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r2
q=k
2 L (T1 T2 ) ln ( r1 / r2 )
(T1 T2 )
R
This can be done if we define a log mean area as A2 A1 2 Lr2 2 Lr1 ALM = = ln(2 Lr2 / 2 Lr1 ) ln( A2 / A1 ) and a new resistance, r2 r1 ln(r2 / r1 ) R= = kALM 2 kL If A2 / A1 < 1.5 /1 then the average area can be used, A = ( A1 +A2 )/2 Thus, the log mean area is always used for thick walled cylinders and the average is used for thin.
q= q=
T1 T4 ( r2 r1 ) / ( k A AA LM ) + ( r3 r2 ) / ( kB AB LM ) + ( r4 r3 ) / ( kC AC LM ) T1 T4 T T = 1 4 RA + RB + RC R
dT dT = k ( 4 r 2 ) dr dr
T
dr 4 k 2 dT = 2 q T1 r r1 4 k (T1 T2 )
r1
r2
q=
(1/ r1 1/ r2 ) ( r2 r1 )
y
T qx = kA x qx +x
x
T = kA x
x +x
z
Rate of Heat Rate of Heat into element out of element Rate of Heat Rate of Heat + addition by internal = accumulation within heat generation the element
T x
x +x
Rate of Heat generation = Gxyz Total Heat in element = mCP (T T0 ) = ( xyz ) CP (T T0 ) Accumulation of Heat = T = x y z C T T x y z C ( ) ( ) ( ) 0 P P t t
is the density
CP is the heat capacity This equation assumes constant physical properties.
0.1 m 100 q 40
k= 45.3 W/m K
2T 2T = 2 =0 Heat flow is in one direction, 2 y z And it follows from the general equation that: d 2T =0 2 dx Boundary conditions: at x = 0, T = 100o C = 373K at x = 0.1 m, T = 40o C = 313K
T1
q
T2
T2 T1 T = x + T1 x q dT T2 T1 = k = k A dx x
Tw
x=0
q q
T0
Tw
Tw
x=0
q q
T0
Tw
Tw
x=0
q q
Tw