CHAPTER 4.0 ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (Total Lectures Seven) Lecture No.

. 1 : Degradation of Environment Definitions of Environmental Pollution Air Pollution : Sources and Pollutants Generated (Table 4.2) Fate of Air Pollutants and Photochemical Smog (Figure 4.1 a & b) Air Pollution Assessment National Air Quality Standards (Table 4.3) Effects of Air Pollution on man, material and vegetation Strategy of Air Pollution Control (Figure 4.2) Source Correction Collection Cooling and condensations Conversion to non polluting material Dispersion Water Pollution Sources Domestic Industrial (Table 4.4) Non point Areas of concern in water pollution Effects of Water Pollution Waste Water Management (Table 4.5) Land Pollution Soil Erosion Desertification Salination Solid Wastes Municipal Solid Wastes Biomedical and hazardous wastes Lecture No. 7 : Noise pollution Quality Standards (Table 4.6) Pollution Cycle (Fig. 4.3 (a), (b), (c)).

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Slides for Over Head Projection Chapter 4: Lecture No. 1 Slide No. 1 Environmental quality, its degradation and management Environment of the highest quality is one Which is conducive to good health and well being, where human needs are fulfilled, where there is solitude as well as sociality, where needs of food and shelter, education and recreation are filled, where there is aesthetic stimulus and where all biological variables are intact and healthy. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION

Definition of Environmental Pollution Oodum (1971) Pollution is an undesirable change in the physical, chemical or biological characteristics of environment that may or will harmfully effect human life or that of desirable species or industrial processes, living conditions and cultural assets or that may or will waste or deteriorate raw material resources.

Air Pollution Involves (i) (ii) (iii) (iv) Investigations of atmosphere in residential areas in the interest of large population ambient air. Investigations in the industries and workshops subjected to hazards of waste gases occupational health. Investigations in the neighbourhood of industries. Investigations of emissions belching out of stacks from industries which air carried long distances by prevailing wind.

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Slide No.: 2 Primary Pollutants in Air Account for 90% of the Air Pollution (i) (ii) (iii) (iv) (v) Oxides of Carbon Oxides of Nitrogen Oxides of Sulfur Hydrocarbons Particulate matter (dust) Carbon-mono-oxide (CO) Nitric Oxide (NO) and Nitrogen-di-oxide (NO2) Sulfur-di-oxide (SO2) and Sulfur-tri-oxide (SO3) HC Suspended particulate matter (< 500 ) (SPM) and Respirable suspended particular matter (RSPM) (< 10.0 )

Air Pollution Generation Activities Transportation Fuel combustion (stationary sources) Industrial Processes Solid Waste Disposal Miscellaneous including domestic CO 64.0 2.0 10.0 8.0 16.0 Air pollutants generated (%) NOx SOx HC Dust 48.0 5.0 51.0 4.2 40.0 64.0 2.5 26.0 1.0 3.0 8.0 22.0 5.0 4.0 14.0 9.0 23.5 31.0 3.8 35.0 Overall 42.0% 21.0% 14.0% 5.6% 17.4%

Sources of Air Pollution Natural Sources Volcanic Eruptions Forest Fires Dust Storms Gases of Decay Spores and Pollens but they are distributed Globally

Natural Pollutants are higher than man made

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Slide No.: 3 Anthropogenic Sources * Domestic Sources: Space heating Cooking Cleaning Gardening Painting Washing * Commercial Sources: Public service Industries Printing Painting * Agricultural: Animal feed operations Grain dust, Cellulosic dust, fibres Harvesting Dust, Celluiosic fibres, grain dust Pest Control Insecticides, Pesticides, Fungicides Depends largely on the type of raw materials used and products * Industrial Sources: manufactured. In addition process common to many industries are: Combustion CO, CO2, NOx, SO2 (fossil fuel), HC (Stationary and dust Degreasing operations Volatile organics Petrochemical refineries Volatile organics Other common Dust, carbon, smoke, H2S, fibres pollutants are (asbestos) chrome pigments * Transportation Sources Combustion CO, CO2, NOx, HC, dust and lead (mobile sources) * Air conditioning and Chloroflouro carbons Refrigerant, Cold storages Dry cleaning Petro-dispensing Solvent vapors Solvent vapors CO, CO2, NOx, Soot, Smoke Volatile organics including fats Solven vapors, dust, lint, spray can propellants Pesticides, fertilizers Solvent vapors Detergents, lint

