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Building Survivability:
Designing for Seismic &
Blast Resistance
Jason Lien, P.E., FPCI
Building Survivability:
Designing for Seismic &
Blast Resistance
Jason Lien, P.E., FPCI
Discuss seismic and blast design methodologies
using precast concrete
Explain how precast concrete can be used to meet
performance needs in seismic regions
Discuss the United Facilities Criteria (UFC) and
design methodology
Explain how precast concrete can be used to meet
performance needs related to ATFP
Learning Objectives
High Performance Precast
Precast concrete is a high performance material
that integrates easily with other systems and
inherently provides the versatility, efficiency, and
resiliency needed to meet the multi-hazard
requirements and long-term demands of high
performance structures.
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High Performance Precast
Precast concrete is a high performance material that
integrates easily with other systems and inherently
provides the versatility, efficiency, and resiliency
needed to meet the multi-hazard requirements
and long-term demands of high performance
structures.
Attributes and Benefits of A Total Precast System
VERSATILE EFFICIENT RESILIENT
Aesthetic Versatility Site Efficiency
Structure Durability
Virtuallyanycolor, form, and texture Minimal site disturbance Long service life
Facade integration Negligible waste Barrier wall system
Historic compatibility Accelerated construction Functional resilience
Structural Versatility
Energy and Operational
Efficiency
Multi-Hazard Protection
Long open spans Scalable performance Earthquake resistance
Economical sections Thermallyefficient Stormresistance
Load-Bearing envelopes Lowlife-cycle costs Blast resistance
Use Versatility Risk Reduction Life Safety and Health
Adaptive reuse Design assist Indoor environmental quality
Deconstructive reuse Reduced detailing and trades Passive fire resistance
Recyclable Enhanced profitability Meets FEMA 361
Attributes and Benefits of A Total Precast System
VERSATILE EFFICIENT RESILIENT
Aesthetic Versatility Site Efficiency
Structure Durability
Virtuallyanycolor, form, and texture Minimal site disturbance Long service life
Facade integration Negligible waste Barrier wall system
Historic compatibility Accelerated construction Functional resilience
Structural Versatility
Energy and Operational
Efficiency
Multi-Hazard Protection
Long open spans Scalable performance Earthquake resistance
Economical sections Thermallyefficient Stormresistance
Load-Bearing envelopes Lowlife-cycle costs Blast resistance
Use Versatility Risk Reduction Life Safety and Health
Adaptive reuse Design assist Indoor environmental quality
Deconstructive reuse Reduced detailing and trades Passive fire resistance
Recyclable Enhanced profitability Meets FEMA 361
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Blast Resistance
Blast Loading
Member Analysis
Material Response
Limits
Cladding Example
Seismic Resistance
Seismic Force Resistant Systems (SFRS)
Emulation Examples
Advances in SFRS
Designing for Blast & Seismic Resistance
Blast Resistance
Sample of Governing Documents
UFC 4-010-01 DoD Minimum Antiterrorism Standards for Buildings
UFC 4-010-02 DoD Minimum Standoff Distances for Buildings (FOUO)
UFC 4-020-01 DoD Security Engineering Facilities Planning Manual
UFC 4-020-02FA Security Engineering: Concept Design (FOUO)
UFC 4-020-03FA Security Engineering: Final Design (FOUO)
UFC 4-020-04FA Electronic Security Systems: Security Engineering
UFC 4-021-01 Design and O&M: Mass Notification Systems
UFC 4-022-01 Security Engineering: Entry Control Facilities/Access Control
Points
UFC 4-023-03 Design of Buildings to Resist Progressive Collapse
FOUO - For Official Use Only
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Sample of Governing Documents
UFC 4-010-01 DoD Minimum Antiterrorism Standards for Buildings
UFC 4-010-02 DoD Minimum Standoff Distances for Buildings (FOUO)
UFC 4-020-01 DoD Security Engineering Facilities Planning Manual
UFC 4-020-02FA Security Engineering: Concept Design (FOUO)
UFC 4-020-03FA Security Engineering: Final Design (FOUO)
UFC 4-020-04FA Electronic Security Systems: Security Engineering
UFC 4-021-01 Design and O&M: Mass Notification Systems
UFC 4-022-01 Security Engineering: Entry Control Facilities/Access Control
Points
UFC 4-023-03 Design of Buildings to Resist Progressive Collapse
FOUO - For Official Use Only
Calculate blast loads on the component
Determine the dynamic response of the component
Check the response against specified performance
criteria
Design the component connections
Check that the component has adequate shear
capacity.
