Annotated Bibliography Ahmed, Akbar. The Quaid: Jinnah and the Story of Pakistan.

Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1997. This comic on Jinnah, in which Akbar provides a revisionist biography is basically an illustrated summary of all the important milestones in Jinnah's life. Ahmed, Akbar. Jinnah, Pakistan, and Islamic Identity: The Search for Saladin. London: Routledge, 1997. In this work, Akbar delves more deeply into issues he avoided in his other work, discussing at length Jinnah's conversion, which he attributes to Iqbals influence as well as laying blame jointly on Jinnahs and Congress's obstinacy. Faruqi, Ziya-ul-Hasan. The Deoband School and the Demand for Pakistan. New York: Asia Publishing House, 1963. Faruqi probes into the role of the religious seminary in Deoband and its followers on Jinnah, since there is growing evidence that there were more than a few meetings in which Jinnah and Deobandis discussed the best way to form a state for the Muslims. Hardy, Peter. Partners in Freedom and True Muslims: The Political Thought of Some Muslim Scholars in British India. Westport: Greenwood Press, 1980. This is another work that examines the effect of other Muslim scholars on Jinnah. Hasan, Mushirul. Legacy of a Divided Nation. Boulder: Westview Press, 1997. Mushirul Hasan is distinctly in opposition to the formation of Pakistan, so his thesis is based on the notion that the Muslims and Hindus of India were in no way two different peoples, and that Jinnah was tricked by Muslim religious scholars into supporting the formation of Pakistan; he therefore supports the external influences position, similar to Qureshi below, but with a less favorable slant. Jalal, Ayesha. The Sole Spokesman Jinnah, the Muslim Legue and the Demand for Pakistan. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1985. Jalal argues that the partition of Pakistan was an enormous mistake, since Jinnah never intended to rule an independent country, but used his demand for one as a bargaining chip for the British and Congress to give into his demands; arguing what is mainly a revisionist position, Jalal has invited criticism by both Pakistani and Indian historians, though she is nevertheless a proponent of the Jinnah as a secularist position. Malik, Hafeez. Iqbal: Poet-Philosopher of Pakistan. New York: Columbia University Press, 1971. A series of lectures on Iqbal by those who knew him, this work illustrates Iqbal's and Jinnah's relationship. Metcalf, Barbara D. A Concise History of India. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2001. Metcalf presents a standard history of India, so that all the major events that are pertinent to partition are concisely laid out. Mujahid, Shafi al. Quaid-i-Azam: Studies in Interpretation. Karachi: Quaid-i-Azam Academy, 1981. This book is a compilation of articles by Mujahid on many controversial questions regarding Jinnah's life, such as whether he supported a secular Pakistan.

Munir, Muhammad. From Jinnah to Zia. Delhi: New Oriental Publisher, 1981. The chief justice of Pakistan from 1954 to 1960, Munir strongly opposed to view that Jinnah demanded Pakistan for religious reasons; instead, he argues that social and political reasons were the causes. Naim, Choudhri Mohammed. Iqbal, Jinnah, and Pakistan: The Vision and the Reality. Syracuse: Syracuse University Press, 1979. Naim supports the position that Iqbal was the primary force that changed Jinnah's mind towards a unified India, though the influence mainly stops there, according to Naim, since otherwise, they had different outlooks towards what an independent Pakistan would entail. Pirzada, Syed Sharifuddin. The Politics of the Jamiat Ulema-I-Islam Pakistan. Karachi: Oxford University Press, 2000. Although a comprehensive history of the Jamiat Islamist political party of Pakistan, this work explores the Jamiat's meetings with Jinnah, as well as the effects it had on him during his formative phase. Qureshi, Ishtiaq Hussain. A Short History of Pakistan, Book Four. Karachi: University of Karachi, 1967. The first education minister of Pakistan, Qureshi experienced many of the events of partition first hand, though he draws mainly on other sources, mentioning incidents he had witnessed first-hand only when no other source is available; a supporter of the Muslim League, he supports the position that Muslims and Hindus were two separate nations, and that once Jinnah realized this, he changed positions. Qureshi, Ishtiaq Hussain. The Struggle for Pakistan. Karachi: University of Karachi, 1969. This work discusses in detail Jinnah's thought and the history of the Muslim League; a good reference for a beginner reader, it is unique because it presents arguments that are offered nowhere else, and since it draws on primary sources that Qureshi alone was in possession of until his death in 1981. Qureshi, Ishtiaq Hussain. Ulema in Politics. Karachi: University of Karachi, 1972. This work chronicles the role of the ulama in politics from as early as Delhi sultanate, through the Mughals, to their role during partition; Qureshi favors the view that scholars such as Uthmani were a strong influence on Jinnah's subsequent turn to a stricter identification as a Muslim. Sayeed, Khalid B. Pakistan: the Formative Phase. London: Oxford University Press, 1968. A basic description of the events that led to Pakistan's formation, this work nevertheless sheds some light into Jinnah's actions. Singh, Jaswant. Jinnah: India, Partition, Independence. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2010. A stalwart BJP supporter and opponent to partition, Singh takes an interesting turn in arguing that Jinnah was not the one to blame for partition; instead, he contends that Gandhi's increasing employment of Hindu symbolism, along with Congress's inflexibility led to the inevitable turn of Jinnah to a divided India. Wolpert, Stanley. A New History of India. New York: Oxford University Press, 1982. This is yet another standard Indian history text that presents the relevant events, including those that led to partition.

