Annual Report United States National

ANNUAL REPORT
011' THE
BOARD OF REGENTS
OF THE
SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION,
SHOWING
THE OPERATIONS, EXPENDITURES, AND CONDITION
OF THE INSTITUTION
FOB
THE YEAR 1884.
PART II.
WASHINGTON:
GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFIOE.
1885.
Q; I
I
Unl:.JilY',Y
LIBRARY
aCfltlPPS INSTITUTION
OF. OCEANOGRAPHY
UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA
LA JOLLA. CALIFORNIA
"3 ~ 2 '/ ':
The Annual Report of tlle Board of Regents of the Smithsonian In-

stitution for the year 1884 consists of two parts, viz:
PART I.-Report of the Smithsonian Institution proper, showing its
operations, expenditures, and condition.
PART n.-Report of the United States National Museum, showing
itR progrCi'ls and condition.
11
REPORT
01' THlI:
UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM,
UNDER THt: DIRECTION OF
THE SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION,
"011
THE YEAR 1884.
III
CO:KTENTS.
Department of Lithology and Physioal Geology. By George P. Merrill. ......
..nt of and Economic Geology. By Fred. P. Dewey .
PART IlL-PAPERIS RAISEL> UX IX THE :KATlO:'(AL MUSEUM.
IX
L-Throwiug",tick", ill the National Museum. By Otis 1'. Masoll ..... ..... 279
Il.-Basket-work of the North American Aborigines. By Otis T. Mason. .. 291
III.-A study of the Eskimo Bows in the U. S. National Museum. By John
Murdoch.... ... 307
IV.-Ou a Spotted Dolphin, apparently identical with the Prodelphinl'8 doriB
of Gray. ByFrederickW.True 317
V.-The Florida Mnskrat, Neoftbtfl" A.lUmi, True. By Frederick W. Trne
VL-Dn the West Indian Seal, M01laC1Iu, tropicaliJ, Gray. By Frederick W.
True ami F. A. Lucas _.__ 331
PART IV.-BIBLIOGRAPHY OF THE U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM FOR 1884.
Part 1. PublicationB of the Museum . . . . .. 339
Part II. Papers officers of the _ _.. __ .. . .. .. 34[,
Part HI. Papers b;V investigators not officers of the Museum, b&ll6d on' Museum
Illaterial '" .. . .. 371
PART V.
LIST' OF ACCESSIONS TO THE III IJSF.U)l IN .. . .. 385
PART III.
SCIENTIFIC PAPERS ILLUSTRATING THE COLLECTIONS IN THE
U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1884:
Pago.
I. Throwing-sticks in the National Museum. By OTIS T. MASON.... ., 279-289
II. Buket-work of the North American aboriginell.By OTIS T. MASON. __ . 291-300
III. A Stndy of the Eskimo bows in the U. S. National Mnseum. By.JOHN
MURDOCH ... ... __ .. , . _.. ........ , .. __ ._.
IV. On 11 spotted dolphin apparently itlelltical with the Prodelpllinu8 dl'is
of Gray. By :FREDERICK W. __ .. . ....... . 317-324
V. The Florida Muskrat (Neojiber .,Welli 'fmc). By FREDERICK W. TRUE.. 32,'}-330
VI. Ou the Weet Indian Seal (MonachWl tropicaliB Gray). By I"REDERICK
W. TRUll: and F. A. LUCAS . _. _.. _..... _. _.. . _ 331-335
Zl7
I.-THROWING-STICKS IN THE NATIONAL MUSEUM.
By OTIs T. MAsoK.
Col. Lane Fox tells us there are three areas of the throwing-stick:
Australia, where it is simply an elongated spindle with a hook at the
end; the country of the Oonibos and the Porus, on the Upper Amazon,
where the implement resembles that of the Australians, aud the hyper-
boman regions of North America..
It is of this last group that we llhaU now speak, since the National
Museum pOllse8ses only two specimens from the first-named area and
none whatever from the second.
The researches and collections of Bessels, Turner, Boas, Hall, Mintz-
ner, Kennicott, Ray, Murdoch, Nelson, Herendeen, and DaH, to all of
whom I R{lknowledge my obligationl!l, enable me to compare widely sep-
arated regions of the hyperborean area, and to distinguish these regions
by the details in the structure of the throwing-stick.
The method of holding the throwing-stick is indicated in Fig. 1
by a drawing of H. W. Elliott. The Eskimo is just in the act of
launching the light seal harpoon. The barbed point will fasten itself
into the animal, detach itself from the ivory forellhaft, and unwind the
rawhide or sinew line, which is securely tied to both ends of the light
wooden shaft by a martingale device. The heavy ivory foreshaft will
cause the shaft to 38sume an upright position in the water, and the
whole will act as a drag to impede the progress of the game. The same
idea of impeding progress and of retrieving is carried out by a multi
tude of devices not necessary to mention here.
The Eskimo spend much time in their skin kyaks, from which it
would be difficult to launch an arrow from a bow, or a harpoon from the
unsteady, cold, and greasy hand. This device of the throwing-stick,
therefore, is the "lObstitute for the bow or the sling, to be used in the
kyak, by a people who cannot procure the proper materials for a heavier
lance-shaft, or at least whose euvironment il!l prejudicial to the use of
soch a weapon. Just as Boon as we pal!!s Mount St. Elias going south-
ward, the throwing-stick, plus the spear or dart of the Eskimo and the
Aleut, gives place to the harpoon with a long, heavy, cedar shaft, weigh-
ing 15 or 20 pounds, whose momentum from both hauds of the Indian,
without the throw-stick, exceeds that of the Eskimo and Aleut darts
279
280
REPORT Ol!' NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1884.
-.
and harpoons, with the additional velocity imparted by the throwing-
stick. It must not be forgotten, also, t,hat t.he kyak is a very frail, un-
sh'.ady thmg, and therefore not mnch of the momentum of the body can
be utilized, as it is by the Northwest Indians in making a luuge with
a heavy shaft. The throwing-stick is also said by some arctic voy-
agers to be useful in giving directness of aim. Perhaps no other savage
device comes so near in this respect to a gun barrel or the groove of a.
bow-gun. Its greatest advantages, however, are the firm grip which
it gives in handling a harpoon or dart, and the longer time which it
permits the hunter to Hl)ply the force of his arm to the propnlsion of
his weapon. Having practiced with a throwing-stick somewhat, I have
imagined also that there was a certain amount of leverage acquired by
the particular method of holding the stick and straightening the arm,
as in a toggle joint. That implement, which seems so simple, and which
is usually' mentioned and dismissed in a word, possesses several marks
or organs, which help to distinguish the locality in which each form
occurs, as well as to define the associations of the implement as regards
the weapon thrown from it and the game pursued. These marks are:
1. Shape, or general ontline in face and side view, and size.
2. Handle, the part grasped in the hand.
3. Thumb-groove or thumb-lock, provision for the firm and comfort-
able insertion of the phalanx and ball of the thumb.
4. Finger-grooves, provision f9r each finger according to its use in
the manipulation of the implement.
5. Finger-pegs, little plugs of wood or ivory to give more certain grip
for tIle fingers and to preveut their Idipping. The devices for the fin-
gers are the more necessary where the hands are cold and e\"t"rything is
covered with grease.
6. Finger-tip cavities, excavations on the front face of the implement,
into which the tips of the three last fingers descend to assist in grasp-
ing and to afford a rest OIl. the back of these fingers for the weapon
shaft.
7. Index-finger cavity or hole, provision for the insertion of the in
dex finger, which plays a very important part in the use of the throw-
ing-stick.
8. Spear shaft groove, in which the shaft of the weapon lics, &8 an
arrow or bolt in the groove of a bow-gun.
9. Hook or spur, provision for seizing the butt end of the weapon
while it is being launched. These may be ridges left in the wood by
excavation, or pieces of wood, bone, ivory, &c., inserted. The size and
shape of this part, and the manner of insertion, are also worthy of
notice.
10. Edges: this feature is allied to the form and not to the function
of the implement.
11. Faces: upper, on which the weapon rests; lower, into which the
iudex finger is inserted.
THROWING-.STICKS. 281
The figures illustrating this article are drawn to a scale indicated by
inch marks in the margin, every dot on the line sta.oding for an inch.
By the presence or absence, by the number or the shape of some of
these marks or structural characteristics, the type and locality can be
easily detected. The Eskimo have everywhere bows and arrows for
laud hunting, the former made of several pieces of bone lashed together,
or of a piece of driftwood lashed and re-enforced with sinew. The 1101'-
are of endless variety.
It should also be noticed that the kind of game and the season of the.
year, the shape and size of tLe spear accompanying the and the
bare or J.{loved hand, are all indicated by language expressed in various
partB of this wonderful throwing-stick.
GREENLAND TYPE.
The Greenland throwing-stick is a long, fiat trapezoid, slightly ridged
along the back (Fig. 2). It has no distinct handle at the wide end,
although it will be readily seen that the expanding of this part secures
a firm grip. A chamfered groove on one side for the thumb, and a
smaller groove on the other side for the index tinger, insure the imple-
ment against slipping from the hunter's grasp. Marks 5, 6, 7 of the
series on page 280 are wanting in the Greenland type. The shaft-groove,
in which lies the shaft of the great harpoon, is wide, deep, and rounded
at the bottom. There i8 no hook, as in all the other types, to fit the
end of the harpoon sbaft, but in its stead are two holes, one in the front
enll of the shaftgroove, between the thumb-groove and the finger.
groove, with an ivory eyelet or grommet for a lining, the other at the
distal end of the shaft-groove, in the ivory piece which is ingeniously
inserted there to form that extremity. This last-mentioned ho1e is not
cylindrical like the one in front, but is so constructed as to allow the
shaft-pt'g to slide off easily. These holes exactly fit two ivory pegs
projecting from the harpoon shaft. Wben the hunter has taken his
throwing-stick in his hand he lays his harpoon shaft upon it so that
the pegs will fall in the two little holes of the stick. Bya sndden jerk
of his hand the harpoon is thrown forward and released, the pegs draw
ing out of the holes in the stick. At the front end of the throwingstick:
a narrow piece of ivor.y is pegged to prevent splitting. As before inti-
mated, this type of throwing-stick is radically different from all others
in itB adjustment to the pegs on the heavy harpoon. In all othcr exam-
ples in the world the hook or spur is on the stick and not on the weapon.
UNGAVA TYPE.
One specimen from Fort Cbimo in this region, southeast of Hudson
Bay, kindly lent by 1\11'. Lncien Turner, i8 very interesting, having little
relation with that from Greenland (which is so near geographically),
and connecting itself with aU the other types as far as Kadiak, in
282 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1884.
Alaska (Fig. 3). The outline of the implement is quite elaborate and
symmetrical, resembling at the hook end a fiddle.head, and widening
continnou!lly by lateral and facial curves to the front, where it is thin
and fiat. A slight rounded notch for the thumb, and a longer chamfer
for three fingers, form the handle. Marks 5 and 6 are wanting. The
cavity for the index finger extends quite through the implement, as it
does in all cases where it is on the side of the harpoon-sha.ft groove,
and not directly under it. The shaft groove is shallow, and the hook
.at the lower extremity is formed by a piece of ivory inserted in a par-
allel groove in the fiddle-head and fastened with pegs. It is as though
a saw-cut one-eighth inch wide had been made longitudinally throogh
the fiddle-head and one-half inch beyond, and the space had been filled
with a plate of ivory pared down flush with the wood all round, except-
ing at the projection left to form the hook or spur for the harpoon shaft.
This peg or spur fits in a small hole in the butt of the harpoon or spear
shaft and serves to keep the weapon in its place until it is launched from
the hand. The Unga\'a spear is heavier than that of the western Eskimo,
hence the stick and its spnr are proportionately larger. It is well 'to
observe carefully the purport of the spur. A javelin, assegai, or other
weapon hurled from the hand is seized in the center of gravity. The
Greenland spears have the pegs for the throwingstick sometimes at
the center of gravity, sometimes at the, butt end. In all other uses of
the tllrowing-stick the point of support is behin.d the center of gravity,
and if the weapon is not fastened in its groove in cannot be hurled.
This fastening is accomplished by the backward leaning of the peg in
the Greenland example, and bythe spur on the distal end of the throw-
ing-stick in all other cases.
CUMBERLAND GULF TYPE.
The Cumberland Gulf type is the clumsiest throwing stick in the
Musenm, and Dr. Franz Boas recognizes it as a faithful sample of those
in use throughout Baffin Land (Fig. 4).
In general style it resembles Mr. Turner's specimens from Uugava;
but every part it! coarser and heavier. It is made of oak, proba.bly ob
ta.ined from It whaling vessel. Instead of the fiddle-head at the distal
end we have a declined and thickened prolongation of the stick with-
out ornament. There is no distinct handle, bnt provision is made for
the thumb by a deep, sloping groove; for the indexfinger by a. perfo-
ration, and for the other three flngers uy separate grooves. These give
a splendid grip for the hunter, but the extraordinary width of the'
handle is certainly a diGadvantage. 'rhere are two longitndinal grooves
on the npper face; the principal one is squared to receive the rectangu
lar shaft of the bird spear; the other iM chipped out for the tips of the
fingers, which do not reach across to the harpoon shaft, owing to the
clnmsy width of the throwing-stiok. In this example, the hook for the
THROWING-STICKS. 288
end of the bird-spear shaft is the canine tooth of some animal driven
into the wood at the distal end of the
FURY AND HEOLA STBAITS TYPE.
In Parry's Second Voyage (p. 508) is described a throwing-stick of
Igloolik, 18 inches long, grooved for the shaft of the bird-spear, and hav-
ing a spike for the hole of the shaft, and a groove for the thumb and
for the fingers. The index-finger hole is not mentioned, but more than
probably it existed, since it is nowhere else wanting between Ungava
and Cape Romanzoff in Alaska. This form, if properly described by
Parry, is between the Ungava and the Cumberland Gulf specimen,
haviug no kinship with the throwing-stick of Greenland. The National
Museum should possess an example of throwing-stick from the Fury and
Hecla Straits.
ANDERSON RIVER TYPE.
The Anderson River throwing-stick (and we should include the }lac
kenzie River district) is a very primitive affair in the National Museum,
being only a tapering flat stick of hard wood (Fig. 5). Marks 2, 3,
4, 5, and 6 are wanting. The index-finger cavity is large and
and furnishes a firm hold. The shaft-groove is a rambling shallow slit,
Dot over half an inch wide. There is no hook or spur of foreign material
inserted for the spear end; but simply an excavation of the hard wood
which furnishes an edge to catch a notch in the end of the dart. Only
one specimen has been collected from this area for the National Mn-
senm; therefore it is unsafe to make it typical, but the form is so nnique
that it is well to notice that the throwing-stick in Eskimoland has its
simplest form in the center and not in the extremities of its whole area
It is as yet nnsafe to speculate concerning the origin of this implement.
A rude form is as likely to be a degenerate son as to be the relic of a
barbaric ancestry. Among the theories of origin respectingthe Eskimo,
that which claims for them a more southern habitat long ago is of
great force. If, following retreating ice, they first strock the frozen
ocean at the mouth of Mackenzie's River and then invented the kyak
and the throwing-stick, thence we may follow both of these in two direc-
tions as they depart from a single sonrce.
POINT BARBOW TYPE.
Through the kindness of Mr. Jolm Murdoch, I have examined a nnmber