Design / Analysis Process
Solid explosives
Dust or flammable vapor clouds
Pressure vessel bursts
ANFO (AmoniumNitrate and Fuel Oil)
The fertilizer plant that blew up outside of
Waco is an example of manufacturing
facility accidents
Main Sources of Blast Loading
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Detonation
If the reaction speed is equal
to, or greater than, the speed
of sound in the explosive
material
High explosives, such as
Trinitrotoluene (TNT) and C4
achieve detonation
Considered a Shock Wave
Deflagration
If the reaction moves through
the explosive material at less
than the speed of sound in
the explosive material
Industrial explosions from
vapor and dust clouds, which
are caused by accidental
conditions
Considered a Pressure Wave
Conservative assumption to assume shock
wave detonations
Pressure Time History
P
r
Based on Hemispherical shaped TNT Charge
Blast Load Pressure
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Blast Loads are assumed to be reflective
Angle of incidence Assume to be 0
o
Clearing discontinuities and building edges
Typically ignored
Reflective Pressure, P
r
Surface in direct path of
Blast
Side On Pressure, P
so
Other surfaces Roof, Side
walls.
Blast Load Parameters
Cube Root Scaling Technique
Charge Weight, W
Standoff Distances, R
Scaled Standoff Distance, Z
Various charts available Positive Phase,
Negative Phase
Additional Scaling factors for other materials
Blast Load Pressure
Z =
R
w
1
3
,
Charge Weight, W, 100 lbs
Standoff Distances, R, 50 ft
Scaled Standoff Distance, Z
Z =
50
100
1
3
,
= 1u.7
]t
Ib
1
3
,
Example
Open Air Detonations
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Cost vs. Standoff Distance
Equivalent Triangular Duration, t
d
Idealization of Pressure Time History
Impulse (psi-ms)
Peak Pressure (psi)
0 t
d
Member Analysis
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Precast Products can be idealized as equivalent
single degree of freedom (SDOF) systems
SDOF mass-spring system
The blast load is calculated at midspan of a
component and assumed to be uniform over the
whole span
Most precast members are simply supported and do
not create tension or compression membrane
behavior
Analysis Assumptions
SDOF
SDOF Equation of Motion
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
( )
( ) ( ) ( )
'' '
Mass of system
Damping factor assumed =0
Resistance of system
Applied load as function of time
'' , '' , '' Accleration, Velocity, Displacement
lm c c c c
c
c
c
c
K M u t C u t R u t F t
M
C
R
F t
u t u t u t
+ + =
=
=
=
=
=
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Factors based on flexural behavior of system under applied
loads. They vary as the member changes from elastic, elasto-
plastic, plastic response. Solutions are based on energy
methods
Elastic Plastic
SDOF Load, Mass Factors
Load mass factor =
Mass transformation factor
Load transformation factor
m
lm
l
m
l
K
K
K
K
K
=
=
=
Resistance Function
Simply Supported Member
Elastic Mechanism
Plastic Mechanism
(without strain hardening)
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Dynamic Response of Materials
' '
Dynamic Increase Factor
=1.9 for flexural components
=1.2 for axial components
Static Increase Factor (est. actual concrete strength)
=1.1 conservatively take
dc e c
e
f DIF K f
DIF
K
=
=
=
n as 1.0
Higher Strengths under rapid strain rates
Dynamic Response of Materials
' '
Dynamic Increase Factor
Static Increase Factor (est. actual yield strength)
dy y
e
f DIF f
DIF
K
=
=
=
Flexural SRF typically taken as 1.0
Shear SRF typically taken as 1.0
Based on conservative method of analysis
and design
Strength Reduction Factors
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Dynamic Moment Capacity per unit width
Mildly Reinforced Section
1.7 '
s dy s dy
du
dc
A f A f
M d
b bf
| |
=
|
\ .