Wolpert, Stanley. Jinnah of Pakistan. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1984. Arguably the foremost expert in India studies today, Wolpert wrote this work to be a concise, objective, and absorbing biography of Jinnah. Zaman, Qasim. The Ulama in Contemporary Islam: Custodians of Change. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2002. Zaman depicts the ulama as a dynamic factor in Indian historyquite different from the rigidity they are often ascribed with; to prove his point, he looks at the role the ulama played in partition, in which they changed the face of the subcontinent.

Primary Sources

1. Raja of Mahmudabad. "Some Memories," The Partition of India, Policies and Perspectives. Cambridge: M.I.T. Press, 1970. 340-395 2. Gandhi, Mohandas. The Collected Works of Mahatma Gandhi. Ahmedabad: Navajivan Trust, 1964. 3. Jinnah, Muhammad Ali. Quaid-I-Azam Mohammad Ali Jinnah Papers. Islamabad: Quaid-I-Azam Papers Project, 1993. 4. Chagla, Mahommedali. Roses in December. Bombay: Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan, 1974. 5. Pirzada, Syed Sharifuddin. Foundations of Pakistan: All-India Muslim League documents, 19061947. Karachi: National Publishing House, 1969. 6. Uthmani, Zafar Ahmad. Maqalat-i-Uthmani. Lahore: Idarat Islamiyat, 2002, 11-17. 7. Qureshi, Saleem. Jinnah, the founder of Pakistan: in the eyes of his contemporaries and his documentary records at Lincoln's Inn.Karachi: Oxford University Press, 1998. 8. Azad, Abdul Kalam. India Wins Freedom. Calcutta: Orient Longmans, 1988. 9. Iqbal, Muhammad. Letters of Iqbal to Jinnah. Lahore: Shaikh Muhammad Ashraf, 1956. 10. Jinnah, Muhammad Ali. Jinnah-Wavell correspondence. Lahore: University of the Punjab, 1961. 11. Mountbatten, Louis. Mountbatten: facts about the partition revealed from the original documents. Lahore: Annoor Printers and Publishers, 1984. 12. Mountbatten, Louis. Mountbatten and the Partition of India: interviews by Larry Collins and Dominique Lapierre. New Delhi: Vikas, 1982. 13. Mountbatten, Louis. Jinnah-Mountbatten correspondence. Lahore: University of the Punjab, 1961. 14. Nehru, Jawaharlal. Jinnah-Nehru correspondence. Lahore: Book House, 1961. 15. Khan, Liaquat Ali. Jinnah-Liaquat correspondence. Karachi: University of Karachi, 1963. 16. Mountbatten, Louis. Mountbatten and Independent India. New Delhi: Vikas, 1984 16. Jinnah, Muhammad Ali. Jinnah-Linlithgow correspondence. Lahore: University of the Punjab, 1959. 17. Nehru, Jawarhalal. Toward Freedom: an Autobiography. New York: John Day, 1941. 18. Nehru, Jawaharlal. The Discovery of India. Bombay: Asia Publishing House, 1961. 19. Jinnah, Fatimah. My Brother. Karachi: Quaid-e-Azam Academy, 1987. 20. Jinnah, Muhammad Ali. Quaid-i-Azam Mohammad Ali Jinnah Speeches as Governor General. Lahore: University of the Punjab, 1967. 21. Jinnah, Muhammad Ali. Quaid-e-Azam and the Muslim World Selected Documents. Karachi: Royal Book Company, 1990. 22. Jinnah, Muhammad Ali. Plain Mr. Jinnah. Karachi: Royal Book Company, 1976. 23. Jinnah, Muhammad Ali. Selected Speeches and Statements. Lahore: University of the Punjab, 1980. 24. Jinnah, Muhammad Ali. The collected Works of Quaid-E-Azam. Karachi: East and West Publishing Company, 1973. 25. Jinnah, Muhammad Ali. Jinnah, Speeches and Statements, 1947-1948. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2009. 26. Jinnah, Muhammad Ali. Quaid-e-Azam Jinnah's Correspondence. Karachi: East and West Publishing Company, 1977. 27. Ahmad, Jamil-ud-din. Quaid-i-Azam as Seen by his Contemporaries. Lahore: Publishers United, 1976. 28. Khurshid, K. H. Memories of Jinnah. Karachi: Oxford University Press, 1990. 29. Rabbani, Ata. Jinnah through my Eyes. Lahore: Ferozsons Ltd., 2010.