from this locality, all alike, collected in the expedition of Lientenant
Ray, U. S. A. (Fig. 6). They are all of soft wood, and in general out-
line they resemble a tall amphora, bisected, or with a slice cut out of
the middle longitudinally. There is a distinct" razor-strop" handle,
while in those previously described the handle is scarcely distinct from
the body. Marks 3, 4, 5, and 0 are wanting. The index-finger hole is
very large and eccentric, forming the handle of the" amphora." The
groove for the harpoon or spear-shaft commences opposite the index-
finger cavity as, shallow depression, and deepens gradually to its other
extremity, where the hook for the spear-shaft is formed by an ivory
peg. This form is structurally almost the same as the Anderson River
type, only it is much better finished.
KOTZEBUE SOUND TYPE.
The KotU'bue Sound type is an elongated truncated pyramid, or obe-
lisk, fluted on all sides (Fig. 7). The hundle is in the spiral shape 80
frequent in Eskimo skin-scrapers from Norton Sound and vicinity, and
exactly fits the thulll b and the last three lingers. Marks 5 and 6 are
wanting. The index cavity is a cul de sac, into which the forefinger is to
be hooked when the implement is in use. Especial attention is called to
this characteristic because it here for the first time and will not
be seen again after we pass Cape Vancouver. From Ungava, to Point
Barrow the index-finger hole is eccentric and the finger passes quite
through the implement and to tile right of the harpoon or spearshaft.
In the Kotzebue type theiudex finger cavity is subjacent to the spear-
I:lhaft groove, consequently the forefinger would be wounded or atlell8t
in the way by passing through the stick. The spear or harpoon-sbaft
groove is wide and shallow and passes immediately over the index
cavity. The hook is of ivory and stands up above the wood. It needs
only to be mentioned that this type, as well as those with eccentrio
forefinger perforations are used with the naked hand.
In the quarto volume of Beechey's Voyage, page 324, is mentioned a
throwing-stick from Eschscholtz Bay, with a hole for the forefinger and
a notch for the thumb, the spear being placed in the groove and em-
braced by the middle finger and the thumb. This last assertion is very
important. When I first began to examine a large number of the im-
plements, I could not explain the cavities for the fingertips until this
note suggested that the shaft rides outside of and not under the fingers.
To test the matter I had a throwing-stick made to fit my hand, and
found that the spear could get no start if clamped close to the throw-
ing-stick by all the fingers; but if allowed to rest on the back of the
fingers or a part of them, and it is held fast by the thumb and middle
finger, it had just that small rise which gave it a start from the pro-
pelling
In the national collection is a specimen marked Russian America,
collected by Commodore John Rodgers, resembling in many respects
the Kotzebue Sound type. The handle is of the same razor-strop shape,
but on the upper side are three deep depressions for the finger-tips. In
several of the objects already described provision is made for the tips
of the last three fingers by means of a gutter or slight indentations.
But in no other examples is there such pronouuced separation of the
fingers. In very many of the Norton Sound skiu-dressers, composed
of a stone blade and ivory handle, the fingers are separa.ted in exactly
the same manner. These skin-dressers are from the area just south of
Kotzebue Sound. The back of the Rodgers specimen.is ornamented in
its lower half by means of grooves. In its upper half are' represented
the legs and feet of some animal carved ont in a graceful manner. The
indexfinger c a v i t ~ ? is central and is seen on the upper side by a very
slight rectangular perforation, which, however, does not admit the extru-
sion of any part of the indexfinger. The upper surface is formed by
two inclined planes meeting in the center. Along this central ridge is
excavated the groove for the spear-shaft, deep at its lower end and
qnite running out at its upper extremity. The hook for the end of the
harpoon-shaft in this specimen resembles that seen on the throwinl1;-
sticks of the region south of Cape Vancouver. Thewhole execution of
this specimen is so much superior to that of any other in the Museum
and the material so different as to create the suspicion that it was made
by awhite man, with steel tools (Fig 8).
EASTERN SmERIAN TYPE.
The National Museum has no throwingstick from this region, but
N ordenskjold figures one in the Voyage of Vega (p. 477, Fig. 5), which
is as simple as the one from Anderson River, excepting that the former
has a hook of ivory, while tbfl latter has a mere excavation to receive
the cavity on the end of the weapon. Nordenskjold's birdspear accom
pauying the stick has a bulb or enlargement of the shaft at the point
oPpo!lite the handle of the throwing-stick, which is new to the collection
of the National Musenm. Indeed, a systematic stndy should now be
made of the Siberian throwingsticks to decide concerning the commer
cial relationships if not the consanguinities of the people of that region.
PORT CLARENCE AND CAPE NOME TYPE.
The specimens from this area are more or less spatnlate in form, bnt
very irregular, with the handle varying from that of the razor-strop to
the spiral, twisted form of the Eskimo skin-scraper (Fig. 9). On the
whole, these implements are qnite similar to the next group. A section
across the middle of the implement would be trapezoidal with incnrved
sides. In two of the specimens not figured these curved sides are
bronght npward nntil they join the upper surface, making a graceful
ornament. Tbe handles are not symmetrical, the sides for the thumb
being tlhaved out so as to fit the mnscles conveniently. Places for the
fingers are provided thus: There is an index-finger cavity quite through
the stick indeed,. but the index finger catches in the interior of the wood
and docs not pass through as in the eastern Arctic types. The middle
finger rests against an i\'ory or wooden peg. This is the first appear
ance of this feature. It will be noted after this on all the throwing-
sticks as the most prominent feature nntil we come to Kadiak, bnt
the Unalashkans do not use it on their throwingsticks. Oavities for
the tbree last finger tips are not always present, and the hooks at the
distal ends for the extremities ofthe weapons are very large plugs of
wood or ivory and have beveled edges rather than points for the ~
ception of the butt end of the weapon to be thrown.
NORTON SOUND TYPES.
These types extend from Cape Darby around to Cape Dyer, includ-
ing part of Kaviagmut, the Mahlemut, the Unaligmut, and the Ekog-
mutareaofDall, and extending up the Yukoll River as far as the Eskimo,
who use this weapon. The characteristics are the same as those of the
last named area, excepting that in many specimens there are two finger-
Pegs instead of one, the first peg inclosing the middle finger, the second
the ring-finger and the little finger (Figs. 10-13). A single specimen
collected by Lu<?ien Turner at Saint Michael's has no index ca.vity, the
forefinger resting on the first peg and the other three fingers pa8ing
between this a.nd the outer peg (Fig. 14). Another specimen of Nelson's,
marked Sabotinsky, has the index-finger cavity and one finger-peg. The
finger-tip cavity on the upper surface of the handle forms the figure of
a waterbird, in which the heart is connected with the mouth by a
curved line, just as in the pictography of the more southern Indians.
The Yukon River Eskimo use a throwing-stick quite similar to the
Norton Sound type. The characteristics are very pronounced. Thumb-
groove deep, index-finger cavity so long as to include the first joint.
The hook for the spear-end formed by the edge of a plug of hard wood.
The middle finger is separated by a deep groove and peg. The ring and
little finger are inclosed by the peg and a sharp projection at the upper
end of the handle.
NUNIVAX ISLAND AND OAPE VANCOUVER TYPE.
In this region a great change comes over the throwing-stick, just as
t h o u ~ h it had been stopped by Oape Romanzoft', or new game had called
for modification, or a mixing of new peoples had moditied their tools
(Figs. 15-17). The iudex-tinger cavit,y and the hole for the index tinger
are here dropped entirely, after extending from Greenland uninter-
ruptedly to Oape Romanzoff. The handle is conspicuously wide, while
the body of the implement is very slender and light. The thumb-groove
is usually cha,mfered out very thoroughly so as to tit the tiexor muscle
conveniently. There are frequebtly finger-grooves aud finger-tip cavi-
ties ill addition to the pegs. Tbe cavity for the index finger baving
disappeared, provision is made for that important part of the hand b ~ '
a separate peg and groove. The middle finger is also pegged oft', and
the last two fingers have to shift for themselves. The hook for the
shaft of the weapon has a fine point like a little bead, the whole imple-
ment being adapted to tbe light seal-harpoon darts. Mr. Dall collected
a large number of two-pegged sticks from NUllivak Islaud and four
three-pegged sticks labeled the same. Mr. Nelson also collected four
three-pegged sticks, but labels them Kushnnuk, Cape Vancouver, on
the mainland opposite Nunivak (Fig. 17). In these three-pegged
stick! the ringfinger and the little finger are inclosed together. This
shonld be compared with Mr. Turner's Saint Michael specimen, in which
the last three fingers are inclosed together (Fig. 14). It remains to be
seen and is worthy of investigation whether crossing a narrow channel
would add a peg to the throwing-stick. One of these Nunivak speci.
mens is left-handed.
BRISTOL BAY TYPE.
The throwingstick from Bristol Bay resembles in general character
istics those from Nunivak Island and Oape Vancouver. In outline it
has the shape of the broadsword. Its crosssection is bayonetshaped.
It has no distinct handle beyond a slight projection from the end. The
thumb groove is shallow and chamfered on the lower side to fit exactly.
There is a long, continuous notch for the four fingers, in which the index
finger and the middle finger are set off by pegs. There is a depression,
more or less profound, to receive the tips of the fingers. The groove
for the harpoon or spear-shaft is at the lower extremity and runs out
entirely near the index finA'er. The ivory plug at its lower extremity
is beveled to reooive a notch in the eJ;ld of the spear or harpoon shaft
(Figs. 18-19).
A freshly-made implement. looking as if cutout by machinery, re-
8(\mbling clol!lely those just described, is labeled Kadiak. The con,
stant traffic between Bristol Bay and Kadiak, across the Alaskan pen-
insula, may account for the great similarity of these implements. Fun-
thermore, since the natives in this region and southward have been
engaged for more than a century in fur-sealing for the whites, there is
not the slightest doubt that implements made by whites h3ve been in-
troduced and slightly modified by the wearer to fit his hand.
KADI.A.K OR UNALASHKA. TYPE.
In the National Museum are four throwingsticks, one of them left-
handed, exactly alike-two of them marked Kadiak and two Unalashka
(Figs. 20-22). They return to the more primitive type of the area from
Kotzebne Sound to Greenland, indicating that the implement culmi-
nated in Norton Sound. In outline this southern form is thin and
straight-sided, and those in possession are all of'hard wood. The back
is carved in ridges to fit the palm of the h a ~ d and muscles of the thumb.
There is no thumb-groove, the eccentric index-finger hole of the North-
ern and Eastern Eskimo is present in place of the central cavity of the
area from Kotzebue Sound to Oape Vancouver, and there is a slight
Jrroove for the middle finger. Marks 5 and 6 are wanting. The shaft-
groove is very slight, even at its lower extremity, and runs out in a few
inches toward the handle. The hook for the end of the weapon resem
bles that of Nunivak, but is more rounded at the point. Of the Eskimo
of Prince William Sound, the extreme southern area of the Eskimo on
the Pacific, Captain Cook Bays, in the narrative of his last voyage:
288 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, last.
"Their longer darts are thrown by means of a piece of wood aboot a
foot loog, with a small groo\-e in the middle which receives the dart.
At the bottom is a hole for the reception of one finger, which enables
them to grasp the piece of wood much firmer and to throw with greater
force." Captain Cook't:; implement corresponds exactly to the speci-
mens just described and renuers it probable that this thin, parallel-
sIded, shallow-grooved throwing. stick, with inucx-finger hole placed
at one siue of the spear-shaft groove, extended all along the southern
border of Eskimoland as far as the Alents of Unalashka and Attoo.
In aduition to the informatIOn furqished by the specimens in hand, Dr.
Stejneger'describes a similar /Stick in use ill the island of Attoo. On
the coutrary, Mr. Elliott assnres me that Aleutian fur-sealers of Priby-
lov Island use throwing-sticks precisely similar to those of Norton
Sound and Nunivak.
This list might be extended further by reference to authorities, bot
that is from the purpose of this article and the series of ethnological
paperfJ commenced in this volume. The most perfect throwingstick of
all is that of the Mahlemut, in Norton Sound, in which are present the
handle, thumb-groo\-e, finger-grooves, and pegs, cavities for the finger-
tips, index finger cavity, shaft-groove, and hook for the harpoon. In
short, all the charactetistics present on the rest combined here.
Ulassifications of these implements may be varied according to the
organ selected. As to the book for the attachment of the weapon, in
Greenland this is on the shaft, in all other parts of the world it is on
the throwing-stick. As to the index finger, there is for its reception,
from Point Barrow to Greenland, an eccentric hole quite through which,
the finger passes. From Kotzebue Sound to Norton Sound there is a
central pocket on the back of the weapon, directly under the groove,
for the shaft of the weapon to receive the inuex finger. From Cape
Vancouver to Bristol Bay un ivoQ' or wooden serves this purpose.
At Kadlak and Unalashka the inuex-finger hole returns.
It is more than probable that further inveliltigation will destroy some
of the t'ypes herein enumerated or merge two more of them into one;
but it will not destroy the fact that in changing from one environment
to another the hyperboreans were driven to modify their throwing-stick.
A still more interesting inquiry is that concerning tho origin of the
implement. It is haruly to be supposed that the simplest type, that of
Anderson River, was invented at once in its present form, for the Aus-
tralian form is ruder still, having neither bole for the index finger nor
groove for the weapon slJaft. When we recall that the chief benefit
conferred by the throwing-Iiltick is the ability to grasp firmly aud launch
truly a greasy weapon from a cold hand, we ask, have the
Esldmo other device for tbe same purpose' 'fhey have. On the
shaft of the light-seal harpoon, thrown withont the stick, and on the
heavy, ivory-weighteu walrus harpoon-shaft an ivory handrest is lashed
just behind the center of gravity. This little object is often
canoed and prevents effectually the hand from slipping on the shaft,
even witJl the greatest lunge of the hunter. From this object to the
throwingstick the way may be long and crooked, or tbere may be no
way at all. So far as the Nation1l1 Museum is concerned there is noth-
ing to us over this waste of ignorance.
THROWINGSTIOKS IN THE U. S. NA'l'IONAL MUSEUM.
lITo. Loc.,llly. I Collector.
1
IZllIIS lITorton'aSound,Alaska
300111 Cnmberland Gulf I w. A. Mint.ner, U. S. N.
lIIIlM2 Norton's Sonnd, AI""kll E. W. Nelson.
lIlIlI87 . 110.... .. Do.
lI39lIO do ,.................................. Do.
:u:l38 SaInt Micbael's Sound, Alaska....... Lnelen M. Tnmer.
24337 do , . . . .. . . . . .. Do.
24338 do " .. . . . Do.
4CI052 Pori Clarence, Alaska.................... W. H. Dall.
4GO/iIl do Do.
4l1Ol1l1 Raabonlsky, L. yukon....................... ..... E. W. Nelson.
8il8f1l Yukon River...... Do.
llI!e05 do .. Do.
llIiOI4 Kuebunuk, Sabotnisky, Alaska............. Do.
_18 Knsknnuk, Alaska Do.
:= :::::::::::::::::::::::::.
'1lI327 T.'nalaahka... . Catlin.
22111 Anderson River............ . . R KlOunlcott.
lI0461 Ugaebak WiIli"mJ. Fisher.
Cape Nome, A1..ka E. W. Nelson.
'1'25111 : COOk's Inlet . Willlnm J. Fisher.
18242, Nnni k Island, Alaska W. H. Dall.
18288 I do Do.
1412C1 , llolaleinberg, Greeuland . .. . George Mereha.nt, Jr.
121181 I Unalubb .. .. 1 w. H. Dall.
8IlOO1 Point Barrow, Alaska.... .. .. Licnt. 1'. H. Ray.
38lIIlI i Chalitmut E. W. Nelson.
2t3a5 , Saint Michael's, Norton's Sound, Alllskll I,Delen M.1'umer.
33lI14 I do ' E. ,V. Noison.
1m 1 Kadlalt Island, Alaska .. : Dr. T. '1'. Minor, U. So R. M.
3lIUIlI . Sabolnl.k.., Alaskll.............................................. E. W. Nelson.
72l1lI8 I Bristol Bal,' Ala8kll Chari"" L. }oleKsy.
JlJ244 I Nonlvak s\nnd, Alaska I w. II. Dall.
]\3441 Brilltol Bay, Alll8ka Vincent Col;rer,
16285
1
Kotzebue Sound, Alaska.. . .. . . .. .. .. .. .. . . . . .. . i E. I'. Ilc.....ndon.
J6lKl Nunivak, Alll8ka W. II. Hall.
IlJ217 do I Do.
18Zll1 '" do . .. . .. .' . Df).
18U761 Unnlashka, Aleutlnn Island. Sylvanus Bailey.
Ui! :::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 'V.
= ::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::
S. Mis. 33, pt. 2-19
PLATE I.
(MaaoD. Throwingsticka.)
FIG. 1. E8kimo launchiug a sool harpoon by meaD8 of the throwing-8tica Mr. John.
Murdoch statu8 that lbe band is held lIIuch lower by tho Point Barrow
Eskimo, the barpoon re8ting lUI low lUI the 8houlder, and that the move-
ment of throwing the harpoon is quick, a8 in cll.IIting a lly in fishing.
Report Nllt. MUll. i864.-MaaoD. Tlirowing.8tioka. PLATE L
D t j ,Coogle
PLATE n.
(Haaon. Throwing-.ticka.)
FlO. 2. Greenland typo of throwing-stick. Tho specific characteristics are the broad
form i the scanty grooves for thumb and fingers; the absence of pegs, sepa-
rate finger gTQoves, or index perforation j but tbe most noteworthy are the
two grommets or eyelets to fit ivory pegs on the harpoonsbaft. The pecnl-
iar method of strengthening the ends with ivory pieces should al80 be noted.
From Hoisteinbnrg, Greenland, 1884. Catalogne number, 74126.
Report Nat. 11111. 1S8'.-Huon. 'DhrowingltlckL
PLATE n
FIG. 2. Greenland throwing-Btick, back and front.
Googk
PLATE III.
(MallOn. Tbrowtngstlcka.)
FIG. 3. Ungava type of throwing-stick. The specific marks are the general oulline,
especially thll fiddlo-bend ornament at the bott.om j the bend upward at
the lower extremity, the eccentric perforation for tile index finger, and the
groove for throe fingers. Collected at Ungava, by Lncien M. Turner, 1884.
MUlI6um nnmber, 76700.
Report Nat. Vas. 1884.-MMon. ThtowiDg-Iticu.
PLA'l'11 m.
FIG. 3. Ungava throwinistick. front and back.
PLATE IV.
(M.uoo. Throwloi-aUakL)
FIG. 4. Cumberland Gnlf tyPA of throwing-stick. The 8pecific mark8 are the broad
clum8y form, the separate proviRion for the thumb and each finger, the
bent lower extremity, and the broad furrow for the binl-8pear. Accideutnl
marks nro the mending of the lmndlll, tho material of tho stiok, and the
canine tooth for the spur at the bottom of the 8quare groove. Collected
in Cumberland Gulf, by W. A. Mintzer, in 1!:l76. Musenm number, 30013.
Report Nat. Mila. l ~ . - M 8 0 8 0 D . ThrowIDjt-aticka.
PLATE IV.
I,' (' ,
II \I!: "
FIG. 4. Cumberland GulffbrowinIC-stick, back and front.

PLATE V.
(KIllIOn. Throwing-eUcka.)
FIG. 5. Anderson River type. The specific marks are the extreme plainneu of form,
the lack of accommodations for the thuwb and fiugers, excepting the eccen-
tric index-finger hole, the poor groove for the harpoon-shaft, and the ab-
sence of a hook or spur at the bottom of this groove. The accidental marks
are cuts running diagonally acrou the back. Iu another specimenseenfrom
the same locality tho shaft groove is squared after the manner of the Cum-
berland Gulf type. Collected at the mouth of Auderson River, by R. Ken-
nicott, in 1866. Museum number, 2'267.
FIG. G. Point Barrow type. Thespeciflc marks are the distinct handle without finger
grooves, the very eccentric index-finger hole, the method of inserting the
spur for the shaft, and the harpoon. shaft groove very shallow above and
deep below. In the specimeus shown by Mr. Murdoch there is great uni-
formityof IIhape. Collected at Point Barrow, by Lieut. P. H. Ray, in 1883.
MU8IIuw number, 89902.
Report Nat. Mus. IB&i.-MallOn. Throwing-sticka.
PLATE V.
"j
Ii
FIG. G. An!lerRon River t.hrowing-stick, front and back.
FIG. 6. Point Burrow throwing-stick, frunt and back.
PLATE VI.
(llAlOD. ThrowiDg.atlcKL)
FIo.7. Kotzebue"Sound type. The specific marks are the twisted handle, the broad
shallow shaft grooV(\, nnel, notably, the pocket for the indexfinger tip-
visible on the lower side, but nearly absent from the npper side, aud lying
directly under the shaft groove. In the examples before noted all the holes
for the index finger are to one !.Iide of this shaft groovo. Collected in Kotze-
bue Sound, by E. P. Herendeen, in 1874. MU'leum number, 16235.
FIo. 8. The Rodgers type, 80 called becaulle the locality is doubtful. In specific char
acters it reM'mbles Fig. 7. The differences are thc three cavities for finger
tips in the handll', the shaft groove very shallow and running out before
reachfng the index-finger cavity, and the delicate hook for tho spear shaft
resembling those farther 8Outh. Since writing this paper two throwing
sticks from Sitka have been seen in manyre81lects resembliugthisform, but
covered all over their surfaces with characteristic Thlinkit mythological
figurell, and haviug iron hooks at the lower end of tho shaft groove. Col-
lected by Commodore John Rodgers, in 181>7. Museum number, 2533.
, .
:Bepon Nat. MUll. 1ll84.-MasoD. ThrowiDll-8UCU.
PLATE VL
8 7
I
I
I:
;1 1
\ , I
,
i
\
,
I
ii"
1,1
l l ~
I ~ ,
r
II
I ,
It
FIG. 7. Kotzebue Sound tbrowing-tltick, front aod back.
FIG. 8. The Commodore Rodgers throwing-stick, front and back.
Conglc
PUTB m.
FIa. 9. The Port Clarence and Cape Nome type. The notable ohuacterilltice IK'8 the
occurrence of an ivory peg in the handle for the middle finger, the very
8JIlall sise of the handle, and the central index-finger pocket central in po-
sition !tut qnite pieroing the stiok. Colleoted by E. W. Nelson, at Cape
Nome, in 1880. )luseUJU number, 4439'.l.
Report Nat. MIlA. 1884.-ll.-oll. Thrmrinll-atlcb.
PLATE vn.
,
Flo. 9. Port Clarence and Cape Nome tbrowing-8tick, front and back.
PLATE VIII.
(l(uon. Throwlng-etlob.1
FIo. 10. Norton Bouud type, Bingle-pegged variety. Except in the better finish, this
type :reeembles the one last described. Collected by L. M. Turner, at Saint
Miohael'alBland, iu 1876. Museum number, 24338
:Report Nat. :Mus. 113B4.-:MasOD. TbrowlDjl.tick.
PLATB vm.
Fig. 10. Norton Sound throwing-stick, front and baek.
PLATE IX.
(ll_ Throwing..tlob.)
FIG. 11. Norton Bound type, two-pegged variety. In all respects, excepting the
nnmber of pegs, this resembles Figs. 9 and 10. In all of them the peg at
the bottom of the groove is very clumsy. Collected in Norton Souud, by
E. W. Nelson, in 1878. Museum lIumber, 32995.
FIG. 12. Throwing.stick from Sabotnisky, on the Lower Yukon. It belongs to the
Norton Sound type. The cavity c.n the upper side of the handle for the
finger.tips is remarkable for the carving of a bird resembling flgnrea _n
on obJeets made by the Western Indian8 of the United States. Collected
by E. W. Ne1llon, at 8abotni8ky, in 1879. MIl88UID number, 36013.
Report Nat. Mua. lRM.-Mnaon. Throwing.atlcka.
PLATE IX.
12
11
FIG. 11. Norton Sound throwing. stick, front and back.
FIG. 12. Sabotniskr throwing-stick, front and back.
PLATE X.
(MlUlOn. Throwing-sticka.)
FIo. 13. Specimen from Yukon River, belonging to t.he Northern Sound one-peggf"l
variety. Collected by E. \V. Nehion, in 1879. Museum number, 38849.
Report Nat. lIus. lSM.-lIason. Throwlngsticks.
PLATE X.
1/
FIG. 13. Yukou River throwing-slick, front and lJack.
PLATE XI.
(liMOn. Tbl'Owlngstlcka.1
FIo. 14. Throwinjtstick from Saint Michael's. This speciml"n is noteworthy QD
account of tho absence of tbe indcx.finglr pockl't, n mark charncteri8tic
of the Vancollvl'r type, Fig. Ii. If the middle p('g of the Vancouver ex-
ample were r('Ulove<1 the rCflcml.lancc woul.l h., dose, hut the 51'ur
at the bottoUl of the shaft groove is Norton Sound rather than Nnnivak.
Collected by Lucien M. Turner, at Saint Michael's, in 1876. Museum num-
ber,24335.
Report Nat. M11lI. 188!.-Mason. Throwlngetlcb.
PLA'1'Il xt
FIG. 14. Saint Michael's throwing-at.ick, front and back.
PLATE xn.
(lIUOD. Thro'lriDg-Sticb.)
FIo. 15. Nunivak type. The characteristic marks arc the absence of any cavity for
the Index finger, the nicely-fitting handle, the disposition of the finger-
pegs, and the delicate point on the ivory spur at the bottom of the lIhaft
groove. Collected by W. H. DaH, at Nunivak Island, in 1874. Mnseum
number, 16239. (Thia specimen I.e left-handed.)
Report NAt. MUM. ThrewingAtlrk8.