Dynamic Moment Capacity per unit width
Prestressed Reinforced section
2 2
0.85 '
Based on strain compatibility
=Based on emperical methods
ps ps s dy
du ps
ps ps s dy
dc
ps
A f A f
a a
M d d
b b
A f A f
a d
bf
f
| | | |
= +
| |
\ . \ .
+ | |
=
|
\ .
=
Section Properties
Average Moment of Ineria
2
Gross moment of inertia
Cracked Transformed Moment of Inertia
g ct
a
g
ct
I I
I
I
I
+
=
=
=
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Graphical Approach
Specific FEA Solutions
Time Step Numerical Approach
Commonly used tool SBEDS
Methodology Manual for the Single-Degree-of-
Freedom Blast Effects Design Spreadsheets
U.S. Army Corps of Engineers
Protective Design Center Technical Report PDC-TR
06-01, Rev 1
Limited Release
Solution Methods to Solve SDOF
Protective Design Center Technical Report PDC-TR
06-08, R1 1-7-2008
Support Rotation Angle, u
Ductility Ratio,
Limit Requirements
Based on Plastic Deflected Shape
Limit Requirement Calculations
Support Rotation Angle / Ductility Ratio
1 max
tan
Span Ratio
=0.5 for beams supported at ends
=1.0 for cantilevers
s
s
y
C L
C
u

| |
=
|
\ .
=
max
Initial yield deflection
e
e
y
y
y

| |
=
|
\ .
=
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Protective Design Center Technical Report PDC-TR 06-08, R1 1-7-2008
Limit Requirements
Cladding Example Floor Plan
Annex
Link
Main Office
Example Design Parameters
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Example Sample Elevation
Architectural Elevation
Building
Section
Example Design Model
Grade
Level
Beam Members Column Members
Mid
Level
Roof
Level
Example
Parameters
Beam Length
5' 0"
9' 0" 11.5'
2
L

= + =
14' 6"
7.25'
2
B

= =
Tributary Height
Example Equivalent Sections
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Example SBEDS
Example SBEDS
Example Panel Design Summary
2 2
(4)#5 4 0.31 1.24 in in = =
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Example Connection Summary
Connection
Elevation Connection
Forces
Compression:
Sum of Beam
End Rxns and
Column End
Rxns
Rebound:
Compression
Force
Connections
LRFD
ultimate static connection strength
from LRFD including resistance factor
Dynamic Connection Factor
=1.0 Welded Connection
=1.05 Bolted Connection
d u
u
F F c
F
c
=
=
=
Sample Mid-Height Connections
Shear Connection Compression / Rebound
Connection
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Seismic Resistance
Seismic Load Path
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Primary Differences in Lateral Systems
Response Modification Factors
Over Strength Factors
Deflection Amplification Factor
Building Height Limitations
Structural Detailing Requirements
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Lateral System Parameter Variations
R-Values - Response Modification Values
Accounts for differences in the inelastic deformability or
energy dissipation capacity of various structural systems
O
o
- Over Strength Factor
Intended to maintain elastic behavior of certain
components of a system while allowing other
components to behave in an inelastic fashion
C
d
- Deflection Amplification Factor
Modification of buildings elastic displacement to account
for a materials inelastic behavior
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ASCE 7
Seismic Design Using Precast
Concrete Systems
Current code provisions for Precast Seismic Force Resisting
Systems (SFRSs)
ACI 318-11 introduces few changes to the provisions from the 08
edition
Shear-wall and moment-frame SFRSs have 3 levels of detailing
requirements:
Ordinary, Intermediate, and Special
Ordinary, strong, or ductile discrete connections are allowed for all,
except for special precast shear walls, for which CIP emulation of
reinforcement continuity is required
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Connections
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Shear Wall Connections
Intermediate PC Structural
Walls ACI 21.4
Special PC Structural Walls
ACI 21.10
Forces Continuous
Reinforcement through 21.9
and as such connectionsare
basically mechanical bar
couplers
ACI 318 21.4
Yielding must be in steel elements or reinforcement
Non-ductile components and welds must be designed
for 1.5 times the connection strength
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Examples of Intermediate Shear Walls
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Intent of ACI 318 21.10
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ACI 439.3-07 Types of
Mechanical Splices for
Reinforcing Bars
Provides information about types of
proprietary bar to bar mechanical
splices.
