A Novel

Single-phase Buck Based on One-cycle

Converter Control
PFC

Electric Power College, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China

Abstract-In this paper, a novel single-phase Buck PFC converter based on one-cycle control is presented. In contrast to the conventional Boost PFC converter, some disadvantages of the Boost PFC converter are overcome, and the switching loss and the stress of the main switch are reduced. In addition, with the one-cycle control, the multipliers and the voltage sensors used in the traditional direct current control are eliminated, the control circuit is simple and high efficiency. The power circuit topology and the operation principle of the proposed converter are described in detail in this paper. An experimental example is presented, and the parameters of the power circuit and the control loop are designed and optimized, and the system stability is analyzed. The results of the simulation and experimentation are provided that the power factor is close to unity and the total harmonic distortion(THD) is low, the experimental results verify the feasibility and validity of the power circuit topology and control strategy of the proposed
converter.

Chen Bing, Xie Yun-Xiang, Huang Feng and Chen Jiang-Hui

Keywords-Buck compensation

PFC

converter;

one-cycle

control;

I. INTRODUCTION

converter based on the direct current control presents the following disadvantages [1]: 1) The output voltage exceeds the peak of the input voltage, which results in high switching stress of sequent converter. 2) There is the poor performance during the startup, the overloading and the non-load. 3) The high switching losses and EMI. They are resulted from the great ripple current flowing from the power switch and diode. 4) The nonlinear distortion of the multiplier may increase the input current harmonic. 5) The control circuit is complex and high cost. In order to overcome these problems, in this paper, a novel single-phase Buck PFC converter based on one-cycle control is presented. The power circuit topology and control block diagram is shown in Fig. 1. A power switch (T2), an inductor (L) and a capacitance (C) are added parallelly between the uncontrollable rectifier and the Buck converter, the one-cycle control strategy is adopted, the additive power switch (T2) and the power switch (T1) of Buck converter are turned on complementarily, to meet the demand that the input

With significant development of power electronics technology, the plentiful applications of all kinds of power converters have resulted in severe harmonic contamination in power systems. At present, there are mainly two methods including Power Factor Corrector (PFC) and Active Power Filter (APF) which are used to compensate harmonic. The PFC technique is used to improve power quality through updating the structure and control strategy of DC-DC converter itself, which is fit for the fields of the middle/small power. Through the proper control to DC-DC converter, the input current of the uncontrollable rectifier keeps in-phase with the input voltage, to improve the power factor to close to unity. The traditional PFC technique is often based on Boost converter, and the direct current control strategies such as peak current mode control, average current mode control and hysteresis current mode control are commonly adopted. According to these control strategies, the input voltage, the input current and the output voltage of the converter must be detected, whereafter the control purpose can be achieved by the operation of the multiplier. However, in practical application the Boost PFC

Figure 1. The power circuit topology and control block diagram of the proposed Buck PFC converter

current of the rectifier tracks the input voltage with a high degree of accuracy, to reduce the input current harmonic distortion, and to achieve the power factor to close to unity. With one-cycle control, the control loop consists of one PI compensator, one integrator with reset, one RS trigger and some logic circuits, compared with the direct current control, three is no need to detect the input

1-4244-0449-5/06/$20.00 02006 IEEE

IPEMC 2006

voltage and the output voltage of the Buck converter, the voltage sensors and the multiplier in the control loop are deleted, the control circuit is simple, robust and low cost, and the power circuit topology is new and overcomes the proposed disadvantages of the Boost converter. With proper design, the proposed Buck PFC converter can operate in a wider load range and higher efficiency. This paper is organized as follows: The operation principles of the power circuit and control scheme are discussed in Section II, The parameters optimization design is analyzed in Section III. A design example is presented, and the results of the computer simulation and the experimental tests are provided in Section IV. Section V gives a conclusion. II. OPERATION PRINCIPLE The power circuit topology and control block diagram of the proposed Buck PFC converter is shown in Fig.1, the switch T1 and T2 are controlled complementarily, suppose the switching frequency is constant, and it is much more than the system frequency. The output voltage of the rectifier is given by
U
=

To multiply the two side of equation (6) by a current sensing resistor Rd yields

id X
Define

R xU

X(1-D)=V X(1-D)

(7)

X UC V=Rd Vm RxUcS

During each switching cycle Ts, to integrate the two side of equation (7)
dt= idxRd
s s
VmX f.