PLA'rB XlI.
FIG. 15. Nunivak Island throwing-stick, front and back, left-handed.
PLATE XIII.
(Huon. Throwing.ticks.)
FIG. 16. Speclmcn from Nllulvak, right-handed. The cUt8 on the front and back are
noteworthy. Collectell by W. H. DaH, at Nuuh-ak 181aud, in 1 8 7 ~ . Mn-
&eum number, 16z.J8.
Report Nat. Mol. TbrowinKatlcka.
PLATE XIlL
FIG. 16. Nnnh'ak I8laJ1(l fr4lDt and back.
PLATE XIV.
(Muon. ThrowlDgltlcka.)
FIo. 17. Specimen from Cape Vancouver. In all respects it is like those of Nunivak,
excepting a peg-rest for the little finger. Collected by E. W. Nelaon, at
Cape Vancouver, in 1879. MU!lenm number, 38669.
:Report Nat. MM. 18M.-:\IasoD. Thro.... ingsll
cks
.
PLATE XIV.
FIG. 17. Cape Vancouver throwing-stick, front and back.
PLATE XV.
FIGS. 1B,19. Brlatol Bay type. In no ll88ential characte1"8 do these 8ticks differ from
those of Nnnivak. The handle i8 smaller, Bnd they appear to have
been made with 8teel tools. Fig. 18 colll'cted hyCo L. McKay, at Brilltol
Bay,.AIBllka, in 1883. MUllel1m nnmher,72398. Fig. 19 collected by
William J. Fieber, at Kadiak, in 1881. MlllIeum number, 90467.
Report Nat. Mua. 1884.-MaaoD. ThrowiDll-atlcb.
PLATIJ XV.
I
I
I
I I
II
18
FIo. 18. Bristol Bay throwing-stick, front and back.
FlO. 19. Bristol Bay throwing-stick, front and back.
Conglc
PLATE XVI.
(MlUIOn. Throwing-aUckL)
FIG. 20. UnalBllhkan throwing-stick. It would be better to call this form the
Southern type. The noticeable featnres in all onr specimeos are the
parallel sides, the hanl material, thinness, the carving for tho fingers, bnt
above all the reappearance of tho eccentric ca\'ity for the index finger.
This cavity is not a great perforation, liS in the Point Barrow type, bnt an
eccentric pOllket, a compromise between the Northern cavity and that of
the East. Collected by Sylvanus Bailey, at Unalashka., in 1874. MU86UID
Dumber, 16076.
Report Nat. HUll. 18114.-Haaon. Throwing.Bticka. PLATE XVI.
Flo. 20. Unaluhltl6D throwing-stick, front and back.
PLATE XVII.
(Kaaon. ThrowiDe..Ucb.)
FIGB. 21, 22. Tbrowinlt-sticks of the Southern type. Fig. 21 is left-handed, collected
by Dr. T. T. Minor, at Kadiak, in 1869. Museum number, 7933. Fig.
2'..l collected by W. H. DaH, at. Unalaahka, in 18iJ. Museum number,
12981. At Sitka two specimens were collected, unfortunately not fig-
ured, with the following characters laid down in the beginning of this
paper: 1. Short, very narrow and deep, and carved all over with de-
vices. 2. No hllUdle distinct from the body. 3,4.5,6. All wanting.
7. The index-finger cavity i.e near the center of the back, very like a
thimble. Indeed this is a vel)' striking feature. 8. The shllft groove
occupies only the lower half of the upper snrface. 9. The spur for the
end of the weapon shaft i.e a long piece of iron like a knife-blade driven
into the wood, with the edge toward the weapon shaft.
Repor\ Xat. Mue. IllM.-Huon. Throwlne-8UOu. PLATE xvn
21
22
FIG. 21. Kadiak throwing-stICk, front and back, left handed.
FlO. 22. Unalashkan throwing-stick, front and back.
291
II.-BASKET-WORK OF THE NORTH AMERICAN ABORIGINES.
By OTIs T. MAsON.
" Barbara de pictill veni baaoollda BritaDnis,
Sed me jam mavult dicere Roma SI1I1U1."
-MARTIAL, xiv, 99.
The study of the minutest. technique in the distribution of aboriginal
arts is very necessary in making lip our opinions 011 questions of An
thropology. The archreologist is caused to halt in the re-
construction of ancient society-by his ignorance of the artK of the sav-
ages around him. This is especially true of an art which had its cuI
mination in 8avagery or barbarism, and which began to decline a.t the
touch of civilization, or at least to give place to higher types of the same
art. For the discussions of problems that have arisen ill the past the
data then in hand have been sufficient; but as the investigations of
social progress become more intricate the demallds for greater detail in
the observation of anthropological phenomena. around us is imperative.
I have lately had occasion to examine all the ba8kets in the National
Museum, and the results of this research may 1I0t be uninteresting as
a contribution to exact technology in an art which ma.y be calico par
excellence a savage art.
In a basket there are several characteristics to be observed, which
will enable ns to make a classification of the objects themselves and to
refer them to their several tribal manufacturers. These characteristicR
are the material, the jrame-work, the methods of weaving, tlle coiling or
,ewing, the decoration, their use, &c.
The tool almost universally used in their manufacture is a bone awl
or pricker and the makers are the women. Of the manipulation of the
material previously to the weaving little is known.
In the drawings accompanying this paper the actual size of the speci
mens is indicated by a series of inch marks in the margin. The inches
on the standard line are shown by spaces between dots. In order to
indicate exactly the manner of weaving, a square, usually an illch in
dimension, is taken from a portion of the surface wherein all the meth-
ods of manipulation occnr. This square inch is enlarged sufficiently to
make the structure comprehensible. This plan enables us to show form
and ornamentation in the whole figure as well as the method of treat-
ment in the enlarged illch.
292 REPORT O}O' NATIONAL MOSEUM, 1884.
ALEUTIAN ISLANDS.
Mr. William II. Dall has contributed to tbe National Museum a large
number of Aleut wallets, conoidal in form when filled (Fig. 1). The
wurp is of coarse stl'HW8, l'luliating from tIle center of the bottom. Thl\
covering or woof is made by plaiting 01' twisting two straws in a coil or
twine, crossing thelll between each pair of warp straws. It is as if a
twine of two strands had a straw or passed down through every
half tUI'll (Fig. 2). This plait 01' twine nHLy be driven close llOmo so as
to be absolutely water-tigbt, or the weav('r may leave spaces from one
twine to the next wide l'nough to make a net. A very pretty effect is
produced by these Aleutian hasket-weavers by splitting. the wll,rp
straws aUll twining woof straws around two of the half straws. joining
1 by 2, :3 by 4, 5 by u, at one round, and the Jlext twine inclosing 0 by
1, 2 by 4 by 5, and so on. This produces a series of lozenge open
ings (Fig. 2). TIle split warp strands are often crossed to form X-
shaped openings, or carried 8traight so as to produce parallelograms.
I have obser\"eu the !'>ame dl'ect in Perm'ian IllUtIllll.Y cloth, but a greater
variety of network is there produced by the rectangular and
lozengo meshes ill hantls varyiug in whltb.
In the "Smithsonian Contributions to Knowledge," No. 318, plate 7,
Mr. Dall figures a1ll1 descrilJe:i the matting of tbe Aleutian Islanders
found in the caves iu the Catherina Archipelago.
The method of manipulation in tbe matting is tbe same as that just
described for t,he basketry of the Aleuts, amI the delicacy of workman-
ship is most admirable. This method of weaving by means of twining
two woof strands around a sl'ries of warp strands occurs iiI many plaees,
and will hereafter in this paper receive the name of "twined basketry."
In a covercu basl.et made of :split ba,mboo from the Malabar coast the
fastening oU' at the top of the basket and the weaving of the cover ha\'c
a three-strandeu twiue. At e\'ery tIJird of a turn the RpUnt that is in-
ward is hookel} or passed behind the warp splint at tlmt point. This
produces a YeQ" slllooth eUect on the insille alJ(1 a rough surface witllOut.
The llIats of the Aleuts are made of tbe fiber of the Elymus treated
as hemp. The ornamentation on tbe outside of the mats and baskets
is formeu by embroidering on the surface with strips M the straw in
stead of tbe macerated fiber whicb forms the body of the fabric. The
stitches in these, as in most sa\'age basketry, does not always
pass through the fabric, but are more frequently whipped on, the stitcIJes
}lassing alway!'> between the two woof strands, as in aresene embroidery,
showing only on the outside. Mr. Dall justly praises the marvelous
nicety of tIJis Aleutian gra5s-weaving, both in mats and basketry.
There is no Chinese or Japanese basket in the NlLtionall\Iusenm show
ing this piaitcli weft. The grass of these Aleutian wallets is exceed
.. E1Ylllus mollis, Sitka, Nort.on SOllud, Kotzebull SOUIlIl; E. art"llllriUJI. Norton Sound,
to Point Barrow; E. Sibiricl/s, Sitka. (See Rot,hrock, Srnitb80nian Report, 1867.)
ABORIGINAL BASKET-WORK. 293
ingly fine, the plaiting done with exquisite care, the stitches being often
as fine as 20 to the inch, amI frequently bits of colored wor8teu are em-
broidered arouml tIle upper portion, giving a pleasing eftect. The bor-
ders are braided in open work f!'Om the ends left in the weaving, as
follows (Fig. 1):
At some point on the border, when the solid part of the wallet is
finished, the weaver bends two warp strands in opposite directions and
gives each a twist with its next neighhoI'. These two are braided with
the next warp thread; these three with the next. Now, start at a
proper distance frOID the first point of departure and braid both ways,
as before. These braids will meet and form a set of scallops around
the edge, fastened at the ends and loose in tbe middle. Also, at the
apex of each scallop will be a lot of warp straws, braided indeed at the
base but loose for any required length. 'rhe weaver commences with
any set of these to make a four-ply braid, catching np the next set and
braiding them in as she went along, and fastening off a set as each new
set is taken up. The upper border is thus a continuous braid, con-
nected at regular intervals with the apices of tbe braided sca))ops.
'When the braider reaches ller starting point she catches one braid into
3nother, in a rather clumsy manner, and continues to braid a long four-
ply string, which, carried in and out the scallops, forms a drawing-
string.
ALASKAN ESKIMO.-Two tspes of baskets are found in close prox-
imity in the neighborhootl of Norton Sound-the twined and the coiled.
In the former (Fig. 3) the treatment is precisely the same a.s in those
of Alentian Islands, but tll'e B15kimo wallet is of coarser material and
the plaiting is a little more rudely done.
The bask!.-try of this type, however, is very strong, and useful for
bolding food, weaIlons, implements of all Idnds, and various other arti-
cles. 'Vhen not in use, the wallets can be folded up iuto a small space
like a grocer's paper bag (Fig. 3). In the bottoms of the wallets of this
class the weft is very open, leaving spaces at least one-balf inch wide
uncovered. The borden; are produced by braiding four strands of sea
grass into the extremities of the warp strands.
Ornamentation is produced hy darning or whippiug 011e or more rows
of colored grass after the !JOlly is formed-not necessarily after the
whole basket is completed, for each row of whipping may be pnt on
just after the row of coil on whidl it is based (Fig. 4). Another plan
of attaching the ornamentation is very ingenious but not uncommoll.
Two strands of colored straw or grass are twined jnst as in the body of
the basket, and at every half turn one of the strands is hooked under 11
stitch ou the body of the basket by a kind of aresene work. This or-
nament has a bold relief effect on the outsille and is not seen at all on
the inside.
The coiled variety of tile Eskimo basketry, mentioned above (Fig. 5),
consists of a uniform hunch of grass sf'\,\,('(l in a continuous coil by a
whip stitch over the bunch of grass and through just a few bits of grass
in the coil just beneath, the stitch looping under a stitch of the lower
coil. When this work is carefully done, as among the Indians of New
Mexico, Arizona, and California, and in some exqnisite examples in
bamboo from Siam and in palm-leaf from Nubia, the mOi!'t beautiful re-
sults are reached; but the Eskimo basket-maker does not prepare her
coils evenly, sews carelessly, passing the threads sometimes throngh
the stitches just below and sometimes ootween them, and does not work
her stitches home tFig. 6). Most of these baskets iu the collection of
E. W. Nelson have a round bit ofleathel' in the bottom to start npon
(Fig. 5, b). The shape is either that of the uncovered band box or of
the ginger-jar. Especial attention should be paid to this form of stitch-
ing, as it occurR again in widely-distant regions in a great variety of
material and with modifications producing striking effects.
The association of this coiled form of basket making with the markB
on the most primitive types of pottery-making has been frequently
noticed by archmologists. It is also well known that the modern sav-
ages of our Southwest build np their pottery in this manner, either allow-
ing the coils to remain or carefully obliterating them by rubbing, first
with a wet paddle of wood, and afterwards, when the vessel is dry, with
a very fine-grained stone.
The Eskimo women employ in basket-making a needle made of a bird
bone ground to a point on a stone (Fig. 1(0). Fine tufts of reindeer hair,
taken from between the hoofs, are extensively used in ornamentation,
especially in the Aleutian area.
TINNE INDIANS.
A few specimens of basketry from the vast Athapasean area contig-
uous to the Eskimo belong to the coiled type (Fig. 7). Instead of a
bunch of grass, however, a rod of willow or spruce' root is eanied.
around in a coil and whipped on with a continuous splint of similar
material (Fig. 8). The stitches of the coil in process of formation,
passing regularly between those just below and locking into them,
alternate with them and give a somewhat twilled effect to the surface-
(Fig. 8). If now a strip of bast or grass be laid on the top of the osier
or spruce root coil and carried arouud with it, and the sewing pass al-
ways over these two and down between the bast and the osier of the
coil below, a much closer ribbed effect will be produced. Several
specimens of this kind of coiled basketry, in which a strip of tough
material is laid on top of the coiled osier, were collected at the mouth
of the Mackenzie River by McFarlane and Ross, and Mr. Murdoch lias
shown me a basket similarly wrought, from Point Barrow, which he
thinks many have been obtained by barter from the Tinn6 Indians in
the vicinity. The ornamentation on one specimen of this type is very
-Tbe working of this stitch is described and fignred by Panl Schumacher in XII
Report of Peabody Museum, p. ;,24: the coils are lIot, however, interlocked in all c88ClIi
that is, if tho fOllnuation rous wero plllleu out tho stitches would separate and the
whole stmcture come apart in some cases.
ABORIGINAL BA8IGlT-WORK. 295
curious and elaborate (Fig. 9). The basket-maker had a number of
little loops of bark and quill of different color prepared, and every time
a stitch WM about to be taken the lower end of one of these loops was
caught over the splint thread and held down. The next stitch fast-
ened lhe two ends of the loops home (that is, each stiooh caught the lower
part of a new loop and fastened down both ends of the preceding one
after it had been doubled back), giving a series of imbrications (Fig. 10).
On this specimen are between 3,000 and 4,000 separate loops sewed.
This is one of the most striking examples of savage patience and skill,
and most have occupied in its construction many hours of a renowned
artist.
Mr. Jones tells us, in the Smithsonian Report (1856, p. 323), that the
Hong Kutchin Indians, who live on the headwaters of the Yukon River,
make basket-kettles of tamarack roots woven very neatly and orna-
mented with hair and dyed porcupine quills. The water is boiled by
means of hot stones thrown in. For dyeing the roots and quills they
use berries and a kind of grass growing in the swamps.
In looking at these coiled baskets, standing geographically so far re-
moved flOm the Apache and Navajo country, one is reminded that the
migration which separated these branohes of a great stock may have
been northward and not southward, and that the Tinn6 may have
carried with. them the art of making coiled baskets learned in a region
where its beauty culminates.
CHILKAHT INDIANS.
The basket work of these Indians is superb. Everyone who sees
it is struck with its perfection of workmanship, shape, and ornamen-
tation. All the specimens of the National Museum collection are of
the bandbox shape; but they can be doubled up flat like a grocer's
bag (Fig. 11). The material is the young and tough root of the spruce,
split, and used either in the native color or dyed brown or black.
The structure belongs to the twined or plaited type before mentioned,
and there is such uniformity and delicacy in the warp and woof that a
watertight vessel is produced with very thin walls. In size the wallets
vary from a diminutive trinket basket to a capacity of more than a
bushel. All sorts of lovely designs in bands, crosses, rhombs, chev-
rons, triangles, and grecques are produced thus: First, the bottom is
woven plain in the color of the material. Then in the building up of
the basket bands of plain color, red and black, are woven into the
structure, having the same color on both sides. Afterwards little
squares 01' other plain figures are sewed on in aresene, that' is, only
half way through, giving the most varied effect on the outside, while
the in8ide showR only the plain colors and the red and black bands.
The wild wheat straws are used in this second operation, whipped over
and over along the outer threads of the underlying woof, or two straws
are twined around in the manner explained above (page 293, bottom).
No more attractive form amI ornamentation of basketry are to be
seen than tlJOse produced by tlle Indians of tllis Thlinket stock extend-
ing from Mount Saint Elias to Queeu Charlotte Archipelago, inclnding
Sitka.
BAIDA INDIANS.
These Indians live on Queen Gharlotte Archipelago and adjacent
islands. Their basket work differs in form from that of the Chilkahts,
or Thlinkets, owing luobably to the demands of trade; but the twined
method is followed (Fig. 12) and the ornamentation is produced in a
similar manner. The quality of the ware, however, is a little degener-
ated and more gaudy (Fig. 15). The Baidas are very skillful in imi-
tating all sorts of chinaware in basketry, such as teapots, sugar bowls,
toilet articles, table mats, bottles, and hats. They also introduce cur\""ed
lines and spirals with good effect. The basketry hats of spruce roots,
the most striking of tlleir original designs, are made by the twining
process (Fig. 14). The crown is twined weaving of the most regular
workmanship and the fabric is perfectly water-tight when thoroughlS
wet (Fig. 15). An element of ornamentation is introduced into the brims
by whieh a series of diamond patterns cover the wllole surface (Fig. 16).
This decoration is produced thus: Beginning at a certain point the
weaver includes two warp strands in a half twist, instead of oue; then
makes two regular twists around single-warp strands. The time
she comes around she repeats the process, but her double stitch is one in
advance of or behind its predecessor. A twilled effect of any shape
may be thus produced, and rhombs, triangulated fillets, and chevrons
made to appear on either surface.
The" fastening off" of the work is done either by bending down the
free ends of the warp and shoving tllem out of sight under tlle stitcheS
of the twisted web, or a braid of four strands forms the last row (Fig.
16), set on so that the whole braid shows outsidQ and only one row of
stra.nds shows inside. The ends of the warp splints are then cropped
close to the braid. This appearance of the entire fonr-stranded braid
on the external surface is produced by passing each of the four strands
alternately behind one of warp sticks as tlle braiding is being done
(Fig. 16). (Compare this with what was previonsly said about the bas-
ket from the :Malabar coast, page 292.)
Special attention should be paid to the painted ornamentation on
these hats (Figs. 14 and 15) showing head, wings, feet, and tail of the
duck, laid on in black and red in the conventional manDer of ornamenta-
tion in v;ogue among the Baidas and used in the reproduction of their
various totems on all of their houses, wood and slate carvings, and the
ornamentation of their implements.-
"A very interesting instance of snrvival is to he seen in the rag carpets of these
Indians. The missionaries have tanght the womcn to saVII np tlleir rags and til
cover their floors with pretty mats. are allowed to weave them ill thciro\m
WII.), huweYer, arid the result is a mat coustructell ou the ancient twincd model, pre-
ciBelyas the weaving is done on the mats and hats.
ABORIGINAL BASKET-WORK. 297
The method of manufacture of Baida twined basketry is shown by
Mr. J. G. Swan in a specimen collected expressly for the National
Museum (Figs. 17-19). Mr. S\yan says, "This Rt,}'le of making bas
kets differs from that of Cape Flattery. There the women sit 011 the
ground and weave baskets and mats, both of which rest on the ground."
With the Baidas the mats are sURpended on a frame and the baskets
supported on a stick as in Fig. 17. The black color of the spruce root
used in making ornamental patterns is prodnced by soaking it in the
mud. Fig. 18 shows the bottom of the basket made by tbe twining
process. The border of the bottom is marked off by a row of double
weaving or a twine built outside the body of tbe basket just as in the
Eskimo basket before described (page 293). A section of the structure
is shown in Fig. 19 where the border ends.
BILHOOLAS, ETO.
Along the coast of British Columbia tbe great cedar (Thllja gigantea)
grows in the greatest abundance, and its bast furnishes a textile rna
terial of the greatest value. Here in tbe use of this pliable material
tbe savages seem for the first time to have thought of checker,wl.'aving
(Fig. 20). Numerous mats, wallets, and rectangular baskets are pro-
duced by tbe plainest crossing of alternate strands varying in width
from a millimeter to an inch (Fig. 21). Ornamentation is effectl.'d
both by introducing different-colored strands and by varying the width
of the warp or the woof threods. In several examples the bottom of
the bo.sket is bordered with one or more lines of the twined or plaited
style of w e a v i n ~ , to give greater stability to the form. Cedar mats of.
great size and made with the greatest care enter as extensively into
the daily life of the Indians of this vicinity a.s do the bnffalo robes into
that of the Dakota Indians. They may be seen upon the floors, sleep-
ing berths, before the doors of' the bouses, and tbey are also used as
sails for their boats and wrapped around the dead.
It is not astonishing that a material so easily worked should bave
found its way so extensively in tbe industries of this stock of Indians.
Neither should we wonder that the checker pattern in weaving should
first appear on the west coast among the only peoples possessing a ma-
terial eminently adapted to thill form of manipulation. It is only an-
other example of that beautiful harmony between man and nature which
deligbts the anthropologillt at every step of his journey.
MAKAHS AND CHIHALIS.
We are now introduced to still another style of basketry, very primi-
tive but capable of very delicate treatmcnt. I do not know of its ex-
istence outside of the Nutka stock living on the southwest side of
Vancouver Island and on the northwc8t corner of Washington Terri
tory, except ill two cases, to be presently mentioned. It may be called
the "fish-trap style," since withont donbt the finer basketry is the
lineal descendant of the rude wicker fish trap. Imagine a number of
stakes driven into the ground pretty close together. A horizontal pole
is laid against tbem in the rear, and by the wrappings of a withe
around the pole and each upright stake diagonally on the outside and
vertically on the inside, a spiral fastening is produced (Fig. 23). This
stitch crosses the two fundamentals in front at an angle and the hori
zontal frame piece in the rellr at right angles, or vice verBa, and the
lacing may always run in the same direction, or the alternate rows of
lacing may ron in opposite directions, as in Fig. 23. As a matter of
fact, in soft and pliable material this operation constantly pushes the
uprights forward a little, giving to the fabric an appearance of the
back of a watch (Figs. 24-26). .
The Clallam Indians of the Selish stock make a carrying basket in
this manner (Figs. 22, 23), the frame (warp and woof) sticks being abont
oneeighth inch in diameter, lashed in place with split ozier or root.
The Japanese also make a fishtrap similarly, with the exception that
the coiled splint passes alternatE'ly backward and forward, so that if the
horizontal were pulled out the fabric would tumble to pieces. The ob-
long oval shields of bamboo, made by tbe Bateke negroes of the Lower
Congo, imitate this structure exactly. The frame of the shield is an
oblong hoop on which are stretched splints of rattan, running longitudi-
nally on one side and transversely on the other, crossing at right angles
except at the planoconvex space at the ends. Splints of bamboo, abont
oneeighth inch wide, are woven into these cross strands precisely after
the manner of the Makah basketry, the consequence being a series of
square stitches on the back and diagonal stitches on the front, closely
fitting, and coving the surface completely. Now, if the frame were cedar-
bark threads abont the size of pack threads, and the lashing of white
seagrass, we would have the Makab basket (Figs. 24-26). It takes
three seta of threads (Fig. 25), the radiated warp, the coiled woof, and
the spiral.binding thread, to finish tbe compound. No other area is
known to the writer where tbis peculiar pattern is wrought into deli-
cate fabrics. The Makahs belong to the Nutka stock, most of which are
on the southwest shore of Vancouver Island, including the greatgl'Onp
of Aht tribes. No Aht basketry is in the Museum, but it would be ex-
tremely interesting to trace this unique method of basket-weaving
among all the tribes of the stock. Bauds of serrate patterns are pro-
duced in color by using different wrapping threads, the principal one
being W-ass dyed black in mud.
There is one specimen of the cedar bark mat from Vancouver Island
