Gallo-Brittonic Etymological Grammar

Version 1.1 (03rd April 2013)

[desciption] 1. Nouns 2. Adjectives 3. Verbs 4. Irregular Verbs

1. Nouns
Although attested in Gaulish and Old Irish, the dual number has been dropped from Pritni; this is due to the lack of corresponding dual pronouns and verb forms, along with the difficulties in reconstructing certain endings.

1.1 o-stem
1.1.1 masculine and neuter
Endings
Singular

Nominative Vocative Accusative Genitive Dative Ablative* Instrumental Locative

*if occuring

*-os *-e *-on *- *-(i) *-(d) *- *-

Plural *- < *-oi *-? *-s? *-s *-on *-obos *-obos *-s? *-obis? *-osu? *-obis?

Examples *epos horse (m), *wiros man (m) and *dnon fort (n) Singular Plural *epos *wiros *dnon *ep *wir *dn *epe *wire *dnon *? *? *dn *epon *wiron *dnon *eps *wirs *dn *ep *wir *dn *epon *wiron *dnon *ep(i) *wir(i) *dn(i) *epobos *wirobos *dnobos *ep(d) *wir(d) *dn(d) *epobos *wirobos *dnobos *ep *wir *dn *? *? *? *ep *wir *dn *? *? *?

1.1.1.2 Etymology
Proto-Indo-European and Proto-Celtic
Singular Nominative Vocative Accusative Neuter NVA Genitive Dative Ablative Instrumental Locative Plural Nominative Vocative Accusative Neuter NVA Genitive Dative Ablative Instrumental Locative Pr.Celtic 1 *-os *-e *-om *-om *- *-i *- *- *- *-oi *-s *-s *- *-om *-obos *-obis *-s *-obis Pr.Celtic 2 *-os *-e *-on *-on **- (i) Pr.Celtic 3 *-os *-e *-om *-om *-osio > *- *-i *- *- Pr.Celtic 4 *-os *-e *-om *-om *-osio > *- *-i *-d *- *-ei *-oi *-oi? *-s *- *-om, -m *-obos *-obos? *-obi(s) ? PIE 1 *-os *-e *-om *-om *-osyo *-oey *-ead *-oh1 *-ey *-oes *-oes *-ons *-eh2 *-ooHom *-omos *-omos *-ys *-oysu PIE 2 *-os *-e *-om *-om *-os(io) *-i *-d *-h1 PIE base 1 *-o-s *-e *-o-m *-o-m *-o-syo *-o-ei *-o-h2ed *-e-i *-o-es *-o-es *-o-ms *-e-h2 *-o-om *-o-bhyos *-o-bhyos *-is *-oisu PIE base 2 *-s *- *-m *-m *-os *-ei *-ed *-o *-e *-es *-es *-ns *- *-om *-bhjos *-bhjos *-bhis, -is *-su

**- s *- s **-on *-obos

*-oi *-oi *-s *- *-om *-obis

*-s *-s *-ons *-eh2 *-m *-obhos

Ancient Celtic, Primitive Irish and Old Irish

Singular Nominative Vocative Accusative Neuter NVA Genitive Dative Ablative Instrumental Locative Plural Nominative Vocative Accusative Neuter NVA Genitive Dative Ablative Instrumental Locative Gaulish (*Leptonic) -os, -o -e -om, -on -on -i, -oiso* -ui, -u -u -e -oi, -i -os, -us -a -on -obo, -obe?, -oPos* -obe? Celtiberian -om -om -o -ui -us, -u -u? -ei - i? -u ? -u ? -a -um -u -u Primitive Irish *-ah *-e *-a *-a *- *- Old Irish ech / fer L eichL L firL echN / ferN cennN eichL / firL euchL / fiurL

*- *- *-h *- *-an *-aih

eichL / firL L echuH L firuH echuH / firuH cennL, cennaH echN / ferN echaib / feraib

Related Languages
Singular Nominative Vocative Accusative Neuter NVA Genitive Dative Ablative Instrumental Locative Plural Nominative Vocative Accusative Neuter NVA Genitive Dative Ablative Instrumental Locative Proto-Germanic *-az *- ***-as, *-is *-ai *- Latin -us -e -um -um - - - Attic Greek - / -os - / -e - / -on - / -on - / - - - Proto-Balto-Slavic *-as *-e *-an *? *- *-i? *-? *-ai - / -oi - / -oi - / -s - / -a - - - / -ois *-ai *-ai *-ns *? *-n *-amas? *-? *- iu Sanskrit -a -a -am -am -asya -y -t -ea -e - - -n -ni -m -ebhya -ebhya -ai -eu

*-z *-s *-z *-s *-anz *- **-amaz *-amiz

- - -s -a -um (old Latin) -s -s

1.2 -stem
1.2.1 feminine (and rare masculines)
Endings
Singular

Nominative Vocative Accusative Genitive Dative Ablative* Instrumental Locative

*if occuring

*- *-a? *-? *-an < *-n *-is < *-s *- < *-ai < *-i *-(d) *-(i) *- < *-ai < *-i

Plural *-s *-s *-s < *-ns *-on? *-n? *-bo(s) *-bo(s) *-bi(s)? *-bi(s)?