(1-D)dt

(8)

Vm and id are constant, thus equation (8) can be rewritten as

Vm

-'d XRd

D xVmdt

(9)

0( t ( DTs

T1OFF,T20N

(1)

and

Therefore, in each switching cycle, if the duty ratio D is controlled to meet the equation (9), the equation (5) is realized, the control goal of achieving unity power factor is realized, too. This control strategy is called one-cycle control [2]-[4]. III. DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS
A.

Ud =UC +UL

DTStKTS

TION,T2OFF

(2)

For constant-frequency operation and steady-state analysis, the average inductor voltage second is approximately balanced during each switching cycle, that
is

Output Filter Inductance Design

UL (ON) X DTS + UL (OFF) x (1-D) TS =0

Substitution of (1) and (2) into (3) yields

(3)

U, = (I - D) UC

(4)

In order to achieve unity power factor, the AC input current of the rectifier is to obtain sine wave and to track the AC input voltage in-phase. i.e., the waveform and phase of the DC output current id of the rectifier are the same with that of the DC output voltage Ud. Therefore, for steady-state analysis, an equivalent resistor Rs is used to emulate the nonlinear load including the compensation network in back of the rectifier, that is

It is very important for switch operation safety and efficiency to select reasonably the output filter inductance(LO). The larger Lo is, the bigger the volume of converter is, and the less the power density is. However, the less Lo is, the larger the current ripple quantity and peak value are, and the larger the output voltage ripple quantity is. The Buck converter can operate in continuous conduction mode(CCM) and discontinuous conduction mode(DCM), which mode is decided according to the output filter inductance(LO). The boundary inductance who decides the operation mode of the Buck PFC converter can be computed by equation (10) [5], from equation(10), it can be seen that the boundary inductance is relative to the switching period, the DC voltage conversion ration and the load.

|sin cltl - MA L_RT, L

2

2 sin-' M + 2MA 1- M2
17T

Ud = id RS
x

(5)

2lsin tl

(10)
where Ts is the switching period, M is the DC voltage conversion ration, and R is the load.

Combination of (4) and (5) yields

(I-D)U,=i,

Rs

(6)

B.

Output Filter Capacitor Design

< min Lmax(ud

UC Ud )T 1/dil I dt

max

(16)

Suppose the output filter capacitor(CO) is infinite, the output voltage is a constant without ripple. In practice, the alternating current part of the output inductance current flows through the capacitor(CO), thus the ripple voltage is produced, and it is relative to the capacitor(CO). In order to achieve that the output ripple voltage is less < 2%), the output filter capacitor can be than normal( C.

D.

PI Compensator Design

PI compensator is designed as non-error compensator, which is shown in Fig.2, to keep the compensation

computed by equation (11).

8Lx AU

Ud xTS2
0

(11)

where Ud is the DC input voltage of the converter, A UO is the ripple voltage, L is the output filter inductance, and Ts is the switching period.
C.

Figure 2. PI compensator

Compensation Capacitor and Inductance Design

For the proposed Buck PFC converter, it is crucial to determine the compensation capacitor and inductance, which not only decides the correction effect, but also decides the practicability of the proposed converter. The compensation capacitor is determined by the range of the compensation capacitor voltage ripple and the compensation capacity. The compensation capacitor can be computed by equation (12) [6].

capacitor voltage constant. For designing PI compensator, the crossover frequency(fc) is taken at one-fifth the switching frequency, a zero frequency(fz) and a pole frequency(fp) must be chosen, they will be chosen so that fJf,=fp/fc, the farther apart fz and fp are, the greater the phase margin at fc is. The phase margin at fc is 45 Oso that the system is stable. fz is less than fc in order to eliminate steady-state error, and fp is more than half of fc so as to minimize high-frequency noise spikes. Therefore, from Fig.2, the capacitor C1, C2 and the resistor R2 can be chosen by equation (17) and (18).

P
2

(12)

2f Cmax

Cmin

f, = 1/2;rR2C1
fp =1/2/TR2C2
(19).