in which the shreded bark which scrves for warp is fastened at inter-
vals of about an inch by a chainstitch instead of the twine. This must
have been a modern innoyation; at least there is not another evidence
in this collection of sava,ge acquaintanee with the chainstitch.
The Clallams, adjoining the Makalis, but of the SeHsh or Flathead
stock, in addition to the fish trap or bower style, are the first going
ABORIGINAL BASKET-WORL 299
southward to produce a twilled pattern over the entire surface of the
vessel (Figs. 27, 28). A slight exception to this statement is the orna-
mentation on the brim of the BahIa rain-hat. It occurs again in Mexico
and among the Cherokees, Choctaws, Chetimachas, and in Souta Amer-
ica. A moment's redection will show that the administration of the
three-ply method of the Makahs is a derivation of the plicate or twisted
sort. If dther strand of a twist, the inner or the outer, be drawn
straight, the plait will become the fish trap pattern. In most of the
Makah baskets the straight piece is laid inside the nprights, but there
are examples in which it is laid outside resembling the regular plaited.
stitch. The Indians of this coast prim' to the advent of the white man
made heavy and beautiful blankets of the wool of the Rocky Mountain
sheep, and of the oair of animals killed in the chase, dyed in different
colors. The patterns are all geometric, and are, in fact, woven mosaics,
each figure inserted separately by twisting two woof threads back-
ward und forward around the warp strands. Scarcely ever does the
twine t'xtencl ill stripes an the way across the blanket in a direct line.
Like the Huirias the l\Iakahs prepare a great many forms of basketry
for trade. A great variety of colors is used in the The
hatch surface, produced by the use of three strands in weaving, gives
to the basketry of this type a very unique and pleasing effect. Fig.
25 represents a common specimen of 1rlakah basketry.
Fig. 29 shows a bottle covered with ornamental basketry. In the
bottom the radiating warp is inclosed in the twined weft. The warp
threads are carried over the snrface of the bottle, crossing each other
and producing rhomboids, after the manner of the Japanese basketry.
The twined coil (Fig, 31) connects the crossings of the warp threads.
'rhis is a very interesting specimen, inasmuch as the bower or fishtrap
style is replaced by tile regular twined weaving of the Indians farther
north.
Figs. 32, 33 represent a specimen from the Clallams, which soom8 to be
an example of commerce. The coil is sewed on collveniently, and the
ornamentation upon toe sidcs is produced by laying the straw or quill Qf
different color upon the regular stitching, and sewing it on one stitch
over two original stitches. This is a very beautiful and strongly made
8pecimen.
OREGON AND OALIFORNIA TRIBES.
Along toe western coast of the United States from Puget Sound to
Lower <Jalifornia, are many separate stocks of Indians, quite easily
recognized by the material and ornamentation of their basketry, but fol-
lowing two fundamental structures-the twined and the whipped coil.
Some of thelle tribes are called Diggers because they subsist on roots,
seeds, etc. It would he more reasonable to call them ., basket Indians."
'l'he Kla.math amI the McLeod ]udhUlH of Northern Califoruia usc the
t'willed method, IIl'lking watcr-tigot and flexible baskctl'\ of great beauty
(Fig. 3'4). The is prodnced by tJ.1e alternation of black
300 REPORT OF NATIONAl. MUSEUM, 1884.
and white threads in stripes and geometric figures of endless variety
(Fig. 35), A wry coarse wallet is produced by using vertical
rushes for the foundations and twining bands of two or three rows at
intervals of a few inches.
The coiled and whipped structure is emplo;yed uy lUauy tribes through-
out California (Figs, 36, 37, from Eel HiveI' tribe). In most of them the
double coil is 1Iscll; that is, two rods or osiers are carried around, or
an osier overlaid with It strip of bark or yucca (See TinnQ Indian
basl;:ets, page Thc sewing is 0\'1'1' both and down under ouly the
upper one of the coil just beneath. Some of the baskets of this area are
of the greatest beauty, both in form, texture, and in ornamentation.
The principal shapes are the inverted trnncated cone, the ginger jar,
and the shallow dish or tra;\', From willow twigs and pine roots they
weave large, round mats for holding acorn tlour; various sized, tlattish,
squashshaped baskets, water tight; deep conical oues of about a
bushel capacity to he carried on their hacl;:s; skull caps, which are al80
drinking CUPR, worn by tIle 8qnllws. They ornament the baskets by
weavIng in black rootlets or hark in squares, diamonds, and zigzags.
(Powers: Cont. N. A: Ethnology, III, p. 47.)
On Tule Rh'er long stalks of Sporobolus a,re used for warps. For
thread pine root is used for white, willow hark for the brown, and some
unknown bark for the black. The 'needle is a sharpened thighbone of
Do hawk. (Id., p. 377.)
The Modok women formerly made a baby-basket of willow.work, in
shape resembling a tailor's slipper or an old-fashioned watch-holder,
and having various devices to shade tile face. The warp is of straight
rods, the woof consists of bands of twined work, just enough to hold the
warp together, most of the space being left open. Some of the Northern
Oalifornia tribes make a baby-basket similar in shape to the Sionx and
Oheyenne beaded cradle-boards.
The Californian Indians from Tnle Lake to the Gulf of California
use the greatest care in secnring uniformity and fineness to the founda
tion and the stitch. Their skill will compare favorably with that
of the Siamese, who do very similar work. The needlc is the
bOlle of a bird 01' mammal, the joint rem,tining for It handle and the
point being forward of the central lUll'll portion of the bone. The
female basket-weaver pierces a hole in the fabric at the proper point,
draws the thread of grass or woodJ- fibre throngh the aperture, biting
the end to sharpcn her t hrea<1 if lleCl'ssary, amI pr<.'sses the stitches
h-ome with the bone Il(ellie.
The ornamentation is in color, pattern, and accessories. The natn
ral color of the material is till' ba;;is of the basket. A very (lark
brown and lJ, very light brown colored straw is worked into chevrons
and zig-zag lines in endless variety. A strip of reed or Krass is some-
times carried around on the outside, concealed by two, three, or more
stitches, then overlapping the same number, forming a cllCckcred
ABORIGINAL BASKET-WORK.
band. Beads are also laid on, and bits of worsted, even, making animal
forms. The most beautiful ornament is that produced by feathers, one
being laid ou for each stitch, forming an imbricated covering, conceal
ing the entire surface. When parti-colored feathers are used the effect
is very wonderful.
SAHAPTIN STOCK.
In the mountn,ins of Idaho live the Nez Perces Indians belonging to
the Sahaptin stock. The Museum possesses a few samples of their
basketry." Figs. 38, 39, represents a flexible wallet made of the bast of
Indian hemp (Apocynum cannabinum). There is not,hing remarkable
in t,he manufacture of this specimen. The weaving belongs to the
twined type.
Tbe body color is the natural hue of the material. Nearly the whole
sorface, llOwever, is covered with ornamentation in patterns of brown,
green, 'red, and black. This ornamental portion is produced by the
sewing of embroidery o\'er the entire surface of the bag, the stitches
passing o n l ~ half way througb, so that tlJe fabric is plain on one side
and ornamented on the other.
'l'HE GREA'l' INTERIOR BASIN.
Leaving now the WC::lt coast, we lllay examine the basketry of the
Great Interior Basin, including tbat of the Shoshones, the Apaches,
the Pueblos, and tbe tribes living around the mouth of the Colorado. -
SllOslwnes.-This great Rtock of Indians employ both structures, the
twined and the whipped coil. The plaited stitch is used in the conoidal
basket hats 01' mush howls (Figs. 40, 4]), the roasting trays (Fig. 42),
and the fanlling or seed gathering trays (Fig. 43), and wands (Fig. 44).
The coiled and wllipped titl'llct ure is u::led in the pitched water bottle8
(Fig. 45), and the lwsket traYti Wig. 47).
Conoidal basket hats arc made of willow splints or RllUS, the warp
radiating from the apex, the woqf splints being carried around and
twined in pairs, in the manner so frequently described (Fig. 40).
The woof is so thoroughly .lrin n home as to give the appearance of
the simple osier of the east. Oruamentation iii produced by using one
or more rows of black splints, dyed with the Sued,a diffusa.
The roasting traJ"s arc shape!! like a scoop, rimmed with a large
twig (Fig. 42). The warp is made of parallel twigs laid close together,
and held in place by cross plaitiugs about half an beh apart. It is
said that Shoshone8 place the seed8 of wild plants in these trays
with hot stones and thus roast them. The specimen figured is much
charred on the upper side. Dr. Edward Palmer also describes their
use in fanning the hulls and epidermis of the Pinus monophylla seed.
"The Indians remove the hulls by putting a numbel' of nuts on a metate
and rolling a flat pestle backward and forward until the hulls are
loosened. The mass is then put iu a flat basket tray and the hulls
blown off." (Am. Nat. 1878, p. 594.)
In Schoolcraft's History of Indian Tribes, pt. 5, pIs. 26, 27, will be seen
Indian women gathering seeds in conical baskets, beating the plants
with a spoonshaped wand towards the basket, held in the left hand,
with the mouth of the basket just under the plants (Figs. 43, 44). The
baskets are made in every respect like the conoidal hats and the fans
are made of twigs closely woven on the Bame pattern.
The water bottles belong to the coiled and whipped structure. As
before mentioned, this style can be made coarse or fine, according to
the material and size of the coil and the outer thread. If two twigs of
uniform thickness are carried around, the stitch will be hatchy and
open; but if one of the twigs is larger than the ot,her, or if yucca. or
other fiber replace one of them and narrower sewing material be used,
the texture will be much finer. These bottles differ ill shape; one class
has round bottoms, another long, pointed bottoms; one has wide
mouths, another small mouths; one class has a little osier handle on
the side of the month like a pitcher, but the majority have one or two
loops of wood, horsehair, or osier fastened on one side for a carrying
strap. All of these are quite heavy, having been dipped in pitch.
The same form is found among the Apaches, Mohaves, Mokis, and Rio
Grande Pueblos; but it is not improbable that they were obtained from
the Utes in barter or by purchase.
. The basket trays of the Utes do not differ essentially in general style
from those of the Gila. River tribes, but they are much coarser. Among
tbe coiled basket trays in the collection accredited to the Utes are in
deed two styles, but one of them resembles so much those of their
Apache neighbors on the south as to raise the suspicion that they were
obtained by barter. However that llIay be, we are permitted to call
them the Ute pattern and the Apaclle pattern. The Ute bas'k:('t tray is
made like the Ute waterbottle. A bundle of grass stems, two, three,
or four, are coiled around and sewed to the upper twig of the coil just
below. By the way in which the coil turns it is easy to tell whether
the upper or the under surface was towards the sewer, the work always
lleceBsarily moving to the left hand. As 0. matter of fact, most of these
coarse baskets were -built up with the concave towards the workman,
that side presenting a more finished appearance. On the other hand,
the finer baskets, here called Apache, are coiled the other way. The
foundation is a slender bundle of yucca fiber or a twig and yucca leaf
combination, which enables the workman to produce a. compact wah')'-
tight stitch similar to that in the California baskets just described.
The Apaches understand thoronghly the use of this stitch, and their
ornamental patterns in black have the greatest variety. The ornament
of o ~ e specimen in the collection, snpposed to be Apache, but p088ibly
made by some California tribes, consists of a series of spiral bands
ABORIGINAL BASKET-WORlt. 303
widening from the bottom towards the rim; in each of the spiral bands
a row of fi.e men extends from midway in the basket to the upper
edge, their places below being taken by smaller patterns- (Figs. 49-6:.
Moki baskets.-Of the seven Moki pueblos six speak the Ute lan-
guage. It will not be surprising also to see them making similar.
baskets. This is partly true and partly false. The Moki have both
coiled and plaited or twined baskets. Their twined basket8 are few in
number. Their coiled baskets, except the water-bottles, are of a per
fectly uniqne pattern. In addition, they use one method of work com
mon enough in other parts of the worlli, but thus far unknown west of
the H.ocky Mountains. I speak of the common single-coiled osier or
employed by all eastern Indians and by the negro and white
ba8ketmaker. The Moki also imitate the checker weaving of the Bella
Bellas, and the twilled weaving of the Clallams.
The plaited ware of the Mokis are a few peachbaskets, made in the
8ame manner as the Ute hats, but there is enough dissimilarity of form
to give the Moki the credit of inventing this peculiar style (Figs. 6H-79).
The coiled and sewed ware, aside from the and a. few
bread trays, which are evidences rather of barter than manufacture, de
lllaud our special attention. Among the Mokis and nowhere else, so far
as the Museum is concerned, except in Nubia, .are to be found thick
coiled baskets called sacred meal-trays, having about the concavity of
old fashioned pie-plates, and varying in diameter from a few inches to
over twenty. A bundle of graM or the nerves of the yucca leaf, from
half an inch to an inch in diameter, is coiled around and sewed with
strips of yucca leaf of uniform width, rarely exceeding the twelfth
of an inch. The thread is passed regularly around the coil, drawn
tightly, and passed between threads and through a few fibers of the
grUBS in the coil beneath. It is difficult to tell whether any paius is
taken to lock the threads of the coils or not. At first the coil is very
small and wideus as the dish enlargetl. These plates are all made to be
looked at inside, the coiling being invariably towards the left on the
npper surface. I have not seen one exception. True to this instinct,
wheu a Moki constructs a hat of the same material to please some white
man, he makes the convex of the hat correspond to the concave of his
tray, the outside of the hat being thus rough and the inside Bmooth.
The ornamentation of these trays is produced as follows: One Bide of
[-NoTE.-Says Dr. E. Palmer; "In Utah, Arizona, Southern California, and New
Mexico the Indians depend 801elyon the RhtU aromatioa, var. tribola (squawberry) for
material out of which to make their baakets. It is far more durable and tongher
than the willow, which is not used by these Indians. The twigs are soaked in water
to BOften them and to loosen the bark, which is soraped oft' by the females. The tWig!!
are then split by the use of the mouth and hands. Th.eir b811ketll are built up by a
.nccbSllion of small rolls of over which these twigs are firmly and closely bound.
A bone awl is U86d to make the holes under the rim of the graBll for the split twigs.
Baeketll made thus are very durable. will hold water, and are often used to cook in,
bot lltones beiug dropped In until the food 18 done." (Am. Nat. 1875, p. 598).]
30t REPORT Q}' NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1884.
the strippl'd yucca leaf is dark grecn, tbe other light green and white
striped fading into yellow. Now by deftly turning the thread where it
pass:t:l throngll tile coil in sewing a variety of shades is produced, as
in shaded worsted work. Again, by the threads black, blne,
red, yellow, and combining color effects with the natural shades of the
leaf, the most beautiful ornamentation is produced. There is some
method ill the patterns which usnally commences from a blank center
of a few coils with four brown spots of six stitches each. From these
fundamental points all sorts of geometric fignres are produced by the
simple process of sewing with threads.
The coiled and decorated ozier bread trays of the .M:okis are made, I
have been informed, at only oue pueblo, Oraibi. The frame consists of
two cross sets of twigs, from 12 to 16 in each bar of tile cross. These a.re
firmly held together at tlleir intersection by sewing and plaiting. They
then are spread out radially, tile space being from time to time sup-
plemented by additional twigs. The workman provides himself with
bunches of white, yellow, orange, purpll>, black, blut', and green twigs
only a few inches in lengtll. These he proceeds to weave into patterns
of the greatest beauty, e\'cn imitating cloud effects seen on Japanese
screens, using short or long twigs as the occasion demands, hiding the
ends between the ribs and the filling of tile preceding coils. The process
is same as that the Navahos in making the clouded
blankets, and by the llolthwest coast Indians in their ancient mountain-
sheep blankets. The greatest variety of ornament is produced, but, 88
in the coiled work, the center is always plain. Under the influence of
trade, however, tile ancient patterns are giving way to those demanded
by the purchasers. As the patterus are really mosaics and could be
picked out it will be easily seen that the figures on the back and front
uo not exactly conform, the corresponding square on the back being
always one space to the right or left of the same in front.
'rhe Moki common twig IJaskct is as rough as rough can be; the same
is true of the flat mats used about their dwellings. They are woven in
the samo manner as the market baskets which we are accustomed to
see every day. The twilled effect on the flat mats is produced. byover-
lapping two warp strands by each of the woof strands.
Yucca baskets aud trayl! of a very coarse character are made by the
l\lokis, woven sometimes ill plain checker, at other times in twill. Al-
though the material is ver.r coarse, quite pleasing effects are produced
by the two sides of the leaf and by the different shades of the same
side.
ZU11i basketry.-Although one may see at Zulli all sorts of baskets,
the most of them, includiug' coiled or whipped trays, .M:oki coiled and
twig basket trays, none of the8e are made there. The only basket of
the Zullis is their little, very rough twig peach basket, hardly worthy
of notice except for its ugliness and simplicity (Figs. 80-82).
ABORIGINAL BASKET-WORK.
SOUTHERN INDIAN BASKETRY.
305
In the States of North Oarolina, ~ u t h Oarolina, Georgia, Florida, '
Alabama, Mississippi, and Louisiana are many Indians still living, rem-
nants of the Oherokees, Ohoctaws, Oreeks, Ohickasaws, and Seminoles,
removed fifty years ago into the Indian Territory. Through the low.
land l'ol'tioll of thcl;e States grow tile interminable cane-brakes, amI
from t,he split cane all these tribes make their basketry. They all fol
low the twilled pattern of the common checker weaving. If there is
anyone tribe that excels it is the Ohoctaws, who even now expose for
sale in the markets of Mobile, New Orleans, and othElr southern Cities
little baskets of ~ r e e n , yellow, reu, and black cane, woven in twill,
crossing with the woof two or more warp splints, and managing the
stitches so as to produce diamonds and various zigzag patterns on the
outside. They make a basket oval at the top and pointed below for
presents, averring, as I was informed by a gentleman well acquainted
with them, that this shape imitated the heart, which should always
accompany every gift. The handles of their basketry are very clumsily
put on, marring greatly the appearance of the otherwise attractive
object (Figs. 85-95).
ALGONKIN AND IROQUOIS BASKETRY.
All along our northern frontier and in many parts of Oanada the
descendants of the ouce powerful Algonkiu and Iroquois fabricate bas-
kets from the birch, linden, aud other white woods. The method of man-
ufacture is universally the same: it is the plainest inand-out weaving.
The basketry is very far from monotonous, however, for the greatest
variety is secured by difterenoo of form, of color, of the relative size of
the parts, and of ornamentation. In form these baskets run the whole
gamut as among the Raida and the Maka, guided by the maker's fancy
and the demands of tnw.e. These Indians all live on the border of civil-
ization and derive a large revenue from the sale of their wares. The col-
ors are of native manufacture, red, yellow, blue, green, alternating with
the natural color of the wood. By changing the relative size of the parts
a great variety of effects is produced. To commence with the rudest,
let us take a dozen or sixteen strips of paper half an inch wide, and
cross them so as to have one-half perpendicular to the other, woven in
checker at the center and extending to form the equal arms of a cross.
Bend up these arms perpendicular with the woven checker and pass a
continuous splint similar to the frame-work round and round in a con-
tinuous coil from the bottom to the top. Bend a hoop of wood so as to
tIt the top, bend down the upright splints over this, and sew the whole
together with a whipping of splint, and you will have the type basket.
Now, by varying the width of the splint used to cover the sides you
Mecure a great difference of appearance. In the National Museum are
baskets made of uniformly cut splinttJ not over the one-sixteenth of an
inch in width.
S. Mis. as, pt. :!--:.:o
Finally the Algonkin and Iroquois as well as the Southern Indian
know how to decorate in baskets with a great variety of rolls looking
much like the napkins on the table of a hotel. He draws a splint under
tbe warp stick, gives it a turn up or down, 01' two turns in dift'erent di-
rections and draws his loose end tightly under the next warp stick but
one. This operation he repeats, forming around his basket one or more
rows of projecting ornaments.
OENTRAL AND SOUTH .A.JmRIOAN BASKETRY.
The Museum is not rich in South American baskets. Those from
British Guiana are precisely like those described by E. im Thurn in his
work entitled"Among the Indians of British Guiana." The specimens
in hand are all of the twill pattern, wrought from a brown vegetable
fiber which shows the same ou both sides. This twill is used with good
effect in the diagonally woven cassava strainers, which may be con
tracted in length by a corresponding increase of the width. When the
grated cassava is packed into this strainer it is suspended and a great
weight fastened to the bottom. The same device in cloth is used by
country housewives in making cords. There is an entire lack of gaudy
dyes in the Guiana baskets, the only colors being the natural hue of
the wood and a jet-black varnish. The gorgeollS plumage of the bi.rd8
replace the dyes in ornamentation. Central American basketry does
not differ greatly from that of South America except in the ftniBh.
Nothing can exceed in severe plainness and accnra.ey of execution the
finer ware of Guiana.
0,
PLATE I.
(Muon. Baeket-work.)
FIG. 1. Aleutian twined wallet of sea-gr&8s. The warp consists of a number of
straws radiating from the bottom. As the basket enlarges new atraw8 are
inserted, and the whole ishl'1rl in place by twinemadeoftwostrawll, which
inclose a warp straw at each half tuTU The cylindrical part of the VCR84'1
is of the diamond pattern shown in Fig. 2. The ornamentation i ~ I'rodUcM
by embroidering with bits and strands of red, blue, and black worsted, in no
case showing on the inside of the wallet. The continuou8 line between tbe
diajl;onal stripes is formed by whipping with a single thread of wonted 011
the outer stitches of one of the twines of straw. 'Vhipping with 8ingle
thread in this ware is not common. The border is formed of the very com-
plicated braid deBCribed ill the text. Collected in Attu, by Wrn. H. Dall.
Museum number, 14978.
FIo. 2. A square inch of Fig. 1 enlarged, taken from the part of the texture where
the rectangular meshes pa88into the lozenge-shaped mcshes. The peculiar
method of splitting the warp threads and working the halv6lI alternately to
the right and to the left 18 well shown.
Report Nat. MUR. lSlU.-YaooD. Basket-work. PLATE L
1
\
FlO.!. Alentian twined wnllct. FIG. 2. One .square iuch of Fig. 1, enlarged.
PLATE'n.
(MlUlOn. Basket-work.)
FIo. 3. Twined wallet of the Eskimo. The warp and the twining of the bottom is
of a very coarse, rush like, fibt'.r. The bottom is in openwork and is
strengthened on its outcr t'dgc hy Iln cxtra twine set on externally. The
body is of a dirty rush color, the spottcd Iiues on the cylindrical portion are
iu black Rnd bo<1y color. This effect may he variod by mixinj:{ two strand...
of ,liff"rent color in the twine. The flllltening eff at the top is 110ne by
working the warp strands into a three-Illy braid, turning down on the in-
side of the v6I'sei and cutting eff an end whenever a new warp thread is
tnken up by the braid. Freqnently the last three or four warp straws are
not cut off but braided out to their extremities in ordt'r to form l\ handle.
Collected at Norton Souud, by E. 'V. Nelson. Museum number, 38872.
FlO. 4. One square inch of Fig. 3, representing (1) fonr rows of twining on the cyl-
indrical portion; (2) the method of adding a new row of twinint;; exter-
nally for a boundary between the bottom and the cylindrical portion, alill
(3) the method of forming an open-work bottom.
:Report Nat. M08. 1 8 8 ~ . - H 8 8 o o . nasketwork.
PLATE II.
4
Flo. 3. Eskimo twined ,,"aUet. FIG. 4. One square inch of Fig. 3.
PLATE lli.
IMuon. B a a k e ~ ..ork.)
FIG. 5. Coiled Eskimo baBket. The bottom is a bit of old leather, to which is sewed,
by means of gra8ll thread, a coil of straws varyinK in thickness from t to *
inch. This coil is continued to fonn the cylindrical side, the flbonlrler at
the top, and the neck. The disk-like cover is made in tbe same mauner.
Collected by E. W. Nelson, in Norton Sound. Mnsenm nnmber, 38469.
Repo.t Kat. Moe. 1884.-1Iaeoo.

