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ACOUSTIC

Acoustic : I t is defined as the branch of physics which deals with generation of

sound waves

Acoustic of Building : the branch of science which deals with the design and
construction of halls ,theatre,and house with best sound effect.

Sound: it is defined as effect which are pleasant to listen ,that is called musical
sound and which are not pleasant to our ear is called noise.
Characteristics of musical sound : 1. Intensity or Loudness 2 . Pitch 3 quality

1. Intensity : It is defined as the amount of sound energy crossing per unit area
amount a point in one second is called intensity.
It is a physical quantity that can be measured. The sensation produced in the ear which
enable us to distinguish between a Loud sound and a faint sound is called Loudness .
It has been that; Loudness depend upon (1) Intensity of sound (2) sensitiveness of ear

According to Weber law Loudness (s) is directly proportional to Logarithms of Intensity.

S α Log I
S =k log I ; where k is constant, suppose the loudness is S for
Intensity I and so for intensity Io
S=k log I ; so = k log Io
The intensity level is difference in loudness L = S-So = k log I-k log Io
L =k log I/Io bell

L= 10 k log I/Io if k=1; as I/Io = 1.26

2. PITCH: It is defined as the sound which tell us the difference between shrill and
flat sound .pitch always depend on frequency .it does not depend on loudness
.Higher the frequency ,Higher the pitch
3 Quality: It enables us to distinguish between two sounds having the same loudness and
pitch. It depends on the overtones on the basis of Quality ,we can recognize any one
without seeing him.
ABSORPTION COEFFICIENT: It is defined as ratio of sound energy by the surface to
the total incident sound energy on the surface
A= sound energy absorbed by the surface
Total energy incident on the surface

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OPP. OLD INCOME TAX OFFICE ,HISSAR ROAD M -9812193781

An open window can be acts as perfect absorber because all the waves pass without
reflection
REVERBERATION : The prolongation of audible sound in a hall after the surface
has stopped emitting sound is called reverberation.

REVERBERATION Time : It is time for Which sound persist until it can be comes
inaudible .

Sabine Formula : It is defined as the time taken by the sound intensity to fall to its
one millionth part after the source stop sounding .
T= 0.16V/ ∑as
Where T is reverberation time, v is volume of room
S is area and a is coefficient of absorption, ∑as is total sum of absorption of surface
METHOD TO CONTROL Reverberation.
1. Providing a few open window : The open window are perfect absorber of incident
sound .so open window used for control the R T
2. Covering the walls and floor with absorbing materials.
3. Heavy curtains : These materials are also help in absorbing of sound and time of
reverberation can be adjusted by heavy curtains .
4. The presence of audience in the hall also make a lot of difference.
FACTOR S : 1. It is sensation that enables us to hear. The acoustic of building mainly
depends on Loudness .it can be improved by using large parabolic reflector boards .The
loudspeaker should be fixed a little above the heads of audience.
2 FOCUSSING: The curved surface should be designed carefully to ensure even
distribution.
3 EXTRA SOUND: It is that sound which is present outside the hall. It should be
avoidable ,because if extraneous sound is greater than inner sound ,then it is
not useful.
4 Absorbing material: /The absorbing material can absorb the sound which
are produced in hall .so the use of uphold stared chair in hall to avoid the
effect of variations the no: of audience .The seat in the hall should be
elevated gradually to provided free flow of sound.
5. Echo: Echo is repetition of sound, to avoid confusion between echo and original
sound the surface producing echo must be covered with material.
6. Reverberation time : It should be minimum
7. Quality: The property of device to produce a original sound in all its detail is
called fidelity or Quality.

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OPP. OLD INCOME TAX OFFICE ,HISSAR ROAD M -9812193781
8. Echo lean Effect: If there is regular structure similar to stairs or set of railing
in hall , the sound produced in front of such a structure is musical sound This
effect is called echo lean effect.

ULTRASONIC
Ultrasonic: The sound frequencies having more than 20 kHz are known as. Ultrasonic
: The sound which are produced less than 20 kHz are called infra sonic .
Audible sound: The range between 20 Hz to 20 kHz is called audible sound.
Production of ultrasonic: There are two method (1) Magneto striction (2) piezoelectric
oscillator

MAGNETOSTRICTION:

PRINCIPAL: According to this effect , If a Ferro magnetic material in the form of bar
is subjected to alternating magnetic field .The bar expands and contracts in length
alternately . the frequency of expansion or contraction is twice the frequency of
alternating magnetic field .That is produced with the help of oscillatory circuit ,due
to this ,it comes in ultrasonic waves

.
CONSTRUCTION: X Y Is a ferromagnetic bar that is clamped in middle .L1 and L2 are two coils
surrounding the bar x y. An ac of high

Frequency is passed through coil L1 from oscillator .Due

To this magnetic is set up which makes the bar magnetized
And demagnetized with a.c. Current .Due to this bar expand
And contracts simultaneously and produce high vibration
Frequency .This is maintained by coupling effect between
L1, L2.

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According to principal to magnetostriction,
The length of rod increase and decrease and high
Frequency set up when these frequency increases up to 20 kHz this is called ultrasonic

PIEZO ELCTRIC : According to this , “ If one pairs of opposite faces of a certain

types of a crystal is subjected to mechanical pressure , the other pairs of opposite
faces develops equal and opposite charge . It is called piezoelectric effect .The
material are used for this quartz ,tourmaline and Rochelle salt .
Construction: Q is thin slice of quartz crystal cut with its opposite faces
perpendicular to optic axis. The crystal is placed between the metal plate A and B. when
two opposite faces of quartz crystal are subjected alternately voltage ,the other pair of
opposite experience stress and strain . It continuously contract and expands. These
produce wave more than 20 kHz are ultrasonic n = m/2t where m =
1,2,…… is according to variation modes. And t is thickness.
DETECTION OF ULTRASONIC:
1.Piezoelectric detection : It consist of quartz crystal when waves are allowed to fall
on one pair of opposite face of crystal .the changes are developed and amplify to
confirm that wave are ultrasonic. ]
2. Thermal detection: It is based on change in resistance o heating .In a thermal detector
,a fine platinum wire fixed at both end is used . the wire begins to vibrate rapidly
causing heating and cooling at nodes and antinodes .The resistance will change on
heating and detected ultrasonic.
APPLICATION: 1. Drilling: IT is used to bore holes in steel and other material. Due to
oscillation.
2. cold welding : The process of joining two different metal permanently without any
involvement of heat is called cold welding .The difference is that tool bit at the end of
the drill by hammer .Two pieces are placed together below the hammer and ultrasonic
source is applied therefore pieces will be press and will be joined together

3. ULTRASONIC CLEANING : When ultrasonic are passed through liquid ,it get
violent shaken due to super position of waves .it is device consist of ultrasonic
transducer driven by oscillator .
The object to be placed is either kept hanging.
When ultrasonic waves are produced in water
, the job gets strong force to remove its unwanted
Particle .The ultrasonic force looses the particle.

4 SONAR: It is sound navigation and ranging which is used for detection of submarines.
The ultrasonic waves are used for detection the depth of sea water and also obstacle

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on the sea. D=ct/2 where d is depth and c is velocity of medium and t is time taken to
complete one full cycle.

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