olide Linalool, Menth-2-en-l-ol, borneol, -terpineol, methyl chavicol, cumin aldehyde, thymol, methyl ether, isobornyl acetate, -elemene, -caryophyllene, thymohydroquinone dimethyl ether, -humulene, cyclamen aldehyde, -selinene, trans--guainene, -cadinene, longipinanol, caryophyllene oxide, epi-cedrol, epi--cadinol, selin-aa-en-4--ol Category Sequiterpene lactones [3] Sequiterpene lactones [4] Sequiterpene lactones [5] Values 7.8 % 4.4% 2.5% 0.9% 2% 14% 9.2% 16.5 18.5

Essential oils [7]

Anticancer In-vitro anticancer activity of santamarine, 9 Bacetoxycostu-nolide and 9 B-acetoxy part henolide isolated from C. purpurea using trypan blue exclusion and methylene blue assays. Colony formation was assessed by microtitration cloning assay. DNA synthesis was determined by titrated thymidine incorporation assay. Cell cycle analysis was carried out by flow cytometry. Apoptosis was observed by DAPI staining assay and Caspase 3/7 activities was measured using Caspase-Glo 3/7 assay kit. The results of these studies revealed that, santamarine, 9 Bacetoxycostu-nolide and 9 B-acetoxy part henolide inhibited the growth of L1210 murine leukaemia, CCRFCEM human leukemia, KB human nasopharyngeal carcinoma, LS174T human colon adenocarcinoma and MCF 7 human breast adenocarcinoma cells in-vitro, with IC50 in the range of 0.16-1.3 g/ml. In L1210 model, santamarine and 9-acetoxycostunolide inhibited L1210 cell growth, colony formation and [3H]-thymidine incorporation in time- and concentration-dependent manners. Flow cytometry studies showed that santamarine and 9acetoxycostunolide blocked L1210 cells in the G2/M phase of the cell cycle. DAPI staining and caspase activity assays showed santamarine and 9-acetoxycostunolide induced apoptosis and activated caspase 3 in L1210 cells. These results indicated that santamarine, 9-acetoxycostunolide and 9-acetoxyparthenolide exhibit significant anticancer activities in-vitro. The inhibitory effects of santamarine and 9-acetoxycostunolide on L1210 cells are cytotoxic rather than just cytostatic. They block mitosis and reduce uptake of thymidine. The mechanism of the cytotoxicity of santamarine and 9-acetoxycostunolide to L1210 cells could be related to alkylation of the sulfhydryl enzymes involved in nucleic acids and protein synthesis, as previously found for other sesquiterpenes with the methylene--lactone moiety present in santamarine, 9-

acetoxycostunolide and 9-acetoxyparthenolide. It may also be related to suppression of microtubular proteins. Santamarine and 9-acetoxycostunolide induced apoptosis of L1210 cells via activation of caspase 3. [3] Anti-inflammatory Anti-inflammatory activity of chloroform extracts of whole part of C. lyrata was evaluated by carrageenan induced hind paw edema and formalin induced paw edema method. Chloroform extracts of whole part of C. lyrata produced significant anti-inflammatory activity when evaluated by carrageenan induced hind paw edema and formalin induced paw edema method respectively. The results suggest that the chloroform extracts of whole part of C. lyrata possessed anti-inflammatory. [8] Hypotensive and Cardiac Depressant The essential oil of C. lyrata showed that it had a hypotensive effect in anesthetized cat and a cardiac depressant action on isolated guinea pig auricle. It produced spasmogenic effect on isolated ileum and had an oxytocic action when tested on rat uterus. The essential oil did not have a significant action on CNS, but it increased the appetite when tested on mice. Death was observed in approximately 50% of the animals with a dose of 400 mg/kg. [14] Insecticidal and Insect Repellent Essential oils from the C. lyrata exhibited insecticidal activity against Musa domestica, Culex fatigans, Dysdercus similis and Supella spp. The C. lyrata also exhibited strong repellent activity against three ant species. [15] Anthelmintic The anthelmintic property of essential oil of C. lyrata was assessed by Shrivastava. [16]

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Cytological Studies Cytological studies of C. lyrata was assessed by Koul et al.
[17]

Chromosomal Number Analysis The chromosomal number of C. lyrata were analyzed by Koul et al. [18] CONCLUSION Therefore, based on the primary information available on this plant, further series of studies like isolation and identification of active constituents, pharmacological standardization of extracts and activities on isolated compounds as well as clinical and toxicological efficacy and their formulation development is still remained to explore so far. These studies will be helpful for the modern drug development to prove their clinical safety and efficacy. REFERENCES AND NOTES
1. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyathocline (25 May 2013). 2. JA Parrotta, Healings plants of Peninsular India (CABI Publication, New York, USA, 2001). 3. G Ma, L Chong, AH Cheung, MH Tattersall, Cancer Chemoth Pharmacol, 64:143-152, 2009. 4. GJ Chintalwar, VR Mumdapur, VS Yadava, VM Pmdmanabhan, J Nat Prod, 54:1397-1399, 1991. 5. BA Nagasampagi, JS Sohoni, F Bohlmann, CA Zdero, Phytochemist, 20:2034-2036, 1981. 6. http://indiabiodiversity.org/species/show/229418 (25 May 2013). 7. R K Johi. Chemical constituents and antibacterial property of the essential oil of the roots of Cyathocline purpurea. J Ethnopharmacol 145:621-625, 2013.

8. K G Malviya, U D Shivhare, P Srivastav, S C Shivhare. Evaluation of Anti-inflammatory Potential of Cyathocline lyrata Cass Plant Extract by using Carrageenan Induced and Formalin Induced Rat Paw Edema. Asian J Res Pharm Sci, 3(2):90-94, 2013. 9. A Joshi, V Baghel, A K Pathak, M Tailang. Phytochemical Studies of Whole Plant of Cyathocline Lyrata Cass. Int J Pharm Studies Res, 2(1):59-64, 2011. 10. http://www.medicinalplants herbs.com/2010/11/cyathocline lyrata.html (26 May 2013). 11. http://www.rprcbbsr.com/herbarium/species?id=251 (26 May 2013). 12. http: //www.flowersofindia.net/catalog/slides/Gangotra.html (29 May 2013). 13. https://sites.google.com/site/efloraofindia/species/al/ar/ast eraceae/cyathocline/cyathocline-purpurea (03 June 2013). 14. http://triscience.com/Animals/Mice/pharmacologicalstudies-of-essential-oil-of-cyathocline-lyrata/doculite_view (19 June 2013). 15. A K Pathak, V K Dixit. Insecticidal and insect repellent activity of essential oils of Tridax procumbens and Cyathocline lyrata. Fitoterapia, 59(3):211-214, 1988. 16. R. Shrivastava. Anthelmintic properties of essential oil of Cyathocline lyrata Cass, Indian J Pharm Sci 41:228-229, 1979. 17. A K Koul, I A Hamal, A K Wakhlu. Cytological studies of Cyathocline lyrata Cass. J Cytology Genet, 21:8286, 1986. 18. A K Koul, A K Wakhlu. The chromosome number of Cyathocline lyrata Cass. Current Sci, 44:779-780, 1975.

Cite this article as: K G Malviya, U D Shivhare, Preeti Srivastav et al.. Ethanopharmacological Review of Cyathocline lyrata Cass. Inventi Rapid: Planta Activa, 2013(3): 1-3, 2013.

Inventi Rapid: Planta Activa Vol. 2013, Issue 3 [ISSN 2278-411X]

2013 ppa 269, CCC: $10 Inventi Journals (P) Ltd Published on Web 24/06/2013, www.inventi.in