PLATE In
FIG. 5. Eskimo coiled basket.
PLA.TE IV.
(H&lIOD. Basket-work.)
FIG. 6. Oue 8quare inch of :Fig. 5 enlarged, /lllOWiug thu 1)\lIIch of HtrawR n8601\1I the
body of the coil, anu tho manner of whipping the tllm8 of the coil with
gt"1\88 thread8. In8tead of carefully looping the thread Into thA ont" just he-
low, a8 i8 done in tho bClit coiled work, thtl hasket-maker P8llllCU tho sticks
indi8criminately t.hrough or between those below. Somo of the Eskimo bos-
kets, however, reeembio those of the next cluM.
Report Nat. Mos. 11l84.-MUoD. Basket-work.
FIG. 6 One eqnnrc inch of Fig. 5.
PLATE IV.
Coogle
PLATE V.
~ . Buket.work.)
Flo. 7. Coiled basket of tne Tinne 01 Athabascan Indiane of Alaeka and Briti8h
Amerioa. The warp or foundation is " eingle oeier or epruce root, the sew-
ing ie done with lJIDall epliute of spruce root. The etitch68 vary from i to i
inch in length, and the splints from "6 to i inoh in width. The etitoh68 of
each coil are locked into the etitches of the coil beneath in addition to pass-
ing under the fundamental rod. In eome caeee the Eskimo fashion of eplit-
ting the threadJI in eewiug appears, but the evidence ehowe that the Tinn6
were the teacherB of the Eskimo, and the latter follow o n l ~ ' the ruder work
of their preceptors. The general ehape of this clS88 of hH.llketa ie that of a
low narrow-mouthed jar. Collected by Lncien M. Turner, Lower Yukon
River. Mneenm nnmber, 24342.
Flo. 8. One eqnare inch of Fig. 7, ehowing the method purened in coiled baeketry
with a lingle fundamental and a eingle eplint of 08ler or Iprnce root.
Report Nat. MuB. 1884.-MlUlon. Bll8ket-work.
PLATE V.
7
8
FIG. 7. Tiline coiled baaket. FlO. 8. One aqnare inch"of Fig. 7.
PLATE VI.
(Muon. Basket-work.)
FIo. 9. A.1a1lkan Indian coilc(! basket. The outer portion ia ao covered with ornament
Il.8 to conceal the texture of the baaket, which ia built up by whipping a
coil of rushes or slDall splints with spliut or birch bark. The bottom of
this basket is not a coil, but a number of straight foundation rods sewed
into a rectangular mat, around this the sides are built up by coiling. The
elaborate ornamentation is l1escribed under Fig. 10. Collected in Alaska,
by J. J. Maclean, in H?82. Museum number, 60235.
FIG. 10. Oue square inoh of Fig. 9, showing the elaborate ornamental.ion. The imbri-
cated effect npon the surface is prodnced by sewing on little loops of bark
,and straw, white and brown, wilh blind stitches in such a way us to con-
ceal the manner of attachment. The matlike bottom is ornamented by
sowing on straws lone;itudinal1y with stitches wide apart, 80 lUI to show a
checker pattern of straw and stitching. This method of ornamenting the
bottom is often pnrsued over tho whole external surface of the baaket.
.RepoltNat. MUI.l884.-MuoIlo Buket.-work.
PLA'l'B VI.
9
7r
10
}'lG. 9. Alaskan Indian coiled basket. FIG. 10. ODe slJuare iooh "f Fig. 9.
PLATE VIL
(KMoD. Baell:et-worll:.)
FIG. 11. Twined baeket-wallet of the Chilkaht Indians (Thlinkit stock), band-box
shape when spread out. 'flie hottom is very roughly made of spruce-root
splinta, warp and twin", the former radiating from the center. The bound-
ary of the bottom is a single row of twine fastened on externally. The
portion for a few inches Rbove the bottom is in natural brown
coll)l:, excepting two or three vertical bands of embroidery. The rest of the
body is in stripes of natural color, black and Indian red. The border is
formed by turning under the warp threads and cutting them off. The ge;
omotric patterns (different on wallet) are formed by embroidering
upon the outer surface, half through the fabric, with yellow, light red
straws and spruce-root dyed. This style of baaketry Is followed by the
Haidaa in the baaketa made for sale. Collected at Sitka, Alaska, by Dr. J.
B. White, \J11676. Museum number, 21560.
R ~ p o r t . Xat. :Mua. 1884.-:MaIlOD. Baaket-1l'Olk.
PLATE vn.
FIo. 11. Cbl1kabt twined aDd embroidered ballket wallet.