(17) (18)

where UCmax and Ucmin are the maximum and the minimum of the compensation capacitor voltage, f is the system frequency, and P is the compensation capacity. In theory, the larger the compensation current change ratio(diJ/dt) is, the better the compensatory effect is. However, the less the compensation inductance is , the larger diJ/dt is, and the larger the compensation current ripple also is, which influences the effect of the compensation. In order to guarantee the effect of the compensation, the minimum of the compensation current change ratio is more than the maximum of the load current change ratio [6], that is

PI compensator transfer function is shown by equation

H(s)=k
=

S 1+S/w

(19)

IV. SIMULATION AND EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS

According to the design considerations of Section III, the proposed single-phase Buck PFC converter is simulated, and the operation conditions are as follows: the AC input voltage V=11OV; the switching frequency fs=20kHz; the load R=10 Q; the output filter inductance LO=lmH; the output filter capacitor CO=470uf; the compensation inductance L=22uH; the compensation capacitor C=150uf. An inductance Ls is linked with the input of the rectifier so as to decrease the input current ripple, and Ls= 150 uf; PI compensator design parameters: the crossover frequency f,=4 kHz; the zero frequency fz= 53Hz; the pole frequency fp= 300kHz; R1=1K Q;

minLmax(KI, K2,)TT > dij /dimax

where
K1
=

(13)

(Ud -Uc)'L
Ud IL

T1 ON, T2 OFF T1 OFF, T2 ON

K2

Substitution of (14) and (15) into (13) yields the formula of computing the compensation inductance.

R2=IOKQ; C1= 300nf; C2= 53pf. Fig.3 shows the input voltage and current simulation waveforms of the rectifier without compensation. Fig.4 shows the input voltage and current simulation waveforms with compensation. From Fig.3-4, it can be seen that the input current is severe distortion without compensation, however, with compensation, the input current waveform is improved evidently to close to sine wave, and to keep in-phase with the input voltage waveform, so that the power factor is close to unity, and THD is low. An experimental circuit has been built to verify the analysis and simulation described above. The circuit parameters are all the same as those of simulation. The experimental results are shown in Fig.5-6. They are identical to the simulation results. The theoretical analysis is confirmed by the results of the simulation and the experiment.
10 -,
/ \ /

Chil

100 v

500M

O.Oms

A Chi f

0.00 V

Figure 5. The input voltage and current experimental waveforms of the rectifier without compensation

60_ / N 6UI \_~I

-

20-

-20

-10'_
3_

4n
-401 -5U
v

_3-

_~~~~L
30 40 50 60

10

20

70

Figure 3. The input voltage and current simulation waveforms of the rectifier without compensation
II\j 100--f ,<~~~~~~~IxI \ If 6ut
I/

orf 2U r

IJ

It

IA

Is

Itf

I 1
v
A

-L 10,

Jr

I4

7bo

Cm 2

M1

Al

Ch I

0.00 V

Figure 6. The input voltage and current experimental waveforms with compensation
0
10 20 30 40 50 60 0

Figure 4. The input voltage and current simulation waveforms with compensation

V. CONCLUSION
In this paper, a new Buck PFC converter topology is presented, the one-cycle control method is adopted, no multipliers and voltage sensors are required in the control loop, an integrator with reset is employed as core component to control the duty ratio, so that the AC input current is sine wave and tracks closely the input voltage, the power factor is close to unity, the total harmonic

parameters design considerations are analyzed in detail. The results of the simulation and the experiment are presented, and the results verify the feasibility and validity of the proposed converter topology and control strategy.

REFERENCES
Deng Chao-ping, Ling Zhi-bin, Yang Xi-jun. Power factor of single correction phase Buck converter in Discontinuous-capacitor-Voltage mode operation. Journal of ShangHai JiaoTong University. vol.38,no.8,pp: 1296-1299;Aug. 2004. [2] Xie PinFang, Du Xiong, Zhou Luowei. One cycle controlled DC side single phase active power filter. Transaction of China Electrotechnical Society. vol.18,no.4,pp:51-55,Aug.2003. [3] Q.Chongming, K.M.Smedley and F.Maddaleno. A single-phase

[1]

distortion(THD) is low, this control method is simply and high efficiency. An experimental example is presented in this paper, the operation principle and

active power filter with one-cycle control under unipolar operation. IEEE Trans. Circuit and Systems.vol.51,no.8, pp: 1623-1629, Aug.2004. [4] K.M.Smedley, Z.Luowei and Q.Chongming. Unified constant-frequency integration control of active power filters steady-state and dynamics. IEEE Trans. Power Electronics, vol.16, no.3,pp:428-436. May.2001. [5] J.Sebastian, J.A.Cobos, P.Gil and J.Uceda. The determination of the boundaries between continuous and discontinuous conduction modes in PWM DC-to-DC converters used as power factor preregulators. In IEEE Power Electronics Specialists Conf. 1992.pp: 1061-1070. [6] Du Xiong, Zhou Luowei, Xie PinFang. The relationship between compensation performance and main circuit parameter of DC side APF. Proceedings of the CSEE. vol.24,no. 11,pp:39-42,Nov. 2004.