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Heat Conduction Thru Cylinders

See McCabe, et al., 6th, pp. 298 300.

Heat Conduction Thru Cylinders

q dT = k A dr But the area is A = 2 rL so


2 dr = k dT 2 L r r1 T1

r2

q=k

2 L (T1 T2 ) ln ( r1 / r2 )

Heat Conduction Thru Cylinders


2 L q=k (T1 T2 ) ln ( r1 / r2 ) We would like to have this in the form: q= kALM (T1 T2 ) r1 r2 =

(T1 T2 )
R

This can be done if we define a log mean area as A2 A1 2 Lr2 2 Lr1 ALM = = ln(2 Lr2 / 2 Lr1 ) ln( A2 / A1 ) and a new resistance, r2 r1 ln(r2 / r1 ) R= = kALM 2 kL If A2 / A1 < 1.5 /1 then the average area can be used, A = ( A1 +A2 )/2 Thus, the log mean area is always used for thick walled cylinders and the average is used for thin.

Heat Conduction with Variable Conductivity


For real materials, the thermal conductivity depends on the temperature. For slabs and cylinders, if the thermal conductivity varies linearly with temperature, then the average temperature can be used to determine an overall conductivity, or the conductivity can be averaged over the temperature range.

Heat Conduction Thru Multilayer Cylinders

See pages 224-225 in Geankopolis, 3rd ed.

q= q=

T1 T4 ( r2 r1 ) / ( k A AA LM ) + ( r3 r2 ) / ( kB AB LM ) + ( r4 r3 ) / ( kC AC LM ) T1 T4 T T = 1 4 RA + RB + RC R

Heat Conduction Thru Hollow Spheres


q = kA
r2

dT dT = k ( 4 r 2 ) dr dr
T

dr 4 k 2 dT = 2 q T1 r r1 4 k (T1 T2 )

r1

r2

q=

(1/ r1 1/ r2 ) ( r2 r1 )

Define Amean so that q= kAmean (T1 T2 )

It follows that Amean = 4 r1r2


2 If we define rmean by Amean = 4 rmean

Then it follows that rmean = r1r2 Geometric Mean

Unsteady State Heat Conduction

y
T qx = kA x qx +x
x

T = kA x

x +x

z
Rate of Heat Rate of Heat into element out of element Rate of Heat Rate of Heat + addition by internal = accumulation within heat generation the element

Unsteady State Heat Conduction


Rate of Heat input = k ( yz ) T x

Rate of Heat output = k ( yz )

T x

x +x

Rate of Heat generation = Gxyz Total Heat in element = mCP (T T0 ) = ( xyz ) CP (T T0 ) Accumulation of Heat = T = x y z C T T x y z C ( ) ( ) ( ) 0 P P t t

Unsteady State Heat Conduction


Combining terms and dividing by xyz T T k x x T x x +x + G = CP x t Taking the limit as x 0 2T T k 2 + G = CP x t Divide by CP T k 2T G + = CP x 2 CP t We can also define = k = thermal diffusivity CP

Special Cases - Unsteady State Heat Conduction

T =0 At steady state t d 2T G + =0 Poisson's Equation 2 dx k At steady state and G = 0 d 2T =0 2 dx Laplace's Equation

Both of these equations can be solved algebraically.

Unsteady State Heat Conduction


The unsteady heat equation can be derived for the general case of heat conduction in three dimensions: 2T 2T 2T G CP T + 2 + 2 + = 2 k k t x y z where G is the heat generation k is the thermal conductivity
This equation is useful for determining the temperature profile in a solid.

is the density
CP is the heat capacity This equation assumes constant physical properties.

Unsteady State Heat Conduction - Cylindrical


For cylindrical coordinates: 2T 1 T 1 2T 2T G CP T + + 2 + 2 + = 2 2 r r r k k t r z If one-dimensional cylindrical (radial), 2T 1 T G CP T + + = 2 r r k k t r If steady state, then 2T 1 T G + + =0 2 r r k r If no heat generation, then, 2T 1 T + =0 2 r r r

Unsteady State Heat Conduction - Spherical


For spherical coordinates: See page 367 of Geankopolis, 3rd. For one-dimensional spherical (radial): 2T 2 T G CP T + + = 2 r r k k t r If steady state: 2T 2 T G + + =0 2 r r k r If no heat generation, then 2T 2 T + =0 2 r r r

Example: Heat Conduction


A slab of steel 0.1 m thick has a temperature on one face of 100 deg. C and 40 deg. C on the other face. Determine the temperature profile in the slab and the total heat transfer per sq. m.

0.1 m 100 q 40

k= 45.3 W/m K

Example: Heat Conduction


For this case, since we are at steady state, T =0 t

2T 2T = 2 =0 Heat flow is in one direction, 2 y z And it follows from the general equation that: d 2T =0 2 dx Boundary conditions: at x = 0, T = 100o C = 373K at x = 0.1 m, T = 40o C = 313K

Example: Heat Conduction


This can be integrated once to: dT = C1 dx And again to: T = C1 x + C2 Apply the boundary conditions to determine the constants: At x = 0, T = 373K , so 373 K = C2 At x = 0.1 m, T = 313K , so 313 = C1 (0.1 m) + 373 C1 = 600 K/m The temperature profile in the solid is: T = 600 x + 373 The heat transfer is given from Fourier's law q dT = k = kC1 = (45.2 W/m K)(-600 K/m)=27,120 W/m 2 A dx

Steady State Heat Conduction thru Slab


The previous example can be re-done for the more general case:

T1
q

T2

T2 T1 T = x + T1 x q dT T2 T1 = k = k A dx x

Heat Generation in a Slab


x=L
T0
T =0 t 2T 2 T Conduction is in the x-direction only, so = 2 =0 2 y z Tw And it follows from the general equation that: For this case, we are at steady state, so d 2T G + =0 2 k dx Boundary conditions: at x = 0, T = T0 at x = L, T = Tw Also, at x = 0, dT =0 dx

Tw

x=0
q q

Heat Generation in a Slab


Integrate equation: d 2T G = k dx 2 dT G = x + C1 dx k G 2 T = x + C1 x + C2 2k Apply boundary conditions: At x = 0, T = T0 C2 = T0 At x = L, T = Tw C1 = Tw T0 + L G 2 L 2k

T0

Tw

Tw

x=0
q q

Heat Generation in a Slab


Substituting the constants, we get, G 2 T= L x 2 ) + Tw ( 2k The center temperature is given at x = 0, T0 = G 2 G 2 L + Tw Tw T0 = L 2k 2k The total heat transfer is 2 x heat transfer thru each side. For each side, this is given by GL Tw T0 = k + L 2k x=L For both sides, we get q dT = k A dx q 2k = GL (Tw T0 ) = 2GL A L GL k = 2 + L (Tw T0 )

T0

Tw

Tw

x=0
q q

Heat Generation in an Infinite Rod


See page 231 in Geankopolis, 3rd. G 2 2 T= R r ) + Tw ( 4k GR 2 T0 = + Tw 4k q = RG A
R

Tw

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