[1 yGoogle
PLATE vm.
(lIuoD. Baaket.work.)
FIG. 12. Twined basket of 8prnce root, made by Raida Indian8. Thi88peoimen shows
better than any of the the method of admini8tration in the
twined b&llketry. The handle i8 a twine of 8pruce root fastened on by
weaving in and out on tho 8idr, tho lower end knotted. TheflWltening oft'
at the rim i8 done by bending down the warp thread8 externally and sew-
ing tht:m fiat with one row of twining. Collected by Jaml"8 G. Swan, in
Queen Charlotte Archipelago, in 1883. Musenm number, 88964.
FIG. 13. One sqnare inch of Fig. 12 taken near the top, 110 lWI to show the CI08e and
the open weaving. The method of twine weavinlt is perfectly shown in
this figure.
Report Nat. Mus. 1884.-YaaoD. Baaket-work. PLATE VIII.
7r
13
FIG. 12. Haida twined opt"n-work basket. FIG. 13. One sqnare inch of Fig. 12.
PLATE IX.
(lIa8on.
I<'IG. 14. Rain hat of twined basketry in spruce root from Haida Indianll, reduced to
one-eighth linear. TWs figuro i.. tho LIpper view and shows the method of
ornamentation in red and lllack paint. The device in this instance is the
epitomized form of a bird, the tlrIlt step from pictures toward Wapbic
Omittiug the red cross on the top, the beak, jaws, al1l1 llOBtrils arc tlhown
above; the eyes at the sides near I be top, and j list behind them the sym-
bol for earB. The wings, feet, and tail, inclosinK a human flwe, are shown
on the margin. The Haida &8 woll II.B other C088t Indllllls from Cape Flat-
tery to Monnt Saint Elill.B cover everything of use with totemic deviceaiu
painting and carving. Collected in Queen Charlotte Archipelago, by J.
G. Swan. Museum number, 89033.
FIG. 15. Showing the conical shape of Fig. 14. This form should Le compared with
one seen so frcqllentlJ' in Chinese and Japanese hats. On the inside &
cylindrical band of spruce root is stitched on 80 as to make the hat fit the
wearer's head. A string pMBed under the ohin Is frequently added.
Report Yal. lInl. 1884.-11aaon. Basket-work..
PLATE IX.
15
FIG. 13. Raida twined basketry hat, top view. FIG. 15. SarnA bat, side view.
Digitized by Google
PLATE X.
(Mason. Btulket-work.
FIG. 16. A pOrtioll If hy 1inch, taken from the rim ofthEl 188t two It showl! the
r"gular method of twincl1 weaving. the illlrol1llctioll of the skill'stitch or
twillel1 weaving into the greatest of geometric pattern!!, and the
ingeniol1s method of fMtElning off hy 1\ fOllr.ply braid showing 011 the
outer aide.
Report Nat. Mus. 18ll4.-MaAOD. B1I8ketwork.
PLATE X.
c
FlO. 16. One Rile! a half ll'lllare lUehe8 of Fig. 14.
o bvGoogle
PLATE XI.
(Huon. Baaket-work.)
FlGB.17-19. Showing the Haidu. method of twined weaving, almost identical with
that of the Thlinkit stock in style (Fig 11). Fig. 17 exhibit& the
method of monnting the work. Along the Ilide of the npright pole is
IIOOn two bnndles of sprnce-roolt 6plintH ready for use, one blRok, the
other in natural color.
FIG. 18. The bottom of the bDllket, with radiating warp, twined weft,. and an 6Xter-
nal twine on its outer boundary.
FIG. 19. One square inch of Fig. 17, indicating the exceedingly regular method of the
twining. On the upper margin is seen the external row of twiuing added
&fier thll fabrio was finished. Colleoted from the MallSett tribll of Haidu,
Queen Charlotte Islands. Museum number, 88956.
:Report Nat.. HOI. 1884.-Muoo. Basket-work.
1r.
18
C
19
PLATE XL
; 1 ~
,~
: ;1
, '
",J
I
17 a
FIG. 17. Haida bl18ket set up.
FIG. 18. Hottolll (If sallie.
FIG. 19. Oue 8f)Uare iuch of the side.
Conglc
PLATE xn.
(lla1OD. Baaket-work.)
FIG. 20. BhowiDg regularly woven ce.lar-lmrk wallet of Bilhoolas. The bottom and
sides are all in checker pattern. By an endless variety in real and pro-
portional width of WIUP lind weft thread, and by coloring some of the
threads, an infinite nnlllber of patterns is prodnced. The fasteninjf-oft' is
done as in Fig. 12. In many ceou.r-b:uk ul1lIketK of this region the two sets
of threads run dIagonally, prodncing a diamond rather than a c u ~ c k e r pat-
tern. Again, much more rarely throe elements are involved, an open-work
of two sets mnning diagonally. nnd a horizontal thread runniug through
the open rhombs, in and out, Il8 in multitudes of Japaneso baskete. Col-
lected in British Colnmbia, by James G. Swan.
FIG. 21. One equare inch of Fig. 20, natural size.
Report Nat. Hus. 1884.-Muou. Basket-work.
PLATE XII.
20
21
FlO. 20. Bilboola woven cedar ballt basket.
FlO. 21. Oue square inch of Fig. 20.
Conglc
PLATE XIII.
(:Maeoa. Baaket-work.)
FIG. 22. Openwork carryiug ballket of the bird-cage 01' fish-trap atyle of w e a v i D ~
made by the Clllllam Iudiana (Seliab atock). The trame-work ia a rect-
angle of large twigs from the corne!'8 of which depend four twigs, joining
all ahown in tho flgure. To this f'rnme-wOl k nro latlhed amaller roda rno-
ning horizontally anu vertically, milking" latticc-work with auy .lll8irable
size of mll8hea. Finally, spruce-root splinta are cniled around the cro8llingll
of these lattice rooll. In this particular exnmple tbe coiling is not contio-
uoulllyaround the basket, but 011 each side 8epnrately in oonstropbedoD,
but in the pretty Maknh basketfl, woven iu thill IItyle, the coiled thread
continues arounu without break from the beginning to tho end of the
work. The handles for the attachmcnt of the hearl-strap are loopll of
sprnce-root cord 8llt ou at the cornen. Collected in Wallhington Territory,
by J. G. Swan. Museum number, 23480.
FIG. 23. Showing the exact method administration in tbis form of blJ,8ketry. It
should be closely studied with reference to Makah blA8ketry and Congo
shields and basket...
:Report Nat-Yo.. 1884.-MaAon. Basketwork. PLATE XIII.
23
I:'IG. 22. CRrrying basket of Clallam IUflians.
FIG. 2:1. One H(lnare itu'h of Fig. 22, eU!lIrg'd to show bird-cRic stitcb.
Coogle
PLATE XIV.
(Haaon. Buket-....ork.)
F1G8. 24-26. A wonderful 8pecimen of llasketry from the Makah Indian8 (Nutkan
8tock). It includes th" three distinct types, the plain checker weav-
ing of the Bilhoola8 (F'i/r. 26, bottom), the twined patt<'rn frequently
mentioned in this paper, and, lastly, the bird-cJlge patlcrn of the
Clallams (Fig. 25). The ornamentation on thi8 d:ulS of baskets, as on
the commercial basket8 of the Haida8, of geumetric patterns
in blnck, yellow, drub, reds, blues, &c., of which are ob-
tained frum traders. The 8traw8 are and the pattern ill alike on
both sides. Collected at Cnpe Flattery, by Jawl',s G. Swan, in 18;11.
Museum number, 23346.
Report Nat. Mue. 188t.-Haeon. Baaket-worlL
PLATE XlV:
,
c.
FIG. 24. Maksb birdcage pattern in bll8ket.ry.
FIG. 25. Oue square inch of Fig. 24, 011 tho side.
FIG. 26. One llllllsre inch onter ('l1ge of hottom.
PLATE XV.
/lluoll. Buket-work.)
FIG. 27. Twillerl splint hnsket o! thA Clallams (Selish stock), matie of white birch
wood. The bottom WDS woven first and all of the bottom splinta be-
came the" warp of the sides, which are built up by wl'aving weft splint8.
The twilled effect i ~ prorlncerl hy p_ing each weft splint always over
two warp splints, and by carrying two weft splints around at the same
time, makiug them oVl'rlap alternate warp splints. The fastening off is
done by hending down tho warp straws and whipping them in place with
splint. The scallop on the edge Is formed by looping the middle of
two spliuts under the rim, twisting hoth pairs of ends into a twine, pMll-
ing one twine through the other, and then donhling down to repeat pro-
C6ll8 for the next scallop. Collected in Washington Territory, by James
. G. Swan. Musenm numher, 23309.
FIG. 28. One square iuch of Fig. 2;, showing the method of administering the splints
in plain twill. Innumerable pleasing effects are produced by varying the
color, number, widtb, and direction of tbe splints overlappIng in the weav-
iDa
:Rllport NI\t. Mu ll'St.-Yaeon. Buket-work.

PLATE XV.
27
tr
28
FIG. 27. Clnllam twilled baAkf't.
F I o . ~ . One square inch on the aide of 27.
,
PLATE XVI.
(XMOD. llaIIbt.-work.)
FIG. 29. Bottle covered with basket-work by Makah Indiana. The groundwork is of
bast and the ornamentation of red, yellow, and black Btraws 8llwedon singly
after the Makah fashion. Great nnmbel'R of these covered bottlee and
other fanciful fol'Jl1ll are prepared for sale by the Makabe aa well aa by the
Haidllo8, whoee work ia aimilar in external appearance, bot not In the
method of weaving. Collected at Neenb Bay, Washington Territory, by
Jamea G. Swan, in 1884. Museum number, 73755.
FIG. 30. Bottom of Fig. ~ , showing tho radiated warp and the alternation of twined
weft with the ordinary in-and-out weaving.
FIQ. 31. Portion of the aide of the bottle, showing the lattice arrangement of the
warp, and the twined weft, prodncing iITegul.ar hexagona. Thill method
of prodncing polygonal meahes, excepting the twined weft, ill puraued in
great variety and with excellent ptrect by the Japanese and other Oriental
peoplea.
Repon Nat. }fOI. 18lI4.-MaeoD. Baeke.....ork.
PLATE XVI.
a..
211
7r
30
C.
31
FIG. ~ . Makah bottle covered with buketry, i.
FlO. 30. Bottom of bottle, natural size.
Flc. 31. One square inch frow side of Fig. 29.
Conglc
PLATE XVII.
(Muon. Baaket-work.l
FIG. 32. Coiled basket, made of Bingle oeier coil, sewed down with spruce root or wil-
low fiber, ascribed to Clallams by commerce in the text, but found ou
examination to have come from Sitka. The sewing is very regularly
done, bnt the stitches split one another, as in Eskimo coiled sewing. Col-
lected at Sitka, by J. G. Swan, in 1876. Mnsenm nnmber, 23512.
FIG. 33. One square inch of 32, showing the method of adding ornamentallltrawlI,
oanght by every third stitch. The appearance of the yellow dots on the
dark-brcwn greund is very pleasing in the original
:Report Nat. 110'. 188f.-Muon. BuItet-'lI'ork. PLATB %VII.
,'j, .1. ...
7r
33
FIG. 32. A.laekan coiled b 8 8 ~ e ~ . FIG. 33. One square inoh of Fig. 32.
PLATE XVIll.
(lIIuoD. Buket-work.)
FIe. 34. Twined or plaiteddexible buket of the Klamath Indiana, made of rnahee and
draw. The management of the material ie precieely .. in the Eakimo
wallete (Fig. 3). The three elevated bande upon the outllide are formed by
rowe of twine eet ou externally. The border in thil caee ie formed by
binding down the warp etraw8 and eewing them fallt with trader'e twine.
By twining a dark and a light colored etraw, two dark or two light etrawl,
and by varying the number of theee monochrome or dichrome twines, very
pleaeing e1fecte in end.l811 variety are produced. Collected at Klamath
Agency, in 1876, by L. 8. Dyar. Mueeum number, M124.
FIG. 36. One 1ICl1lare inch ot 34, ehowing the appearance ot the body weaving above
and ottho ornamental twining below.
Report Nat. 18M.-Maeon. Baeketwork.

FIo. 34. Klamath twined basket. FIo. 3/). One 8quare inch of Fig. 34.
Digitized by Google
PLATE XIX.
( ~ BMket-work.)
FIG. 36. Coiled and whipped baskets from Hooohnom tribe. made of lOme .peoiee o ~
pliable root. The bottom i8 IItarted upon a 8mall1lat Turk'a-head. knot of
8plint of an inch in diameter, and continued in a plane outward 4 inchee
in diameter before any ornament i8 attempted. The coile are i inch in
oro888eotioll aud there are twenty 8titches to the inoh. There are three
pairs of the ornament ou the exterior all alike. The harmony of geomet-
rio design produced by inverting the triangles on the alternate IIidee ia
muoh more exprll88ive in the specimen where the brown-black ornament ia
in oontrast with the dark wood color of the body. This specimen Ibould
be compared with Fig. 56. The patterns and dtl8ign8 in this ware are of
great variety and beauty, and the use of beads and feathers much improvee
their appearance. Collected at Eel River, California, by Stephen Powen.
in 1876. Museum number, 21371.
FIo. 37. One square inch of Fig. 36, ~ o w i n g method of coiling with various colored
8trawL
Report Nat. Mnl. 11l84.-:Maaon. Buket-work.
PLATE XIX.
36
FIG. 36. Hoochnom coiled baHket. FlO. 37. One square inch of Fig. 36.
PLATE xx.
(Kuon. BMket-worl<.)
FIe. 38. Twined wallet of Nez Perc41 Indians (Sabaptin stock) made of the but or
Indian hemp (Apoc.",..", oollllabill."'). A. snlllcient numberoCwarp IItraDda
were stretched and joined together in their middle by one row oUwining.
The ends of these warp strands were then bronght togeth8l', andthe weavili',
by continning the twine around and around, bnilt up her bag. The om.-
mentation is the same old story of straw colored, brown, blue, and .-
strings onhe Iudian hemp twined externally. Collected inIdaho, by BeT.
George AinBlee. Museum textile number, 8025.
Flo. 39. One square inch of Fig. 38, showing the body t1rining and the tw.iDed om.-
ment above.
Beport Nat. MD'. 1ll8f,-MuoD. Basket-work.

PLA'l'1J xx.
88
lr
39
1'10.38. Nez Perc4! twined wallet. Fro. 39. One square inch of Fig. 38.
Digitized by Google
PLATE XXI.
(llaeon. BlI8ket-work.)
FIG. 40. Twined basket hat of the Utes, used by women either u a hat or .. a basket.
The California women make hats of a similar pattern, but muoh finer.
The warp twigs converge at the bottom and additional ones are added ..
the texture widens. The weft splints are carried around in pain and
twined so u to inclose a pair of vertical twigs, producing a twilled effect
IOmething like that of the softer ware of the Haidu and ClalllUJl8. The
border of this twined bllo8ket is very ingeniously made. First, the project-
ing warp ltioks were bent down and whipped with splints to form the body
of the rim. Then with two splints the weaver sewed along the upper mar-
gill. catching these splints alternately into the warp straws below, giving
the work the appearance of a button-hole stitch. The ornamentation is
produced by means of dyed twigs either alone or combined with those of
natural color. The texture of this ware is always coarse and rigid owing
to the lack of good material in this arid region. Collected in Southern
Utah, by J. W. Powell. Museum number, 11838.
FIG.1. One square inoh of Fig. 40, showing method of weaving and admi.ni.stering
the colored splints.
Repot1 Nat. lb... lllk-),{aaoD. Baaket.-work.
PLATE XXI.
a.
1f
il
FIo. 40. Ute twined hat-bowl.

