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CCTV Security Camera Information for Non-Technical People Get a good face shot!
Use Higher quality cameras at entry areas Doors, gates and other entry areas need a good quality, high resolution camera to record a good 'face shot.' The video from this camera should be considered a highly valuable since it can be used as evidence in identifying a person in a court of law. Wide Angle Cameras for large surveillance areas Once you can get a good shot of a persons face, you should use a wider angle camera lens for the interior surveillance spaces of the building. Using color cameras inside your building is a good idea because you can readily identify a person by the clothes they are wearing. Used in conjunction with the face shot at the entry point, you have an excellent record of all people and activities in your surveillance areas. Use Bullet Security Cams and Dome Security Cams! They're Low Cost, High Performance, can be uses indoors and outdoors and available in Color or B&W. Dome cams and bullet cams come in many low cost models. Good quality B&W cams start at less than $80 and good color cams start at $150. When it comes to budgets, having a low cost black & white camera is better than no camera at all. Black and white cameras have advantages over color security cameras Most B/W cameras can see in lower light and have higher resolution than color cameras. If most of your surveillance goals are at night and your budget is limited, a black & white camera may actually be your best solution. Professional and Standard C-Mount Cameras If your budget permits, a c-mount camera offer a big advantage over other cctv cameras. C-Mount or CS-Mount? C-mount and CS-Mount lenses offer similar performance, the only real difference is the way the lens mounts to the camera. And that's not a problem since the adapter to convert 'CMount' to 'CS-Mount' comes with the camera. This enables the camera to use either CMount or CS-Mount lenses. Lenses can be changed! They simply unscrew from the camera body, just like the way lenses are removed from traditional cameras. There are lens options from 2.5mm up to 500mm providing many different magnification options. In general, an 8mm lens is like a 4mm lens magnified 200%. A 16mm lens is like the 4mm lens magnified 400%
Outdoor Housing C-mount cameras can be used outside when put in an outdoor camera housing like the photo to the right needed to protect the camera. Heat and Fans are necessary in the 'extreme climate areas.' See our outdoor housings. Varifocal Lenses You can also use a varifocal lens on a c-mount camera body. The higher millimeter of the lens the further distance viewable. C-Mount cameras can use a varifocal lens. This is a huge advantage because you can adjust zoom and focus. With Varifocal lenses the focus can be varied from 5mm to 20mm or more. Even after installed, the varifocal camera lens can be adjusted to choose a variety of focal distances and angles of view. An example of where you might use a varifocal lens is outside (or inside) a warehouse or parking lot where you need more distance than 35 feet. Pan-Tilt-Zoom (PTZ) Pan-Tilt-Zoom Cameras also known as PTZ cameras are excellent devices to use when you want to 'look around' your surveillance area. PTZ cameras allow you to pan an entire room, tilt up and down and zoom in on anything or anybody within the sight of the lens. PTZ cameras can be set to automatic or manual mode or both. In automatic mode, hundreds of points can be set for the camera to look at. The duration that the camera looks at a given set point can be adjusted from less than a second to as long as you would like. There are some variances in different models. Some have 17x zooms while others have 50x zooms or more. Closed circuit television also known as CCTV is the industry standard in surveillance security cameras. CCTV can be a single network of cameras or multiple networks of camera linked together via switches, internet, DVR or wide area computer technology. CCTV Video data is analog. The analog signal can be converted to digital via CCTV Digital Video Recorders. Once the video data is digital it can be managed just like any other computer data and can be stored automatically on computers and network storage devices.
In this age of heightened awareness of security needs, video surveillance systems offer extra pairs of eyes to help you mange your business more carefully. Before starting to compare surveillance systems or evaluating potential vendors, sit down and consider your closed circuit television (CCTV) needs. First, consider what you want to monitor with your surveillance system. General comings and goings? Vehicles? Do you want to see faces, merchandise, crowds? Once you decide what you want to see, choosing components will become easier. Next, decide what picture quality you need in your surveillance systems. Quality can refer to both how detailed the image is and how fast the frame rate is. Frame rate is simply a measure of how many individual pictures make up the video. "Real-Time", what you see on television, is 30 frames per second. Most often, lower end surveillance systems record at slower rates, which result in more jerky-looking images but saves on recording space, choose a system which allows you to adjust the record / playback and streaming video rates.
Think about how your surveillance system will be monitored. Will you simply record at all times, and only review the video when a problem occurs? Or will you have a dedicated employee watching for trouble? Also, with multiple surveillance system cameras, you have the option of connecting each to its own monitor, or combining multiple images onto one monitor. You also should decide whether your priority with your surveillance system is to deter potential crimes or to catch perpetrators. If you are more interested in deterring certain activities, large, visible cameras are your best bet. Trying to catch criminals without them being aware of it requires hidden surveillance system cameras, which cost more for hardware and for installation. With these questions answered, you will be able to speak with more knowledge as you explore the range of surveillance system options. One of the newest trends in the surveillance system industry concerns digital recording. Only a few years ago, most closed-circuit TV systems were paired with the familiar VCR to record images. However, digital video recorders DVRs, which record onto hard drives instead of tape, offering you complete control on how video is recorded, played back, and remotely viewed. For businesses that do not want to change tapes constantly, DVRs definitely are the way to go. While security VCRs usually offer a time-lapse mode that lets them record for long periods of time, the resulting images are not a good record of events - they record only one snapshot every eight seconds, and require very high maintenance and LOW ROI To get higher quality, you need to change tapes every day or more often. DVRs, on the other hand, can record for months. Security Cameras are one of the best ways to monitor your home or office. First you must decide whether you need an indoor or an outdoor system, Day or night use will also affect the type of camera you buy, some have built in infra-red that allow them to 'see' in the dark, others are infrared sensitive.