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Slide No.: 4 Important Air Pollution Sources and Emissions Category Chemical Plant Examples Petroleum refineries, fertilizers, cement, paper mill, ceramic, clay products and glass manufacture Pest and Weed control Domestic burning, thermal power plants, boilers Important Pollutants Hydrogen Sulfide (H2S), Sulfur Oxides (SO2, SO3), fluorides (F), Organic Vapors (VOC) and dust

Crop Spraying Fuel combustion

Metallurgical plants Nuclear testing Ore preparation

Aluminium, copper, steel plants device Bomb explosions

Crushing, grinding, screening Spray painting, Furniture and appliances, solvent extraction, dyeing, printing, chemical ink, solvent cleaning separations, dry cleaning Transportation Cars, trucks, buses, Carbon mono and di oxides (CO, CO2), railways and aeroplanes Oxides of Nitrogen (NOx), lead, smoke, organic vapors Waste Recovery Scrap metal yards, Smoke, soot, odors, VOC, metal, rendering plants fumes

Organo chlorines, organophosphates, carbamates, lead (Pb), Arsenic (As) Carbon-mono-oxide (CO), Carbon-dioxide (CO2), Sulfur Oxides (SO2, SO3), Oxides of Nitrogen (NOx), Unburnt Carbon/hydrocarbons Metal fumes, (Lead, Zn), Flourides and particulates Radio active fall out, Sr 90, Ca137, C14 etc. Uranium, Berryllium dust, other particulates, Argon41, Iodine131 Hydro Carbons and other volatile organic carbon

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Slide No.: 5 Secondary Sources Photo Chemical Production of Secondary Pollutants are:

Figure 4.1 (a): Production and Fate of Oxides of Nitrogen

Photo Chemical Smog include Formaldehyde, PAN and Acrolein produced by free radical reactions

Figure 4.1 (b): Free Radical Chain Reactions

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CHAPTER 5.0 NATURAL RESOURCES AND CONCEPT OF SUSTAINABILITY (Total Lectures Six) Lecture No. 1 : Natural Resources Classification of Natural Resources (Figure 5.1) Conservation Strategies Forest Resources Functions of Forests Forest Types Worlds Forest Cover (Table 5.1) Forest Cover in India Deforestation Forest Management (Figure 5.3) Conservation of Water Global Water Availability (Figure 5.4) Management of Water Resources Conservation of Energy Renewable and Non Renewable Sources Global Electricity Generation (Table 5.2) Strategy of Energy Environmental Impacts of Energy Consumption Sustainable Development Fundamental Components Environment Social Equity Economic Growth

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Slides for Over Head Projections Chapter No.: 5 Lecture No. 1: Slide No. 1: Natural Resources Definition: A natural resource is any thing we get from the environment (Earths life support systems) to meet needs and desires which has dependability through time. Any part of our natural environment such as land, water, air, minerals, forests, wild life or even human population that man can utilize to promote his welfare are regarded as natural resource. Classification of Natural Resources NATURAL RESOURCES AND CONCEPT OF SUSTAINABILITY

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Slide No.: 2 Conservation and Management of Resources The concept of resource conservation is in essence the process of allocating natural and man made resources so as to make optimum use of the environment in satisfying basic human needs at the minimum and for an indefinite future and at the same time preventing depletion and degradation of resources. The aim of conservation is two fold: (i) (ii) Preservation of quality of environment, and Ensure continuous yield of useful material by establishing a balanced cycle of harvest and renewal.