.
FlO. 41. One square inch of Fig. 40.
PLATE XXII.
(),{IWIOII. Baaket:work.)
FIG. Twined roasting-tray of the Pai Ute8. The warp i8 a lot of 08ie1'8 8pread out
like a fan. The weaving commenced at the bottom by Bhort cnrvee and
propBBed by ever-widening curve8 to the outer margin. The rim i8 made
by a double row of the coiled and whipped work. The whole 8urface ill
very rough, 88 in all Ute work, by re880n of not twi8ting the 8trands when
making the twine. There is little ornamentation on thi8 cl888 of Objectll.
Collected in Southern Utah, in 1874, by Maj. J. W. Powell. Mnseum num
ber,11857.
FIG. 43. Twined gathering and carrying b88ket of the Psi Utee. Woven precisely &II
the hats (Fig. 40) and the (Fig. 42). The splints are very fine,
bnt their refractory nature makee all thi8 ware coarse. Ornamentation i8
produced by external twining and by geometrio patterns in dyed 8pliDk.
in Sonthern Utah, by J. W. Powell, in 1874. Mnaeum number,
14667.
..
Report Nat. MWI. l ~ . - M u o D . Baeket-work.
PLATE XXII.
}'Jo. 42. Ute twined roasting tray. FIo. 43. Ute carrying buket.
Digitized by Google
PLATE XXIII.
(Huon. BaUei-work.)
FIG. . Harv08ting wand of Pai Utell, made of twig8, split or whole, bonnd with
yucca fiber. The filtUro repr086ntB the COarB68t apecimen in the collection.
In mOBt of thi8 cla8Il tho longitudinal twigs are held in plaoe by rowe of
twine at long interval8. Colleoted in Southern Utah, in 1874, by J. W.
Powell. MU80um number, 11823.
:Report Nat. Hua. l ~ . - M M O n . Buket-work.
II
, I
FIG. 44. Ute harv6llting wand.
PLJ.\'l'1I XXIII.
PLATE XXIV.
<K-m- lJulr.et-work-1
FIo.45. Coiled and pitched bottle of the Pai Ute8, made of osier, by coiling ilie fun-
damental twigs in pairs and 86wing with split osier always over the two
in hand and between the twigs of the preceding round. As this bottle III
to be oovered with pitch either inside or out or on both sidea, the I16W-
ing is left very open. By having one twig large and the other very IIDl&1l
or by having a bunoh of ~ & 8 8 for the two twigs, a water tight joins iI!
prodnced by the swelling of the warp and weft. The bungling manner of
administering the stitches reminds one of the same type of ware among
the Eskimo. A great variety of form is given to th686 pitcbed bott1el.
Collected in Southern Utah, by J. W. Powell, in 1874. MU86UDJ number,
1l.262.
FIo. 46. One 1ICln&re inoh of Fig. 46, showing the U86 of the double-twig ooiL
Report Kat. Mus. 1884.-lIaaon. Raaketwork.
PLATE XXIV.
46
FIG. 45. Ute coiled aull pitched water bottle.
FIG. 46. One square inch of Fig. 45.
Coogk
PLATE XXV.
(Huon. Buket-work.)
FIa. 47. Small coiled mumbowl of the Pai Utes, made by coiling a splint and thin
.trip of yucca, bast, or osier, and whipping them with split osier. The
IlCwing pa66eS over the two elements of the eoil in progre88 and through
the upper element of the coil below, looping always under the subjacent
stitches. Ornamentation produced by working into the fabric triangles
with strips of martynia or dyed splints. The work i8 very regular and
tho texture water-tight, resembling the work of the Apaches and Califor-
nia Indian8. Tho fbBtening off on the margin is very prettily done by
whipping diagonally with two or three thread8 cl'088ing one another.
Collected in Southern Utah, by J. W. Powell, in 1874. MU88um nnmber,
14720.
FIa. 48. Coiled di8h of Pai Utes. The work i8 founded npon a wooden plug in the
center and coiled by meanl! of an 08ier and a strip of fiber. Depth, 21
inches. The work i8 neatly done and the ornamentation resembles that
of 1<'ig.47. Coll60ted in Southern Utah, by J. W. Powell, in 1874. Mu-
I18UJD IlUJDber, 14719. .
Report Nat. MI18. 1llll4.-M....D. Baaket-work.
47
PLATE XXV.
FIG. 47. Ute coiled mU8h bowl. FIG. 48. Ute coiled mush howl.
PLATE XXVI.
(M......n. Basket-work.)
FIG. 49. Water-tight ballket bottle of the Apaches. The coiling oonsiBt8 of the rigid
08ier and soft fiber combination, before mentioned, the latter acting M
chinking or calking of the openings. This ware differs 888entially from
t.hat of the Utes in the glo88yeven stitches, the care taken in patllling them
nniformly under the elements of the preceding coil, and the more elabo-
rate Rllapes and ornamentation. The lines dropped from the bottom of the
chevron at the bottom meet in a black spot at the centel'. The upper
chevron and the rings of the neck are in black, red, and yellow 8pliuts,
alternately. Collected in Arizona, by Dr. J. B. Whitt.-, U. S. A., in 1876.
HUlIflum number, 21494.
}(eport :!iat. Hoa. 1884.-1d.uoD. Baaket.-work.
PLATE XXVL
FIG. 49. Apache coiled buket bottle.
Coogle
PLATE XXVII.
(MallOn. BaIlket-work.)
FIG. 50. Coiled bll.8ket howl of the Coahuila Apaches. The coil i8 a bundJe of ynooa
or qther fiber, and sewing i8 done with lIplintB of different natural
oolor, reed caDe, and with otbel'K dyed aeantiful chestnut
Bnd black. The lovely clondy effects produced by the ingeniou8 1l8ll of
8plint8 of different natnral colors r68Cmble tho86 on the Moqui sacred
bread trayll. The f8.lltening off is simple coil 86wing. The ornamentation
is a fleric8 of crOllSes arranged vertioally, and four Il6ri6ll of rhomboids
inclosing triangles. Collected in Sontllern California, by Dr. Edward
Palmer. MD86nm number, 21787.
}'IG. &1. ODe inch of Fig'. 50, showing tbe coil and the method of 8titching.
Report Nat. Mue. 1884.':"'Maeon. Bnaket-work. PLATE XXVII.
FIo.50. Apache coiled basket-bowl. FIG. 51. One square inch of Fig. f>O.
Coogle
PLATE XXVIll.
(lIaaon. Baaket.....ork.)
FIG. 62. Inllide view of Fig. 60. The blaok line at the bottom, nearly oontinUOllll,
inolOlMl8 a oircle in uniform unvarnished color. All the body oolor above
this line is of a shining yellow, varying in shade. The diapoBItion of
the ornament is betteJ' IIhown in thill figure.
FIG. 63. A similar Coahuila Apache basket, in whioh the shading of the body mate-
rial is in places very dark. The zigzag ornament, effeeted by tbe admin-
istration of the triangle, is very attractive. Depth, 5l inohes j width, 16
inches. Collected by Dr. Edward Palmer, ill Southern California. Mu-
Ileum number, 217tl6.
BeportNat. MUB. lllS'.-MaaoD. Buket-work.
PLATE xxvm.
l"IG, 52. Inside view of Fig 50.
53
FIG. 53. Coahuila Apache bRllket-bowl.
PLATE XXIX.
(Muon. Basket-work.)
FIo. 54. Cuiled OIlier baaket bowl of the Apaches, Inside view, made upon a single
, 'twig. The apparently unsystematic ornament is indeed very regular.
Four lines of black eewing of different lengths proceed from a black ring
of the center. From the ends of all these lines eewing is carried to the
left in regular curves. Then the fonr radiating lines are repeated, and the
cnrved lines, until the border is reached. Depth, 4 inchee. Collected in
Arizona, by Dr. J. B. White. MWI8um nnmber, 21493.
FlO. 66. Coiled osier blWlket bowl of the Garotero Apaches, inside view. Ineveryre-
Sp8ct this reeemblee theforegoing. The inclosed triangles alternating with
urn patterns oonetitute the ornamentation. Depth, 3i inches. Collected
on Gila River, by Rev. H. W. Read. MWI8um number, 28.
Report NaL Kus. 1884.-Klll!On. Basket-work.
PLA.TE XXIX.
FIG. 54. Apache cioiled blWlket-bowl. FIG. 55. Garotero coiled blWlket-bowl.
PLATE XXX.
(l4aeon. Buket-work.)
FIG. 56. Coiled baaket bowl, made by Yokuts Indi&Il8, and here introduoed for com-
pariIOn with Apache work. This is by far the most elaborate piece of
baaketry in the National Museum. The bottom is plain and fiAt, bounded
by a black line. The body color is that of pine root- long expoeedj the
ornaments are in black, straw color, and brown. To nndemtand this
complex figure we must begin at the bottom, where 5 barred parallelo-
grams surround the black ring, with center of brown, and generally [our
smaller bam of white and black alternating. Bya series of steps or gra-
dines tllis rectangular ornament is carried up to the dark line Just below
the rim. The spaces in the body color, at first plain, are occupied after-
wards by open crosses, and finally by human figures. These human fig-
ures are excellent illustrations of the constraining and restraining power
of material and environment in human achievement. There are ij coila
and 18 stitches to the'inch. Figure, a truncated cone; width, 16iinohes;
depth, 7+ inches. Collected in California, by Stephen Powem, in 1875.
R.c:pott Kat. Mils. ll,84.-Ma8011. n....ket-work.
PLATE xxx.
FIG. 56. Yoknt Indian ~ o i l e d ballket-bowI.
Coogle
PLATE XXXI.
(Huon. Baeket.-work.)
FIo.67. Coiled baaket bowl of the Navajos, with single osier in the coil. Body color
natural hue df the wood; ornaments in mahogany-brown, and black.
The bowl ill divided four quadrants, each separated by a black border
and having a cres in the center. The border is very iuteresting, l"ll88m-
bling the braiding on a whip. It is made by sewing with a single splint as
follows: The splint ill pllll86d under the sewing of the last coil and then
drawn over it and backward. It ill then passed under again, upward and
forward, just in advance of the IItarting point. Thus, by sewing forward
and backward, &8 one coils a kite string, a. braided effect is produced by a
stngle splint thread. Width, 161 inches j depth, 41 inches. Collected in
New Mexico, in 1873, by Governor Arny. Museum number, 16510.
Report Nat. Mila. 1884.-MlI<lOD. llaaket,.work.

PLATE XXXI.
,
FIG. 67. Navl\lo cei1ed ballket-bowJ.
Digitized by Google
PLATE XXXII.
(HaMID. Buket-WOTk.)
"'IG. 58. Coiled b&llket bo....l of the Pimaa, made 0 p on a foundation of yucca, the lie....
ing done with 8JIlinte of ....illo.... or pioe. The mde character of the orna-
ment ill ....orthyof notice. Depth, 4 inches. Collected by Dr. Edward
Palmer, in Arizona. MOIIIIUDl nomber, 5548.
"'tG. 59. Coiled b8llket bo....l of the Pimae, similar in structure to 58. The grecque
MIlament iR wrought in with tolera.ble Rymmetry. The border has tbe
braided appearance before mentioned, given by forward and backward
IIIIwing along tbe border with a Ringle splint. In tbiR instance the stitch
pa8IIIIII back....ard three stitcbeR of the Rewing each time. Thill ill truly
the most IngenioDII and effective work of the kind yet _D. C o l l e c ~ by
JIl'lI. Georgia Btont, Pima Agency, Arizona. Mnllllom number, 27837.
Report Nat. Ho. 1884.-Haaon. Basket-work.
PLATE XXXIt
68
FIo.68. Pimo ooiled buket-bowl. FIG. 69. Pima called buket-bowl,
Googk
PLATI<: XXXIII.
(Ma.nn. HnKkMwnrk.1
FIG. 60. Coiled basket bowl of the PilllOS, bnilt on yucca fiber and sewed with rhus
or willow. The ornamentation i" in rN) paint and splints dyed blnek.
The border is Lack nUll forward sewing t{) a braid. The method
of administration is quite apparent in the specimen. The border stitchllll
have an excursion varying from 2 to 4 of the regular stitche8 of the last
coil at the tnp of the bowl. Depth, 3 inches. in Arizona, by
Dr. E. Palmer. Mn.senm nnmber, 76038.
PLATIl xxxm
FIG. 60. Pimo coiled baaket-bowl.
Coogle
PLATE XXXIV.
(M880D. B....ket-work.)
1"10. Gl. Coik--d basket bowl of Pimos. Made on yucca with splint Bewing similar t,o
thoRe just described. The ornament is evidently the work of a beginner.
bnt the pattern il> both regular and unique, all tho parts being in threes
I1n,1 the two sides of eacb pattern quito symmetrical. Border of backward
and forward sewing, quite uniform in appearance, but done regardl_ 01
the Illlml,er of body stitches beneath. Width, 8 inchel!; depth,!& inche",
Collected in Arizona, by Dr. Edward Palmer, in 11"84. MUBenm UUmOtlf,
76039.
Report ~ a t . Mua.lS&l.-MlUlon. Duakc!,wv'k. PLATE XXXIV.
FlG.61. Pimo coiled blUlket.bowl.
tl d Google
PLATE XXXV.
(M"",m. B""kotwork.)
FIG. H2. Coiled ballket bowl of PiulOs, fiat-bottomed. The ornament consil!te of tour
similar patterns, based on four elongated trianglllll. Each of
the other IinOl! of the pattern is as nearly parallcl to one of thc sides of
this trianp;le as the textnre will permit. It is difficult, to conceive how tlIis
design was studied out beforehand. Width, lilt inches; height.,5 inch";'.
Collected in Arizona, in 1884, by Dr. E. Palmer. MusCUIll II umber, 7f,04lJ.
r",port Xal. Mu. DWlkdrllOll.. PLATE XXXV.
FIG. fi2. Pima coiled basket-bowl.
PLATE XXXVI.
(Mason. Baaket-work.)
FIG. 63. Large bll.8k\jt bowl of Pi mos. The manufact,ure is similar to that in thuflC
just mentioned, bnt the use of the continuous fret. in ornamentation is
remarkable, Il.8 exhihiting- the easy manner in which the fret may bU\'e
arillen in ballketry. The horder ill a faIlle braid formed by a single splint
and rellembles an e l o n ~ a t e d gllilloche. Widt,h, It:l!; depth,51. Collected
in Arizona, by Dr. E. Palmer, in 1874. MUIlCUID number, 76041.
PLATE XXXVI.
FIG. 6:1, Pimo coiled
Coogle
PLATE XXXVII.
(Huon. Daskelrwork,l
FIG. 04. Small twined granary of straw, made .. Pimos. Made of wheat-lltr3w in
a coil Il6wed with bands of willow-bark. The very noticeable featnre
about thiN speoimeli is that only in a few C3.868 do the stitches of the coi18
Diameter, 20 inches; height, 11! inches. Colleoted in Arizona,
Dr. .E. Pliliner, in 1884.
FIG. r,:;. Oil<' "'luan' inch of 6-1, tlbuwing the coiled straws and the method of sewing.
Report ~ a t . ltu:o.. 18.'Q.-'Mason. naKkf\lwork. PLATE ZXXVII
a
64
65
FIG. 64. Pimo coiled j:(ranuQ' of straw and bark.
FIG. 65. One sCJuare iuch of Fig. 64.
PLATE XXXVIII.
eHMon. Basketwork.)
!,'m. 66. Twined jar.shaped hasket "f the Mokis. Excepting in the rigid material
and the pottery form, we hu\'I' heft. nil the details of the west COMt bM-
ketry. At th/\ center of the uoUmu each twining includel!two warp twig-s;
the next round the llame plan is followed, bnt the stitches alternate. This
for 10 rows; on thc fifth is an cxterior twining for ornament. Then SIW-
ceed 6 rowl! of twining on cach twig, then 4 rows of twining over two
twigs, then 9 rowl! of single twining overlaid uy two double rows of ex-
twining. The rCllt of the surface is covered with twining over
warp twig, onovcrlaid tho upper portion and at the bulge by external
twilling. The falltening off is lIll'ro whipping. Collected in Moki l'ucbl08
iii Arizona, by J. W. Powell, in 1884.
1'"10.67. One inch of flG, showing th" twining on single and on double rods.
R..port Nat. Mno. 1884.-Mll8On. Baaketwork. PLATE XXXVln.
.
66
FIG. 66. Moki twined b&llket-jar. FlO. 67. One equare inch of Fig. 00.
PLATE XXXIX.
FIG. fiR. Coiled !Ul.Crel1 ntt'Rl of tbe A hnDch of yucca leaf stems, or of
grallB, varying" from t illdl to 1 illch ill,liaUlcter, is sewed in a continnouscoil
by means of slend.. r thr"ads of yucca fiher llhont l',;th inch iu width, aud
very uniform t hronghont. Each sti tch of tho progreflsiuj:( coil is caught in to
0. stitdl of tl\(' coil hi'neath with perfect regnlarity, forming adish looking
like a great worm coile,l lip. The ornamentation is in yellow and brown.
The first spots interiorly coutaiu from 4 to 6 stitcllPs. On the next turn a
seriM is arrange' I with relation to these. By the simple management of
this device hundreds of patterns are worked out. Collected in Arizona by
J. W. Powell.
FIG. (19. On(\ sqnarl' inch of Fig. 68, showing the method of administration.
Mu. 1884.-Ma.on. Ra.ket....ork.
PLATE XXXIX.
C(
Cl8
FlO. 6!:l. Moki coiled tray,
69
FIG. (19. One square Inch of Fig. /l8,
Coogle
PLATE XL.
(Muon. B " " l c ~ I ..... ork.1
FHI.70. Coiled I18croo meal tray of thc Mokis. The coloring of the interior exhibit8
the fine shading produeed by the skillfnl manipnlation of the dark and the
light side of the fiher. Collected in Arizona. by J. W. Powell.
PLATE XL.
FIG. 70. Moki coiled t r a ~ .
PLATE XLI.
(1YlROOD. Baftket.work)
FIG. 71. Coiled basket of Upper Egypt, iliadI' of 1Iundlell of palm-leaf veins, sewed
with striJ18 of palm leaf. iutrodncl'Il h,'re for comparison with the Moki
work. Ornamentation in red anti hlal'k. A long red or black strip of leaf
laid 011 tile nlltHide of a coil aud I'lIugllt d"wu by alternate stitches. The
varying "f tIll' Humher of stitclll'H Cllllght over or covered by these stripll
prodllCI'H a multitude "f cffecbl. Tlll'Hl' Illlllkets are frequently pitched for
IIr MOlles' arks. Collected lIy Dr. (l.W. Samson, in UpptJr E!P pt,
MUll6um number, 74871.
FIG. 72. On!' square inch of Fig. 71, showing the s(\wing and the "trips of ornament.
PLATll XLI.
. .
72
FlO. 71. Nubian coiled haeket. FIG. 7::. Oue square inch of Fig. 71.
Googk
PLATE XLII.
(M1l80D. B.... kot-work.)
FlO. j:l. Woven bread-tray of tbe MokiR, made upon radiating warp twigs by weaving
bits of colored twig, Iltripped of their bark, in nnd out., and hy fastening off
the ends alongl!ide of the warp twigl! inRide the fabric. This type should
be noticed liS the first I'xlIDlpl1' yet encountered of the regular
haskllt weaving RO CODllllon in 11)('. wore of more civilized }l(loples. Some
of the hits of twig usef] are 111M than an iueh long, alHllIone of them ever
t1xceed a foot. The figure ill the RIIUlO 011 both sidell, but each stitch and
design in front is just. onospace farther to the right 011 the back. Collecred
in Arizona, by .T. 'V. Powell, in 1ir.4.
I"w. ;4. One square inch of Fig. 73, showing the regularity and dispOllition of the
weaving.
RqlOrt Nat. Mua. 1884.-Maaon. PLATE XLII.
73
U
74.
FIG. 73. Moki woven bread-t,ray. FIG. 74. One 8quare. iuch of Fig. 73.
Digitized by Google
PLATE XLIII.
Fu;. i;,. Woven bread-tray of the Mokill, similar in workmaDlihip ) Fig. 7:1. Tht'!
fll8tening oft ill done whippiuK one or two twigs around the edge h.,"
means of til)('r. The delligll ill a lleri['1l of concentric ringK in prer I y
the figurell corroRponding exactly on the two sidllll. Collected ill
Arizona, hr J. W. Powell, IH74.
llqJOrt ~ ; i t . . Mao. llllW.-MlUlOU. Ba8k.two,1.. PLATE XLIII.
FIG. 75. Moki woven bread-tray.
PLATE XLIV.
I lllI. lWekel.... llrk.)
FlO. ;6. Wov,m ha...kct-tra)" of the ThiM figure 8how8 very what I,lc8S-
ing lleeigoK may he worked 11111 hy the Hkillful alljuKtllll'nt uf siml'lfl forms
aOlI color. In the hrighl mllll'll u8ed for this ware Ih" Mokis produce do-
cide(lIy hrilliant "'f"clH Collected in Arizona, by J. W. Powell, In 1874.
lticl.-llitwn. llaoIkct,wol"k. PLATE XLIV.
FIG. 711. Moki wovlIn hl"Pad-t.rBY.
Coogle
PLATE XLV.
(Mnoon. Baoket-work.)
FI(; 71. Woven bSllkettray of the Mokis. In thiK figure 8hould be noticed the
method of starting the wea,'ing. A certain number of twigs are plaited
at the ccnter into a crol<ll. TheM twigs are 8pread out 80 &8 to form the
radii of a circle, and the liltl.l twigs are 80 \'I'O"en as to incrt'l18e the
longth of the ml1f..hcR I-(oinl-( ontware\. H.rl' a.nd there an additioual warp
twig is introdnced at points where they are needed, but. not beyond the
dark circle. The ornamental ioll in this case i8 produced simply l,y the lIl1C
of patches, t,wo or three KtikhcH of tIle same color alternating with th,'
b o d ~ ' color. CoiledI'll in Arizollll, h ~ ' J. 'V. Powell, 10 1874.
Report :Kat. lIu. IN>l.-Maaon. Basket-work. PLATE XLV.
FIG. 77. Moki woven bread-tray.
Coogle
PLATE XLVI.
(]'b,on. BaHket.work.)
rIG. ;,-1. Woven of the Mokis. The fspecial attraction ahout this speci-
mcn is thA genuine ciotHI etl'ects l'rodueed on the surface by tht' simplest
meaDS. This r"prAlient .. II Rtage of art far ahove t,he genius of 83\'age cul-
tnre. Collected in Arizona, hy J. W. Powell, in H174.
PLATE XLVI.
FlO. 78. Moki woven bread-tray.
PLATE XLVII.
(MAllOn. n....ket-work.)
FiG. 79. Woven baRket-tmyof the MokiA, made as others jUAt descrihf>ll. The vt'r:y
insecure method of fll.l!tening off is shown on the left rim. The pattern on
this specimen introduces no new elements or colors. The elaborate human
head, with brilliant cape and gorgeous head-dreli8, remind" one of Aztec
iuscriptions. Collected in Arizona., by J. W. Powell, 1874.
Reparl :Kat. Muo. lSM.-MuoOb. DllOk.twork.
PLATE XLVII.
FIG. if!. Moki woven breadtray.
Coogle
PLATE XLVIII.
(MillIOn. nIlRl-twolrk.)
FIn. 00. 'Voven peach-basket of tbe Zunis. Morl' than the Moki trays, tbis specimen
recalls the method of llJllIlUfacturll to he spell iu the thousands of baskets
employed in civilized Houghlll'88, asymn1l'try, rude fastt'ning
off with yucca fihcr arl' it ... attract iOllR. Collce!cd in New Mexico, by J. ,,,.
Powell. Museum ullmher,
Report N"t. M,,". 1884.-1I1....11D. Buket.... ork. PLAT!'! XLVIII.
FIG. 7,nfii 'Wonn
Coogle
PLATE XLIX.
"
(MlWIon. BWlketwork.)
FIG. 81. Jlu-shaped coiled ballket from Zuni Indilms. Thlilis a very
men of coiled ware for this region, in shape, regularity of stitch, and or-
namentation in black. Upon the authority of explorers the text is m3de
to say that the pottery-making Indians are not good bBllket-makers.. This
specimen looks all thoogh it might have come from California.
in New Mexico by J. W. Powell, in 1874.
FIG. 82. One square inch of 81, showing th,e use of the strip of fiber for chinking,
and the albemation of white and black stitches.
Report 'Sat. Mua. li'84.-Muon. 3asketwork. PLATB XLIX.
a.
Ml
FIG. 81. Znni coitee} hasket.,iar. Fw. i o l ~ . One Aquale inch of F i ~ . 81.
Digitized by Google
PLATE J..
(M"""n. Ba,kel.worl..j
FIG. El:l. C"ill'd haskpt-t ray from Zuni. ThE' 'textllr" j. f'xcl'pdillgly nJlpn, o,,-ing to
t1w liKe of tb., l!ing-Io rod in th., coil with ('oar,1" ohinkil1/:. ('olle('fN\ in
Xpw !\It'xi('II. h)' .J. W. Powell, in lR74.
1'1(;. Pi. On"6fl'",re inch of Fig. 8:1, "bowing thl' wllrp rod. autl tht' Ilwtholl of """WlLlg.
This stitch is best employoo. in the ex1!,118i I" rnttan h,,,k,,t8 (If :-;iam.
,
\
ReporVl'Oat. lIua. 1884.-lIaaon. Baaket-work.
PLATE L.
83
FIG. 1l3. Zuni coiled food tray. FIG. ~ 4 . One ijquare inch of Fig. 8:J.
Coogle
PLATE LI.
IMl\lIOn. B".l",t-work.}
J<'w. 1"". TIU' firAt step in ordinary hnAket,wl1aving, showing how the bottom i8 set np
ill split callll or Ilplint" of tOlll:h wood.
FIG. TIll' H /lnll Ilt.p ill ..avil1g'. sh/lwil1l: how the hottom Aplints are
tl1l'l1 1 1\11 til form t]w si.l ..s,
Report Nit. Mu. 1884.-Maaou. Buketwork.
FlO. 85. Bottom of plain, woveD basket.
FlO. 86. Method of building the sides of a basket.
PLATE Lt.
PLATE Ln.
(Y:\80D. Buketrwork.)
lo'UH!l. 87,81. ihowing the method of completinK the weaving on the sidll8 of an ordi-
IIDI"J. splint buket, snd preparini to lAy ou the rim.
Repurt Nat. Mu. Itlll .-MulI. B...ht.work.
PLAT1I LII.
[J t vCoogIe
PLATE LUI.
(MlUIOD. Buket-work.'
FlO. Eo9. Twilled woven b88ket, covered with dil1per pattern below, made from cane,
by Cherokee Indians. Similar ware is produced by all onr sonthem In-
dians. The diaper pattern i. produced by overlapping two or more warp
sticks with each IItitch. Collected in North Carolina, by Dr. Eel ward
Palmer, in 18tlO.
Report Nat. Mos. 1884.-Ma80D. Baaketwork.