Examples *tout tribe (f) and *lm hand (f) Singular Plural *tout *lm *touts *? *? *touts *toutan *lman *touts *toutis *lmis *? *toutai *lmai *toutbo(s) *tout(d) *lm(d) *toutbo(s) *tout(i) *lm(i) *? *toutai *lmai *?

*lms *lms *lms *? *lmbo(s) *lmo(s) *? *?

1.2.1.2 Etymology
Proto-Indo-European and Proto-Celtic
Singular Nominative Vocative Accusative Genitive Dative Ablative Instrumental Locative Plural Nominative Vocative Accusative Genitive Dative Ablative Instrumental Locative Pr.Celtic 1 *- *- *-m *-s *-i *- *- *-i *-s *-s *-s *-om *-bos *-bis *-bis *-bis Pr.Celtic 2 **-a *- n *- s *-ai (*-i ) Pr.Celtic 3 *- *-a *-am *-s *-ai Pr.Celtic 4 *- *-a *-am *-s *-i? *-d? *-? *-ai *-s *-s *-(n)s *-om *-bos *-bos? *-bi(s)? PIE 1 *-eh2 *-[a] *-eh2 *-eh2s *-eh2ey *-eh2s *-eh2eh1 *-eh2(i) *-eh2es *-eh2es *-eh2ns *-eh2om *-eh2mos *-eh2mos *-eh2bhhi *-eh2su PIE 2 *-eh2 *-e(h2) *-eh2m *-eh2s *-eh2ei PIE base 1 *-s *-e *-m *-syo *-ei *-h2ed *-i *-eh2es *-eh2es *-eh2ns *-eh2om *-eh2bhos *-es *-es *-ms *-om *-bhyos *-bhyos *-is *-oisu PIE base 2 *-s *- *-m *-os, *-s *-ei *-ed *-o *-e *-es *-es *-ns *-om *-bhjos *-bhjos *-bhis, -is *-su

*- s *- s *- s *-on *- bos (*- bi)

*-s *-s *-s *-om *-bis

Ancient Celtic, Primitive Irish and Old Irish

Singular Nominative Vocative Accusative Genitive Dative Ablative Instrumental Locative Plural Nominative Vocative Accusative Genitive Dative Ablative Instrumental Locative Gaulish (*Leptonic) -a -a -an, -en, -im, -am* -as, -ias -ai, -i -ia Celtiberian -a -am -ai -as, -a -ai - ? -aum *-h *-h *-h *-a *-ih t athaH L th athaH t athaH t athN t athaib Primitive Irish *- *-a *-e *-iih *- Old Irish t thL L th athL t aithN t aitheH t aithL

-as -as -anom -abo, -abi? -abi?

Related Languages
Singular Nominative Vocative Accusative Genitive Dative Ablative Instrumental Locative Plural Nominative Vocative Accusative Genitive Dative Ablative Instrumental Locative Proto-Germanic *- *- *- *-z *-i *- Latin *-a *-a *-am *-ae *-ae *- Attic Greek *- *- *-n *-s *-i Proto-Balto-Slavic ****************Sanskrit *- *-e *-m *-y *-yai *-y *-ay *-ym *- *- *- *-m *-bhya *-bhya *-bhi *-su

*- z *- z *-z **-maz *-miz

*-ae *-ae *-s *-um *-s *-s

*-ai *-ai *-s *-n *-ais

Singular Pr.Celtic 1 Nominative Vocative Accusative Neuter NVA Genitive Dative Ablative Instrumental Locative Plural Nominative Vocative Accusative Neuter NVA Genitive Dative Ablative Instrumental Locative

Pr.Celtic 2

Pr.Celtic 3

Pr.Celtic 4

PIE 1

PIE 2

PIE base 1

PIE base 2

PIE (base) x 2 PIE x 2 (wiki + OI) Proto-Celtic x 4 (wiki + ward + OI + other) Primitive Irish

Old Irish Gaulish (book + other?) Celtiberian (book + other?) Proto-Germanic Attic Greek Latin Sanskrit