on the nightly news and see a perfect example of what we are talking about. A news brief will talk about a robbery and when they show you a picture of the thieves you will find the neighborhood kids probably do much better sidewalk chalk drawings than what the video of the low quality system produced!
1. Outdoor Cameras - Outdoor cameras need to be able to withstand extreme temperatures and humidity and usually come in a weatherproof casing that also helps protect against vandalism. 2. Day / Night Infra-Red Cameras - These cameras have infrared LEDs installed around the lens of the camera. This provides light the camera can use to 'see in the dark' even when no outside light is available. In some low light installations, a day/night camera will work as well. 3. Visual Security Cameras - Day / Night cameras have a super sensitive imaging chip in them. This allows these cameras to work great in low light with no infrared lighting needed. Low light means that there is some light available but not a lot, for example from street lights or even moon light. If your application has absolutely no light then you'll need to use infrared instead. 4. Mini Security Cameras - Mini cameras are some of the smallest available, but still offer extremely good resolution and are ideal for unobtrusive surveillance. The compact design of these coin cameras make them very easy to hide and difficult to see. 5. Bullet / Finger Cameras - Bullet / Finger cameras are small, compact and can be placed almost anywhere. These cameras are great for covert surveillance. The lens is built into the camera and cannot be switched. The main advantages to the bullet camera are their low cost and their small size. 6. Dome Cameras - Dome cameras are a popular style. Dome cameras present a streamline and professional look to any company, organization or building. They are available in both black & white and color formats. Some dome cameras come in an armor dome to protect against vandalism. Typically, they're only used indoors.
Dont wait to protect your home or office -- act now. Browse through your surveillance camera options today.
1. A color monitor used with black & white cameras is pointless 2. Some feature remote viewing and control from a PC 3. Typically they come with auxiliary inputs for analog video and a secondary monitor output connection 4. Standard monitors are usually more powerful, but flat screen versions take up less space and can be mounted to the wall
1. Always use more cable than you need. Leave plenty of slack 2. Test every part of a network as you install it. Even if it is brand new, it may have problems that will be difficult to isolate later 3. Stay at least 3 feet away from fluorescent light boxes and other sources of electrical interference 4. If it is necessary to run cable across the floor, cover the cable with cable protectors 5. Label both ends of each cable 6. Use cable ties (not tape) to keep cables in the same location together
Cable connectors
The most common type of connector used with coaxial cables is the Bayone-NeillConcelman (BNC) connector (see diagram below). Different types of adapters are available for BNC connectors, including a T-connector, barrel connector, and terminator. Connectors on the cable are the weakest points in any network. To help avoid problems with your network, always use the BNC connectors that crimp, rather than screw, onto the cable.
Power sources
1. When deciding on what power sources to use, always use "REGULATED" power supplies. These power supplies will send the correct amount of power to your camera, if you use too high a power source it will burn out your camera and void your warranty. We have 4-in-one Power Supply + Video Signal junction. It is a two way device supplies power to cameras and transmit video signals from camera to DVR.
Lenses
The field of view (FOV) How much will the security camera see?
The field of view (FOV) is based on the camera & lens. There are many different types of Lenses to suite any and all of your CCTV security camera needs. Wide angle lenses are suitable for most applications due to their ability to view a large area. A 4mm wide angle lens will be able to view an area 20' high x 26' wide at 21' away. As an example, a 15' x 15' room is shown in the diagram below. Observe that the 4mm lens (green arrows) allows better wide angle viewing coverage than the 12mm lens (red arrows). In applications where a closer view is needed (such as above a cash register or over a greater distance), an 8 or 12mm may be desired. The same camera (above) at 21 away with a 8mm lens will have a 10' vertical x 13' horizontal FOV. At 21' with a 12mm lens, the FOV will be approx 6' vertical x 9' horizontal. Increasing the focal length of the lens decreases the perceived distance to the viewing area. See the FOV diagram below for approximate views with different focal length lenses.
Camera Performance
The main criteria of a camera's performance are its sensitivity and resolution. Sensitivity is a measure of the minimum amount of light required by the camera to give a 'useable' Image. Resolution defines the amount of picture detail in the image produced by the camera.