PLATE LW.
FIG.89 Cherokee twill".] hnsket of cane.
Coogle
PLATE LIV.
(MI\AOD. B88ket-work.)
FlO. 00. Twilled palm-leaf basket-wallet of Fiji Islanders, woven donble, the ineide
of pllloin checker pattern of broad piec68. The exterior covered with e v e r ~ '
conceivable manipulation of black aud white lltripe of palm-leaf, varying
in width. Introduced here for comparison with twilled weaving on our
oontinent. Colll'cted in Fiji, by Captain Wilkes, in 1840.
D
PLATE LIV.
..;
<0
..,
::
e;
....
....
0
~
~
....
7)
c:l
.:>
"t:I
t3
~
~
...
Q
"
.....,
~
g
0
~
PLATE LV.
(:llitIlOD. Ba.ketwork.)
FlO. 91. Ollfl ll<1'"ue inch of 90 cn,larged to show the method of in Fiji
combined with of strips.
Report Xat. MUB. 1ll84.-MaaoD. Daaketrworlt. PLATE LV.
lr
l1'IG. 91. One 8quare inch of Fig. 90.
Coogle
PLATE LVI.
(MMon. R""keL-work.)
FIG. 92. Wovfln fisb-bll8ket of Fiji IslanoflrR. This Rl'floimf'\n ill aleo WO\"fln donble,
th" inHuie heinK very coat'lle. Collected in Fiji Illiands, in 1S40, by Captain
Wilkes.
:Report Nat. HUll. 1ll84.-1rlaaon. Baaket-work.
PLATE LVL
'.
FIG. 92. Fijian fisb-basket of palm leat:
Googk
PLATE LVII.
lMaeon. BM1I:et-1l'orko)
FIG. 93. One inoh of the bottom of 9'J enlarged to MOW the IIimple twilled weaving.
FIG. 94. Plain weaving on the sides of Fig. 9'J.
FIG. 95. Coarse weaving of the inside of Fiji basketry.
Report x..t. Milo. Itl&I.-llitlon. lllLSktlL-wol'k.
PLATE LVII.
1r
93
95
FIG. 03. Oil" N'l"are ilwh of holt om, Fig. 9'2.
FIG. !J4. OIlL' ",["are ill"" of olltsillr, Fi:;.
1",,;. !J;:). On" Millarc illdl of Fi:;.
Coogle
PLA.TE LVIll.
(VMon. BMJtei.work.)
96. Woven blWlket of Micmac Indians mado of white birch. Tho1l8&Ilda of th_
pretty blWlketB wrought into hundrede of ehapee arc 80ld in tbe towne and
villagOll of the Nortbern St&te8 by the Indian blWlket-maker. A. curlOUR
modification of thie method of comes from Tripoli, in which the
horizontal part is rigid and the weft straws run up and down. It is all if
we revolved tho Micmac pattent 90 doiTIJ611. Collected by Mr. G. Brown
Goode, in Nova Scotia.
Itepon Nut. MU8. 18&1.-1.1....011. ~ k ~ t W 0 1 k . PLATE LVm.
FIG. 96. Micml\C ","ovell birch buket.
Coogle
PLATE LIX.
(Mason. nllBke!-work.l
F[(;s. 91, 98. the metho,! of int the curled ornl1Illent in Algonquin
and Iroqnoi8 llaskM,ry.
lUl\lOrt Nat. Mu. 18i4.-YWlOD. na.ketwork.
PLATtl LIX.
98
FIGs. 97, 98. Method of' OrilliinentJug birch baskets.
Coogle
PLATE LX.
(Huon. Buket-'II"orIL)
FIG. 99. Ordinary fonu of pricker UIled by Eskimo. Collected at Point Clanmce
Report Nat. MUB. 1884.-MasoD. "Bl\.Ilkelrwork.
FIG. 99. ERkimo ivory priekt>r from Point Clarence:
PLATE LX.
PLATE LXI.
(IlMon. Buket-1l'ork.)
FIGs. 100-102. Bone, ivory, and metal-pointed priokers from LoweT Yukon dlatriot.
Report Xat. Mnl. 18l!4.-Ml\8On. Buket-work.
PLATE LXI.
\
I
l
I),
I
t
I:
I'
t
II
I
\
~ \
\
'1
101
100 102
FIG. 100. Eskimo pricker of bone. FIG. 102. Eskimo pricker with metal point.
FlO. 101. ElIkimo pricker of antler.
PLATE LXII.
(M-;n. Buket-work.l
FIG. 103. Lkimo pricker with wooden handle and iron point lashed with rawhide.
FIG. 104. Eskimo awl, with metal point in ivory handle.
}'IG. 105. Eskimo drill-shaft of wood with metal point and hanll of rawhide. Drill;
of thia clalll al80 have beautiful jade pointll.
Report Nat. Mu. llallketwork.
1U3
FlO. 103. iron-pointed pricker.
fIG. 104, iroll-poilltcll awl,
-
104
PLATE LXII.
,.
-I
105
FIG. 105. Eskimo iron-pointed drUl.
,
PLATE LXIII.
(Maeon. Buket.-...ork.l
FIG8. 106,107. Bone prickers used by Moquill. Collected in Arizona, by J. W. PowelL
Report Nat. Mu. lllO-l.-MlI.lIo
u
. Baalr.et-1Vorlr..
PLATE LXIII.
101
flaS. 106, 107. Moqui bone
PLATE LXIV.
(Mason. Basket-worIL)
~ " I G . 108. Bone pricker from Coliliuila, Hex. Collected by E. Palmer.
}o'IG. 109. Iron-pointed pricker of Cherok-. Collected in North Carolina, b1 E.
Palmer.
Repon Nat. Hu. 1884.-Haaou. BukPt-work.
108
FIG. 108. Coahuita bone pricker.
PLATE LXIV.
109
FIG. 109. Cherokee pricker in antler.
TII.-A STUDY OF THE ESKIMO BOWS IN THE U. S. NATIO:NAL
MUSEUM.
By JOHN MUBDOOB.
While endeavoring to work out the method of construction of the
bows collected by our party among the Eskimos of Point Barrow,
Arctic Alaska, I was led to make a comparative study of all the Es
kimo bows in the National Museum with the view of determining the
types of construction to be found among them, and their geograpl1ical
distribution.
It is the purpose of this paper to present the general conclusiolls
arrived at from this study, which I propose to treat in detail in a mo-
nograph of the ethnological collection of the expedition, which I am
engaged in preparing. I am indebted to Professor Otis T. Mason, of the
National Museum, for much cordial assistance and co-operation in the
prose.cution of this study and in the preparation of the illustrations.
I have confined myself to the discussion of the forms of bow in use
among the Western Eskimos, namely, those inhabiting the Ilhores of
the Arctic Ucean from the River westward to Bering Strait,
of Bering Sea and the Gulf of Alaska, with the ontlying Asiatic branches
on the mainland of Siberia and Saint Lawrence Island. These reA'ions
are very fully represented in the Museum by the collections of Ross
and MacFarlane from the Mackenzie River Dall, Tomer, Nelson,
and others, from the Alaska coast, Nelson, from Saint Lawrence Island,
and the North Pacific Exploring Expedition, from the mainland of Si-
beria, while the material from the eastern tribes is very scanty and
unsatisfactory.
Starting from the island of Kadiak in the south, there is abundant
material from the whole coast as far as the northern shore of Norton
Sound, from the Diomede Islands, Point Hope, Wainwright's Inlet,
Point Barrow, and the Mackenzie region, as well as from Saint Lawrence
Island and the Siberian sbore. Unfortunately, the region about Kotze
bue Sound, including the great peninsula between this and Norton
Sonnd, is not represented in the collectiun.
The field of investigation is practically.untrodden. Although it has
long been known that the Eskimos used cords of elastic sinew to coun-
teract the brittleness and lack of elastiJity in the spruce and fir-the
only wood at their disposal Cor making bows-authors bave coufined
U. 8. International Polar Expedition to Point Barrow, 1881-'83.
207
themselves to a general statement of the fact, without going into the
details of construction.
I have found that the bows of the Western Eskimos are constructed
upon three types, each quite distinctly limited in its geo-
graphical distribution. No one of these types can be considel'('d as de-
rived from either of the others, but all are plainly developed from a
single original type still to be found only slightly modified in the region
around Cumberland Gulf, where the mechanical arts seem to have re-
mained in many respects more primitive than either in Greenland or
Alaska. (Fig. 1, back and side view of a bow of reindeer antler from
Cumberland Gulf, No. 34053, collected by L. Kumlien.)t
The main part of the reinforcement or backing always consists of a
continuous piece of stout twine made of sinew, generally a threestrand
braid, but sometimes a twisted cord, and often very long (sometimes
forty or fifty yards in length). One end of this is spliced or knotted
into an eye, which is slipped round one "nock" of the bow, usually the
upper one. The strands then pass up amI down the back and round
the Docks. A comparatively short bow, having along its back some
dozen or twenty such plain strands, and finished off by knotting the
end about the" handle," appears to have been the original pattern. The
bow from Cumberland Gulf (Fig. 1) is such a one, in which the strands
have been gi,en two or three turns of twist from the middle. They are
kept from untwisting by a "stop" round the handle, which passes be
tween and around the strands.
The three Western Eskimo types may be described as follows:
I. THE SOUTHERN TYPE.
Of this there are two slightly different patterns, found often side by
side.
For example: "Th"y ingeniously remedy the defect [i. e., the want of elasticity
In the material] by securing to the back of the bow and to the knobs at each end a
of small lines, each composed of a plat or 'sinnet' of three sinews. The
number of lines thus reaching from end to end itl generally about thirty; but besides
these several others are fastened with hitches round the bow, in pairs, comlUt'ncing
eight inches from one end and again united at the same distauce from the other, mak-
ing the whole number of strings in the middle of the bow 80metimes amount to lli.xty.
fhese being put on when the bow is somewhat bent in the contrary way, produce a
tpring 80 tltrong WI to require considerable force 8S well us knack in stringing it and
giving the requisite velocity to the arrow." (Parry's Second Voyage, p. 511.)
"These bows [in the Yukon delta] are made of spruce, which tas little elasticity
when dry and is very liable to break. To remedy thi8 defect the bow is bound with
cords twisted from deer sinew [as in a figure, which gives the general appear-
ance very well]. This gives it great strength and overcomes the brittlenll88 of ilia
"ood." (DaB's Alll8ka and its Resources, p. 228.)
"Only 80me old bows had a finer form. They were larger and made with care; for
instance, they were covered with birch bark and strengthed by an artifltic plaiting or
sinew on the outer side." (Nordenskiiild's Voyage of the Vep, ii, p. 100.)
tWhen a scale accompanietl a figure each division represents one inoh. Fignree
without a natural size, uuleM otherwise specified.
ESKIMO BOWS. 309
1. A broad and flat bow tapering to the nocks, which are formed b;y
simple rounded knobs, and narrowed and thickened at the handle so
as to be half as wide and twice as thick as the broadest part of the
bow. The back is flat and the belly often keeled from end to end, and
this keel is sometimes deeply furrowed for its whole length; the edges
are generally square and sometimes grooved longitudinally. 3,
and 4: show the general pattern of this type.) The bow when unstrung
is either straight, slightly sprung toward the back, or, rarely, arched,
and is sometimes stiffened along the back with an extra rib of wood or
ivory. The backing is occasionally tightened with wedgetl Its length
is from 50 inches to 5 feet, averaging about 55 inches, with its greatest
breath about 2 inches (rarely 2! to 2-i inches).
2. A bow of essentiall;y the same size and outline as the first form,
but with about one foot of each end bent up toward the back so as to
lie parallel to the stl-iug when the bow is strung, as in the Tatar bow,
with the backing generally stretched over bridges at the bends. (Fig.
5, No. 36028, from the mouth of the Kuskoquim River, collected by E.
W. Nelson.)
The backing starts in the way and consists wholly of atraight
parallel strands passing round the nocks, or secured by pairs of half-
hitches at various points on the bow. The last strand wrapped
spirally round the others to keep them from spreading apart, though
occasionally one end of the cable is wrapped with a separate piece, and
very rarely the whole wrapping is separate from the rest. A separate
lliece of twine, thong, or withe serves to stop the backing down to the
handle, and there are sometimes other separate stops on the broad part
of the bow (as in Fig. 2). The whole of the broad part of the bow is
occasionally seized down with spaced spiral turns of twine (Fig. 4, No.
7972, from Bristol Bay, collected by Dr. :Minor), which, in one case at
least, are made by the end of the last strand. The strands of the back-
ing vary in number from 11 to 37 (usually about 25). They are some
times all of the same length, in which case the outer strands are hitched
rouml the bow a short distance from the nocks instead of passing round
the latter (Fig. 2, back and side view, and Fig. 2 a, one end of No. 36032,
from near Cape Romanzoff, collected E. W. Nelson). More commonly
4-22, usnally 6 or 7 strands are shorter than the rest and only extend
from the broadest part of one end to the corresponding point at the
other (Fig. 3, No. 72408, from Bristol Bay, collected by the late C. L.
McKay. Fig. 3a, the broadest part of the same bow, to show the attach-
ment of the short strands), thus giving special strength and
to the middle of the bow.
These shorter strands are the outer ones of the backing,
but more commonly about the middle of it. Rarely, as in the case of
bow from the island of Nunivak (Fig. 6, No. 15651, collected W.
H. Dall. This is an unusually large and stout bow, with 37 strands in
810 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, ]884.
the cable), and one from near Cape Romanzoff (Fig. 7, No. 360M, col-
lected by E. W. Nelson), the strands are twisted from the middle (the
two ends of the bow in opposite directions) by introducing a toggle
between the strands, and the twist is secured by passing the "stop"
through the cable.
This type extends from the island of Kadiak to Norton Sound. The
second form of the type appears to be less common than the first, though
occurring alongside of the latter. It appears not to be used on the
island of Nnnivak or south of the Kuskoqnim River.
II. THE ARCTI<1 TYPE.
This is a much shorter bow than the above (from 43 to 52 inches long),
narrow in proportion, and of a much more graceful 8hape (Fig. 8, ~ o .
1972, from the Mackenzie region, collected by Ross). In section it is
nearly elliptical, flatter on the back than on the belly, with the handle
slightly narrowed and thickened. The greatest breadth is usually
about Ii inches, and the thickness at the handle about t inch. The
ends are often bent up as in the second form of the southern type, and
when this is done the back is usually reinforced with a short rounded
strap of wood or antler in the bend. One bow (Fig. 9, No. 89245, from
Point Barrow, collected by our expedition) has these ends made of
separate pieces mortised on. Only one bow of this type in the collec
tion has an extra rib, which is of antler and very small and short, but
the back is frequently covered with strips of sealskin, put on length.
wise.
The backing is always of braided sinew, and of a very complicated
and perfect pattern, usually very thoroughly incorporated with the bow
by means of hitches and a very complete seizing of many turns running
nearly the whole length of the bow and serving to equalize the distri
bution of the strain and thus prevent cracking.
The backing is one continuous piece of cord, exC',.ept in one case,
where the seizing is separate, and begins, as usual, with an eye, which
is slipped round the upper nock. The strands vary in number from 30
to 45 on a man'd bow (22-28 on a boy's) of which 10-26 extend only
from bend to bend on a bow of the Tatar shape, or between the corre
sponding points on a straight bow, and are then made fast by two or
three halfhitches each, or, as at Point Barrow, Wainwright's Inlet, and
Point Hope, by complicated lashings made up of series of half.hitcheH,
often alternately in opposite directions, the last hitch or two held down
by extra round turns, and sometimes as many as a dozen hitches in a
sElries. Fig. 10 is this section of the same large bow, No. 8924a. from
Point Barrow, figured above, and Fig. 11, the same part of No. 72771,
from Wainwright's Inlet, also collected by our expedition.
A detailed description of the lashings of these bows, two of the most
complicated in the collection, will make these figures plain. The first
ESKIMO BOWS. 311
long strand on reaching the bend is hitched round the bow seven times
at intervals of about! to 1 inch. These "nnder-hitches," as they may
be called, occur always on bows of this type, sometimes made by the
iirst and sometimes by the last long strand, and serve to mark off the
position of the hitches of the short strands and give them a point
d'appui. The first two of these are "two half-hitches," or, "clove-
hitches," as they are called at sea, the other five peculiar hitches (Fig.
12) not used b;y sailors. The- hitch is well known and much used in
the artillery and' ordnance service, and is there called a "clo'e-hitch."
As using this name would not distinguish the hitch from the common
"clove-hitch" of seamen, I venture to suggest for it the name of "sol
dier's hitch." It is made by round turns round the object to
be faMtened to and bringing the end over the standing part and under
the two turns. If the turns are taken to the left, it makes Fig. 12;
if to the right, Fig. 13. .
These hitches, especially the left handed one, are mnch used by the
Eskimos nQt only on bows, but in putting on seizings upon spears, &c.,
where a white seaman would use a "marlinghitch." The advantage of
this form of hitch seems to be that the second ronnd turn keeps it from
slipping if the end gets loose.
To return to No. 89245: After making" under-hitches" at both bends,
long strands are laid on till there are ten in all. The eleventh, on reach-
ing the bend, makes two "soldier's hitches" at 1, and going to the
other nock is similarly hitched at the other bend, and then passes back.
wards and forwards between the bends, hitched each time nearer the
middle of the bow. The hitch at 2 is made thus: Two round turns to
the left, the end passed under both turns, and then two more round
turns, with the end passed over the second turn, under the first and
third, over the standingpart and third turn, making a double" sol-
dier's hitch." At 3 are two simple half-hitches, and one made with two
round turns, followed by two round turns with the end passed under
both. At 4 is a similar lashing with eight simple hitches; at 5, nine;
at 6, four; and at 7, two.
In No. 72771 there are five" under hitches," all "soldier's hitches,"
made by the first long strand. The lashing at 1 is made by hitching
alternately to right and left five times. (Such hitching is called" kack
ling" by seamen.) At 2 it is "kackled" nine times, at 3 nine times,
and at 4 nine times again, ending with a half-hitch at 5.
Jt will easily be seen, as was suggested to me by Professor Mason, that
the strain of bending the bow, while tending to stretch and tighten each
longitudinal at the same time tightens each individual torn of
these lashings, so that the greater the strain on the bow the tighter do
they grip the fibers of the wood and hold them together.
These hitches usnally occupy 4 to 6 inches of the bow, and as a nile
are put on as above, so that the shortest strands come at the top of the
312 REPORT m' NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1884.
backing, thongh they are reversed on one bow from the Mackenzie re-
gion (Fig. 14 is this sootion of No. 1970, collected by Ross), so that the
longer of the strands are stretched across the bends, which adds som&
what to the tension of the bow, but makes a less neat and compact
lashing than the common arrangement. This arrangement of the short
strands brings the greatest strength across the middle of the bow, where
it is most needed.
All the strands between the hitches are divided into two equal par-
cels and twisted from the middle into' two cables, thds greatly increas-
ing the tension to be overcome in drawing the string. These two cables
are fastened together by a sort of "figure-of-8" knot, passing through
and around them, and are stopped firmly to the handle, after which the
whole is securely seized down with the end of the backing. This Rei.z-
ing is less complete in bows from the of the Mackenzie. In one
case, after completing the seizing the end goes on to lay on a few strands
more, for a third cable, outside of and between the other two, which is
also twisted. (No. 89245, Figs. 9 and 10. End of cable cut off at a.)
The ends of the long strands, between the nocks and the hitches of
the short strands, are sometimes wound with separate pieces.
Bows of this pattern, differing only in details of the backing, are
used at the Mackenzie River, at Point Barrow, Wainwright's Inlet,
Point Hope, and the Diomede Islands in Bering Strait, and probablJ' at
intermediate points along the shores of the Arctic Ocean.
As was said above, there are no bows in the collection from Kotzebue
Sound or the Kaviak Peninsula, but from several points in the region
in question, namely, from Kotzebue Sound, Hotham Inlet, Sledge Island,
aud Cape Nome, have been obtained many of the ingenious little tools
for twisting the cables, and al ways in pairs, indicating that a two-cable
bow of the Arctic type is the prevailing if not the only weapon of the
kind used in these localities.
The line of demarcation between this type and the preceding is not
sharply drawn, although there are no bows of the pattern which is ex-
elusively used as far north as Cape Romanzoff, in t,he collection from
north of Bering
From the Yukon delta we have one bow (Fig. 15, No. 33867, collected
by E. W. Nelson), which in proportional narrowness and thickness ap-
proaches the Arctic model, as it does in its complete seizing, though it
has a strong extra rib, and the general pa:tern of the backing is purely
southern. From the same region is another (Figs. 16 and 17, No. 8822,
collected by W. H. Dall), which in ontline and size is essentially of the
IItraight southern type, though slightly narrower than usual, while
the backing is put on entirely in the Arctic manner, 'except that the
seizing is less complete. A large bow from Norton Sound is of the same
model, but has the Arctic backing complete in all its details, as does al80
a small boy's bow from the same region. Still another from the same
ESKIMO BOWS. 313
place is almost exactly of the Arctic type, except that it' has square in-
stead of rounded edges and the strands are not twisted into cables.
When we consider that the Malemut of Norton Sound act as middle-
men between the natives of the Arctic coast and those of the Yukon re-
gion, it is natural to expect to find traces of Arctic ideas as far south a-8
their intercourse extends, namely, as I am informed, to the mouth of
the Yukon. Moreover it would be unlikely that the relatively weak
southern backing should be adopted by the northern natives.
III. THE WESTERN TYPE.
Thill is, in general, broader and flatter than the Arctic model, but less
contracted at the handle thau the southern, and not so much tapered
at the ends, which are usually thick. It is rather a larger bow than the
Arctic, but not so large as the southern, being from 43 to 58 inches in
length and 1.5 to 1.7 inches broad, and like the others is either straight
or of the Tatar shape. Bows of purely western type are apparently al-
ways of the latter shape.
The peculiarity of the type is in the backing, 8S is well shown in the
bow figured (Figs. 18 and 19, No. 2505, probably from the mainland of
Siberia. It was collected by the North Pacific Exploring Expedition,
and is labeled simply" TsckuktschiR Indians" I). The backing, instead
of being continuous, is in three parts, namely, two short cables stretched
across the bends, where they do not go round the nocks, but are secured
by half-hitches close to them as well as inside the bends. The main
backing c o n s i s ~ of 21 strands laid on between the bends with half-
hitches, and stopped down to the bow with a spiral seizing without be-
ing twisted or gathered into a wrapped cable.-
Three large and powerful bows from Saint Lawrence Island are of
the same peculiar type. It is, however, worthy of note that a single
" twister" of the same pattern as those used at Point Barrow was ob-
tained at Saint Lawrence Island by Mr. Nelson.
The bows used by the Eskimos of Eastern Siberia (" Tuski," " Sellen-
tary Chukches " of authors, Chuklukmut of Dall) present a mixture of
types. The bow figured above is purely western in type. Another
(Figs. 21 and 22, No. 2508, collected by the North Pacific Exploring
Expedition) is straight, but still has separate cables at the ends, pass-
ing, however, round tht\ nocks. The main backing has upwards of sev-
enty strands and is twisted into three cables of the Arctic type.
A third (Figs. 23 and 24, No. 2506, collected by the North Pacific Ex-
ploring Expedition) approaches very close to the arctic type, but shows
traces of the western model in having the ends of the long strands
stretched across the bends and one single short strand returning to the
There is a modification of the" soldier's hitch" in the seizing of this bow (Fig.
20), made by taking two round turns to the right, andpassing the end ull4m' the stand-
ing part and bettPeen the two turns.
tip from .beyond the bend, while a fonrth is precisely of the arctic type
with a very large number of strands.t
Several of these bows are made of oak, evidently barrel staves ob
tained from white men, but are, notwithstanding, provided with a pow-
erful backing, which shows how inseparably this invention, in its origin
applicable only to inelastic wood, has become connected with the idea
of a bow in the mind of the maker.
Comparing what I have said of the geographical distribution of these
types of bow with the divisions ofthe Eskimos of the Northwest adopted
by Mr. Dall,t it will be seen that of the Western Mackenzie Innuit (his
first great division) the Kopagmut (Kupu/iimeun of the Point Barrow
natives) and probably the Kangmaligmut (Kunmu'd'l{ji of the Rame
people, an almost unknown tribe. concerning whom there appears to be
no reliable information), with probably all the Western Innuit except
the Chnklukmut, Kikht6'gamut, and Mahlemut, use the pure a.rctic
type. The Chuklukmut and KikhW'gamut URe the western type, with
some admixture of the arctic. The Mahlemut and Unaligmut (the
northernmost tribe of Fishing Innuit) use the arctic and the southern
type and intermediate forms, while the remainder of the Fishing lonuit
use the pure southern type.
Assuming, as is highly probablf', that all the branches of the Eskimo
race started with the primitive form of bow above described, the in-
habitants of the well-wooded shores of Bering Sea and the Gulf of
Alaska, who have a plentiful supply of fresh living spruce, have im-
proved on this type chiefiy by lengthening and strengthening the wood
of the bow and collecting the loose strands into a compact round cable,
which is occasionally made somewhat thicker acrotls the middle than
towards the ends.
Those who live on the treeless shores of the Arctic Ocean arf3 forced
to depend on comparatively scarce dead. and brittle drift-wood, and have
been obliged to devote their attention to the improvement of the sinew
backing in order to increase the efficiency of the weapon. The conse-
quence has been the development of the exceedingly complicated and
perfect form above described. This is probably the ultimate step in
the development of the sinew-backed bow. Not only is it diflicnlt to
imagine making a more perfect weapon from the materials, but atten-
tion will no longer be paid to possible improvements in a weapon which
is rapidly passing into disuse and becoming superseded by ffre-arms.
The people of Saint Lawrence Island, out of the direct line of com
munication between the two continents and also dependent on drift..
wood, have developed the bow in a different way from all the rest.
A peouliar olove-hitch (Fig. 25) oconrs at eaoh end of this bow.
t This bow (No. 2507) has a reverllEld .. soldier's hitch" in the llElizlng (Fig. 26) in
whioh the end p_""der the standing part and 01l1lr the tnrns.
t Contribntions to North American Ethnology, vol. i, p. 23.
ESKIMO BOWS. 315
They have, as it were, lengthened the ends of the bow beyond.the origi-
nal backing, bent them up, and added extrn cables across the bends.
On the mainland of Siberia, where the natives are in direct communi-
cation both with Saint Lawrence Island Rnd the arctio shores of the
New World, by way of the Diomedes, the bow is of a pattern inter-
mediate between the types of theBe two regions, partaking more of the
characteristics of one or the other, according to the fancy of the maker,
perhaps as his dealings have brought him in contact with people of one
or the other region.
There is one bow in the Museum, not an Eskimo bow, whioh is inter-
esting in the present connection. It comes from Sitka, where the In-
dians use a plain SPl'Oce or cetlar bow with a round back and flat belly_
The bow in question is of the same shape as the other bows from the
same locality, but the maker, who has evidently had some acquaint-
ance with the handiwork of the nearest Eskimos, has tried to improve
it by putting on a typical" southern" backing of sinew. This. how-
ever, is of but little use, as the r0!1nd back of the bow is not of the
proper shape to receive it, and, in spite of the lashing round the handle,
it slips off to one side as soon as the bow is bent. I may remark that
the bow appears to be new and never to have been used.
NOTE.-It should be borne in mind that what I have said about the
geographical distribution of the different forms of bow refers not to the
preseut time, but to the period when this weapon was in general use
among the Eskimos of the Northwest. Most of the material in the
Museum collection was either collected many years ago or shows signs
of having boon old and disused when collected.
Fire-arms have so completely superseded the older weapon, especially
at the great trading centers like Saint Michael's, that even in distant lo-
calities, like Point Barrow, it would be difficult to find half a dozen full-
sizet! bows fit for service. The boys still adhere to the bow for sboot-
ing small birds, &c., and for them it is still made as carefully as ever.
NOTE ON THE SINEW-TWISTING TOOLS.-Ill the above paper, I have
had occasion to speak of the toggles or levers used in twisting up the
cords of sinew on the back of the bow, making what I have called
"cables." These are little fiat rods of ivory or hard bone (Fig. 27, No.
89466, front and side view, from Point Barrow, collected by our expe-
dition), about four or five inches long, with the ends slightly bent in op-
posite directions. These rods serve a double purpose at Point Barrow,
for the natives use tbem for playing a game something of the nature
of "pitch-penny." We purchased a number of them under the impres-
sion that this was their only use, and it was not until we had been a long
time at the station that we were told that two of them made a set and
that they were used, somehow, in twisting the sinews on the back of
the bow. So few bows are now made that we had no opportunity of
sooing them in use.
In loo)\dng over the Museum collections on my return, I found large
numbers of these tools, all essentially of the same pattern, and gener-
any in pairs, often accompanied by a small ivory marlinespike. They
came from many localities along the coast from the Mackenzie region
to Norton Sound, alld were variously labeled "bow tools," "bow-string
twisters," and I' aITOW polishers" (I) without further explanation, ex-
cept in the case of one pair collected by Mr. Nelson, which were cata-
logued as for" tightening the sinew on a bow. A.lwaJs used in pairs.'"
I have been unable to find any published explanation of the method
of using these tools. After wasting much time in conjectures, I dis-
covered the modus operandi by actual experiment, while making a mod-
el of one of the Point Barrow bows. It is very ingenious, and is- well
shown in the diagram (Figs. 28 and 29, drawn from a working model),
The end a is thrust between the strands to be twisted, so that the hook
catches part of them, and the lever making a half-revolntion is brought
up against the bow, as in Fig. 28. It can continue the twisting no fur-
ther in this direction, and if withdrawn for a fresh start the strands
would have to be held or fasteneiin some way, which would make the
process a slow one. Accordingly, the rod is thrust through between
the strands until the end b is where a was (Fig. 29), when the hook at
b catches the strands and the lever is ready for another half-revolution.
This is continued, the rod slipping back and forth like the handle of
a vise, until the cable is sufficiently twisted.
The reason for using them in pairs was not satisfactorily explained,
until Lieut. P. H. Ray, the commanding officer of our expedition, sug-
gested that they could be used simultaneously, one in each cable, so as
to secure the same amount of twist in the two. I tested this and found
it perfectly easy to work one with each hand.
The accompanying map is a tracing, with some modifications, of part
of Mr. Dall's "Alaska and Adjoining Region."
Mr. Nelson has kindly favored me with all the information he was able to obtain
about thlllle implements. He never saw them in actual UBe, but the nativeB of the
region about Norton Sound informed him that they were ulled for" twi8ting the
8inew strand8 fi1'8t and then for tightening the plaited or braided 8inew backing to
the bows after the latter was in plaoe." He dll8Clribes their 11116 for twi8ting sinew to
make the "hard-laid 8inew cord," as follows: "The ends of the sinew cord are tied to
the small oenter holeB in the two ivory pieceB, one of the latter at each end of the
cord, and then they are twisted in oppo8ite directions." He tells me that they ue
al80 UBed for playing a game lIB at Point Barrow.
.......
PLATE I.
(Murdoch. Eeldmo bowll.)
FIG. 1. Bow of reindeer antler, with simple backing of sinew, from Cumberland Golf,
No.34OlU. Collected by L. Kumlien. Side and back, reduced.
FIG. :.I. Straight bow, with 8implest form of .. Southern" backing, from near Cape
Romanzotr, No. 36032. Collecwd by E. W. Nelson. Side and back. re-
d n c ~ 1 .
NOTII:.-Every reduced figure i8 accompanied by a lICale, on which eeoh
division repreeenUi one iuch.
:Report Nat. Mos. 1884.-Murdoch. Eskimo Bow..
PLATE I.
! :!
, ,
I
il
I"
l' 'I
:'.
t
/
l ~ )
1)
Iii '1
\1 I,
!,! \'j
i\ ~
, '
l'l1'
I,
FIG. 1.
FIG. 2.
PLATE II.
(Knrdoch. Ealdmo 00.... )
1'10.24. One end of No. 36032 (from near Cape Romanzoff. Collected by E. W. Nel-
lIOn) to 8how attachment of the backing to the nock. Natnra18ize.
1'10. 3. Straight bow, with "Southern" backing, in which IIOme 8trandB are 8hort,
No. 7'2408, from Brl8tol Bay. Collected by the late C. L. McKay. Back,
reduced.
FIo. 3a. The broadest part of the same bow, to ahow the attachment of the 8hort
8trancl!- Natnral 8ize.
Report Nat. HUll. 1884.-Hurdocb. Eskimo Bow8. PLATE II.
I I
,
:
}0'1O.2a.
I I
I r
!, I:' FIG. a...
I'
FIG. a.
PLATE III.
(llurdoch. Eekimo bo_)
FIG. 4. Straight bow, with "Southern" backing, No. 797:.1, from Bristol Bay. Col-
lected by Dr. Minor. One-half of back, reduced, to Bhow Bpiral BeiziDg.
FIG. 5. Bow with bent endll, with "Southern" backinK. Btrunl/:, No. 3602R, from the
mouth of the KUllkoquim river. Collected by E. W. NelBon. Side, re-
duced.
FIG. 6. Large straight bow, with "Southern" backing, twialed, 1'io. 15651, from
Nunivak leland. Collected by W. H. Dall. One-haifa! back, reduced.
FIG. 7. Straight bow, with ,. Southern" backing, No. 36034. Collected by E. \V.
Ne1llOn. One half of back, reduced.
Beport. Nat. Mus. 1884 -Murdoch. Eskimo Bows. PLATE IlL
I
I
I" ,
: I; .
I
,,:
I i
I ,
"
Flo. 4.
, I
}'1G.5.
FIr.. 6.
I
i
'/
FIG. 7.
Conglc
PLATE IV.
(Mnrdoch. Eskimo bow)
FIG. B. Straight bow of" Arotio" type, strung, No. 1972, from the Mackenzie region.
Collected by Ro88. Side and back, reduced.
FIG. 9. Bow of Tatar Ilbape, with" Arotic" backing, No. 89'l45, from Point Barrow.
Collected by United St&tes International Polar Expedition. Side, reduced.
FIG. 12. Left-handed" soldier's hitch."
FIG. 13. Right-handed" soldier's hitch."
Report Xat. Mns. 1884.-MlU'docb. Eskimo BoW8.
PLATE IV.
FIG. 13.
I
FIG. 8. FIG. 9.
PLATE V.
(Murdoch. Eakimo OOWll.)
FIG. 10. Section of "Arctic" bow, No. 89245, to show method of attaching the short
strands. Natural size.
FIG. 11. ~ a m e section of No. 72771, from Wainwright's Inlet. Collected by United
State8 International Polar Expedition. Natnral sue.
:Report Xat. Mus. 1884.-1Iurdoch. Eskimo Bo'll".
PLATE V.
-_.- t
,./ ' I
___.. 2
I'HJ. 10.
FlO. 11.
[J '17 jbvGoogle
PLATE VL
(Murdoch. Ealdmo bow. )
1'10. 14. Section of an "Arctic" bow (No. 1!170, from the Mackenzie region. Collected
by Ross) to show the peculiar (reversed) attachment of the short strands.
Natnraillize.
FIa. 15. Straight" Southern" bow, No. 33861, from the Yukon delta. Collected by
E. W. Nelson, unu8ually thick and narrow, with complete spiral seizing.
Back and side, reduced.
Rt'port Nal. MOR. 18l>1.-Yordoch. E.klmo Bo......
PLATE VL
FIG. 1" FIG. 15.
I
PLATE VII.
(MardOClh. Eaklmo bows.)
FIG. 16. Straip;ht bow of "Sonthem" model, with"Arotic " backing, No. 8822, from
the Ynkon delta. Collected by W. H. Dall. Back, reduced.
FIG. 17. Section of the same bow, natural size, to show the attachment of the Bhori
strands.
FIG. 18. Bow or "Western" type, No. 2505, from the mainland of Siberia. Collected
by the North Pacific Exploring Expedition. Back and side, reduced.
Report Nat. Moa. Illll'.-Mordocb. Eakimo Bow..
PLATE vn
,
I
, I
l.
i
l
i
i I :
Flo. 17.
'j
FlO. 16. FIG. 18,
PLATE VIII.
(Murdoch. ElIklmo bows.)
FIo. 19. Section of No. 2505, to show the attachment of the end cable, underneath
the backing. Nataralsize.
FIo.2O. Modified "lIOldier's hitch," aBed on seizing of No. 2505.
Flo. 21. Straight bow, with" Western" backing, No. 2508, from Eaatern Siberia.
Collected by the North Pacific Exploring Expedition. Back, reduced.
:Report Nat. 1111& 18U.-14urdoch. Ealdmo Bow.
Flo. 19.
PLATE VDr.
Flo. 21.
PLATE IX.
(Mardoch. Eaklnlo bowL'
l'to.2"2. Section of No. 2505, to show the attachment of the end cable, undomeath
tho backing. Natural size.
'IG. 2:l. Bow with "Arctic" backing, modifie.lllO 88 to approach the" Western," No.
2 5 ~ i , froUl El\lltern Siberia. collrted by the Korth PaClfic Exploring Ex-
pedition. Back and side, reduce .
Report Nat. H1I8. IllM.-llurdoch. Eaklmo Bowl.
Flo.'l2.
Flo. 23.
PLATE IX.
Coogle
PLATE X.
(Murdoch. Eak.lmo b o ~ . )
:FIG.2t. Section of No. 2506, to show the attachment of tho Bingle sbort strand, re-
turning from blind to nock. Natnral size.
FIG. 25. Peculiar clove-hitch UBed on the Ilame bow.
FIG. lI6. Reversed" soldier's hitch" in the seizing of No. 2507, from Eaetern Siberia.
Collected by the North Pacific Exploring Expedition.
Flo. 2'1. Siuewtwisting tool of ivory, No. 89466, from Point Barrow. Collected by
United States International Polar Expedition. Front and side, natural
ei.ze.
BeportlTat. Mu. lSlK.-Murdoch. E.klmll Bel"..
Fin. 24.
\
FIG. 25.
PLATE X.
t
I
I
I
"
I
1
I'
i: 'I
'I'
,I
I 'I'
I I 1'1
1,1
! I ~
II
"f
.
'I
l
I
I
I \
II,
I)
)' I,
I I
'1"
I. ,;'
10.27.
FIo.2ll.
>,vGoogle
PLATE XL
IKardoch. Eakimo bo.... '
The pl'OC6l8 of twisting the two" cablee" of the "Arctic" backing. From a workinjt
model, rednced one-halt
FIG. 28. P08ition of the toola at the end of a half-tum.
FIo. 29. Position of the AllIe, with the toollllllipp6d through to begin a new half-tum.
Report Nat. :Mns. ISB-i.-Mnrdoch. Eskimo Bows.
I
'i
I'
I
1
I
:i'
Ii
i)
.1
FlO. 28.
PLATE XI.
a
I'"
,to
"f
I
I
/.
;1'
. I
, "
;1
'I
l
FIG. 39.
PLATE XII.
(Kardoob. lllaktmo bowL)
A. map to illlUltrate the dilltdbution of Eskimo bowl in Alaaka and the neighboring
regions. (A tracing, with lOme modifications, from Mr. DaH'1I "Aluka and the
Adjoining Region.")
Report Nat. Mn. E.kimo Bow.
hC!J.'IC dCEAN.
1
.,.
$l1alIda. '"
PLATE xn.

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ANNUAL REPORT

The Annual Report of tlle Board of Regents of the Smithsonian In-

Through the kindness of Mr. Jolm Murdoch, I have examined a nnmber

FIG. 4. Cumberland GulffbrowinIC-stick, back and front.

Report NAt. MUM. ThrewingAtlrk8.

Repo.t Kat. Moe. 1884.-1Iaeoo.

FIo. 11. Cbl1kabt twined aDd embroidered ballket wallet.

:Rllport NI\t. Mu ll'St.-Yaeon. Buket-work.

Beport Nat. MD'. 1ll8f,-MuoD. Basket-work.

FIo. 40. Ute twined hat-bowl.

Report Nat. Mila. 1884.-MlI<lOD. llaaket,.work.

Report Nat. Mos. 1884.-Ma80D. Baaketwork.

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