Availability, applications and
suitability of type 1 and type 2
splices
Seismic Design Using Precast
CIP Emulation
The philosophy of ACI 318 is that continuous
reinforcement somehow has inherent ductility
greater than any discrete connections
ACI offers documents for guidance on emulation
The only alternative to emulations is the general
provision of ACI 318, Section 21.1.1.8:
A Reinforced concrete structural system not satisfying the
requirements of this chapter shall be permitted if it is
demonstrated by experimental evidencewill have strength
and toughness comparable to a monolithic reinforced
structure.
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Examples of Emulative Design
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Examples of Emulative Design
Trough for
Continuous
diaphragm steel
Female end of
grouted connection
Male end of
grouted connection
Examples of Emulative Design
Site Condition As Detailed
Examples of Emulative Design
Braced Columns
Wet J oint Detail
Finished Wall
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Seismic Design Using Precast
Concrete Systems
Developments Beyond the Building Code
Precast Seismic Structural Systems (PRESSS)
Precast post-tensioned (Hybrid) moment frames
Precast post-tensioned shear walls
These systems provide performance beyond Life Safety
due to their self-centering abilities (no permanent tilt after an
earthquake) and limiting structural damage to a number of
dedicated energy-dissipating fuseelements. Those are
partially unbonded rebars crossing the beam/column
interface that also provide damping for the structural system.
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Seismic Design Using Precast Concrete
Systems
PRESSS resulted in developing three documents:
ACI T1 ACI 374.1-05 Acceptance Criteria
for Moment Frames Based on Structural Testing
ACI T1.2-03 Special Moment Frames
Composed of Discretely J ointed Precast
and Post-Tensioned Concrete Members
ACI ATG-5.1-07 Acceptance Criteria for
Special UnbondedPost-Tensioned Precast
Structural Walls Based on Validation Testing
Th i i f h S d d i d d l h
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Examples of Non-Emulative Design
Moment frame
joint reinforcement
Hybrid
moment frame
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Non-Emulative Design Permitted
ACI 318 21.10.3
U-shaped flexural plates
(UFP)
Un-bonded post-tensioned
precast wall system
Must Follow
ACI ATG-5.1
Seismic Design Using Precast
Concrete Systems
Developments Beyond the Building Code
Precast hybrid moment frames provide superior collapse-
resistance performance in addition to their seismic
performance
The unbonded PT tendons provide inherent catenary
action in cases of accidental removal of a building column
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Diaphragms
Significant component in the Seismic Force
Resisting System (SFRS)
Floor Plate
Roof
Two diaphragm construction methods
Field Topped - Cast in place systems
Pretopped systems
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Diaphragms
Pretopped Field Topped
Diaphragm Considerations
Seismic Design Category A, B, and C
Field topped systems
Pretopped systems
Seismic Design Category D and higher
Field topped cast in place systems
Implicitly no recognition for pretopped
systems
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Cord Steel
J oint Shear
Connection
SFRS
Connection
Pretopped Diaphragm Connections
Subject to Over Strength Factor, O
o
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Diaphragm Connections
Connection Spacing
Pretopped systems: 4 ft to 6 ft OC
Field topped systems 8 ft OC
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Field Topped Diaphragms
Topping thickness
3 minimum (SDC A, B)
4 recommended (SDC C)
4 minimum (SDC D)
Recommended 4500 to 5000 psi 28-Day
strength
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Field Topped Diaphragms
Shear strength must be based entirely on
reinforcement crossing the joint
The | factor for the shear design of the
diaphragm must be no greater than that used
in the shear design of the supporting vertical
components (columns or walls)
This will sometimes result in | =0.6 if the |
factor for the shear design of shear walls is
governed by Section 9.3.4 of ACI 318-08
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Field Topped Diaphragms
Wire Mesh size and spacing is critical, 10
Spacing minimum
Preferred to have transverse steel as high in
the topping as possible
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Summary
Precast can be used for Blast Resistance and
could possibly reduce standoff distances
Multiple precast systems are available for
seismic force resistance system construction
for all seismic design categories
Thank you!
J ason P. Lien, PE, FPCI
jlien@enconunited.com