Sensitivity
The CCTV industry has many ways of stating an individual cameras sensitivity performance. Most common is minimum scene illumination required to give useable picture at a particular lens aperture. This is inherently subjective. Another, more objective definition is the minimum scene illumination required by the camera to give full video output I.e. 1v peak to peak. Few manufacturers use this definition! Most manufactures provide a figure in LUX which is actually a light level the figures quoted are often like this 0.1 LUX. The problem with this is that to get a true representation of the actual sensitivity of the camera the lens apertures must also be compared. Lens apertures, i.e. the size of hole that light can pass through in the lens, must be compared in order to get a true comparison of performance.
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Camera 1 requires a minimum scene illumination of 0.1 lux at a lens aperture of f 1.4 to give a useable image. Camera 2 requires a minimum scene illumination of 0.05 lux at f 1.0 to give a useable image. This appears to say that camera 2 is twice as sensitive as camera 1 because it needs half the light to give a useable picture. In fact the cameras have equal sensitivities because the aperture through which light is allowed to fall on the sensor of camera 2 is twice the area of
that for camera 1. Typical sensitivities (defined as minimum scene illumination required for useable picture with lens aperture at f 1.4) for current CCD cameras are as follows: o o o o Medium Performance (General purpose) Monochrome 0.5 - 0.25 lux High Performance (Low-Light/Outdoor) Monochrome <0.20 lux Medium Performance (General purpose) Color 3.0 lux High Performance (Low-Light) Color < 2.5 lux
The golden rule when deciding which camera to use for a given lighting condition is not to choose one that will only just give a picture. Try to give the camera approximately 10 times its quoted minimum scene illumination. Most cameras will be able to cope with excess light. The major problem is when they do not have enough light to produce a picture. The sensitivity of covert cameras with pin-hole lenses are often quoted as 0.1Lux @f1.4. This seems to indicate that the camera will work in moonlight. Actually the pin-hole lens will have an aperture ratio of something like f4 and so the camera will need approximately 1 Lux to produce a picture. Unless your house is directly under main-street lighting the light level is probably less than 1 Lux at the front and even lower at the back. Bright security flood lights in theory help but often produce dark shadows a short distance from the house. A monochrome camera rated at 0.05 Lux will produce reasonable results. Color needs a little more. However, color cameras achieve good night-time vision by switching to a monochrome mode. You will never get good night-time color pictures without huge amounts of additional lighting. So think carefully about the added cost of color over monochrome cameras. As most people are used to color television it sets a standard so it is very common to still select a color camera knowing it will switch to monochrome mode at night. Monochrome cameras respond well to additional IR (infra red) lighting. With this in mind true night-vision cameras include a ring of IR LEDs. Color cameras also offer IR illumination
but as stated previously will switch to monochrome at night even with the IR LEDs turned on. These are true night-vision cameras and are rate at 0 Lux.
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Resolution
Resolution is measured in lines and normally only horizontal resolution is quoted. Vertical resolution of a camera is of little interest because pictures are generally speaking limited by the scanning system used to produce the image. In the UK and Europe this is the CCIR system, which defines that a picture is built-up from 625 lines across the screen. Of more interest in measuring camera performance is horizontal resolution. This is the maximum number of black or white areas that can be identified across the picture. This is always specified per monitor height. A typical general purpose monochrome camera has a horizontal resolution of 380 lines. This means that it should be possible to resolve 380 x 1.33 i.e. 505 individual actual lines of black, white or grey along any one line of a CCTV picture image. (The factor of 1.33 comes from the fact that a TV picture has an aspect ratio of 4 : 3)
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High Resolution Color 480 lines High Resolution Color 540+ lines.
Camera Formats
Cameras will be quoted as 1/2", 1/3" or occasionally as 2/3". Newer cameras will be referred to as 1/4". This refers to the format of the camera and defines the size lightsensitive area of the imaging device used in the camera. In itself it gives no measure of a cameras performance although generally the smaller the format size, the smaller the light gathering area of the sensor. It is provided for information to enable the installer to match the camera to the correct lens. Camera formats are getting smaller in order to reduce the costs of the imaging devices and hence the cameras themselves as well as the lenses put onto them.
IMPORTANT:
The format size of a lens must be equal to or greater than the format size of the camera it is being used on. If the lens is of smaller format size than the camera then the corners of the scene being viewed will be cut-off (vignetting).
There are 3 main standards in use around the world. NTSC PAL SECAM Each one is incompatible with the other. The system used in America & Canada is called "NTSC". Western Europe and Australia use a system called "PAL", and Eastern Europe and France use "SECAM". For some general information click the links below. Charts illustrating the differences Countries using N T S C Countries using P A L Countries using S E C A M
When an incident occurs, dont permit yourself, or anyone to view the incident
using the pause-jog-shuttle feature on the recording VCR in order to isolate the suspect image. This will damage the image and hinder forensic analysis. If necessary by staff or police officers for reasons of safety, review the incident using the play/stop controls only
If at anytime a crime occurs, and the recorded videotape is ejected from the VCR, immediately break-out and remove the record-tab, which will prevent accidental erasure of the evidence. Several surveillance VCR models automatically begin recording when a tape is inserted, and removing the record tab will prevent accidental "recording-over" of the evidence from happening.