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CHAPTER 6.0 ENVIRONMENTAL ISSUES OF GLOBAL CONCERN (Total Lectures: Three) Lecture No. 1 : Introduction Global manifestations Population explosion (Table 6.1) Global Warming and Climatic Changes Black Body Model (Figure 6.1) Green house gases (Table 6.2) Overview of Global Warming (Figure 6.2) Impacts of Global Warming Ecological Impacts Impacts on Water Resources Examples of Human Induced Climatic Change Modifications of Earths Surface Depletion of Ozone Layers Types of radiations Reactions in the atmosphere Reactions of chlorofluoro Carbon with O3 Acid Rain Formation of Acid in Atmosphere

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Slides for Over Head Projections Chapter 6: ENVIRONMENTAL ISSUES OF GLOBAL CONCERN

Lecture No.: 1 Slide No.: 1 i. ii. iii. iv. v. Slide No.: 2 Population Explosion Worlds Population 2.5 billion 5.6 billion 9.0 billion 1950 1994 Expected in 2020 Global warming and climatic changes Population explosion Depletion of ozone layer Acid rain Nuclear hazards

Most of this population (82%) in Africa, Asia, Latin America Impact of Population Explosion I=PxAxT Where I is the impact, P population size, A affluence on per capita consumption and T Environmental degradation. This coincides with the P3 Syndrome of Oodum (Population, Poverty and Pollution).

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Slide No.: 3 Status of Population in India (As per census 2001) The status of population in India (at a glance) as per census 2001 is: 1. 2. Number of States and Union Territories Total population : 35 (28 + 7 UT) : 1,027,015,247 Persons 531,277,078 Males 495,738,169 Females : 21.34% : 324 : 1000 m : 933 f : 65.38 Persons 75.85 Males 54.16 Females

3. 4. 5. 6.

Decadal growth rate Density of population Sex ratio Literacy % (Age 7*)

Most Populous Countries in the World (in millions) Country China India USA Indonesia Pakistan Brazil Nigeria Bangladesh Russia Iran Mexico Japan 1950 554.8 357.6 152.3 79.5 39.5 53.4 32.9 41.8 94.6 16.9 28.0 83.6 1992 1,165.8 882.6 255.6 184.5 121.7 150.8 90.1 114.4 149.3 59.7 87.7 124.4 2025 1,590.8 1,383.1 295.5 285.9 281.4 237.2 216.2 211.6 170.7 159.2 143.3 124.1 Ratio of 1950 Population and 2025 2.9 3.9 1.9 3.6 7.0 4.5 6.6 5.0 1.8 9.4 5.3 1.5

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Slide No.: 4 Implications of Population Explosion Ecological Demand More Resource Exploitation More Products More Wastes More Food Required More Space More Health Problem

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CHAPTER 7.0 EXISTING POLICIES AND REGULATIONS (Total Lectures: Four) Lecture No. 1 : Concern about Environment Stockholm Conference RIO Earth Summit Existing Policies and Regulations in India Conservation Provisions in Indian Constitution (1976) Forest Policy (1988) Objectives of Forest Policy Policy Statement for Abatement of Pollution (1992) National Water Policy (2002) National Environmental Policy (2006) Legal Provisions of Environmental Pollution Water (Prevention and Control) Act, 1974 Water (Prevention and Control) Cess Act, 1977 Air (Prevention and Control) Act 1981 Environment (Protection) Act 1986 Provisions of Environment Impact Assessment International Agreements Ramsar Convention Montreal Protocol RIO Declaration Agenda 21 Kyoto Protocol General Standards (Table 7.1)

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Slides for Over Head Projections Chapter No.: 7 Lecture No. 1: Slide No. 1: Concerns about Environment Issues Focused in Stockholm Conference 1972 RIO Earth Summit 1992 Human Health and Development Territorial Ecosystems Environment and Development Protection of Natural Resources Promotion of Chemical Change Global climatic change Risks to ozone layer Depletion of genetic resources EXISTING POLICIES AND REGULATIONS

Slide No. 2: Existing Policies in India 1. Conservation Provisions in Constitution (Article 48 & 51) The Forty Second Amendment to the constitution in 1976 underscored the importance of Green thinking. Article 48 A enjoins the State to Protect and improve the environment and safeguard the forests and wild life in the country. Further Article 51A (g) states that the fundamental duty of every citizen is to protect and improve the natural environment including forests, lakes, rivers and wild life and to have compassion for living creatures.

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Slide No.: 3 The first National Forest Policy 1894 recognized three vital needs: a. b. c. Promotion of general well being of the country Fulfilling the needs of people and Preserving climatic and physical conditions

The forests were classified as: i. ii. iii. iv. Forests, the preservation of which was essential on climatic and physical grounds, Forests, which afforded valuable timber for commercial needs Minor forests and Pasteur Lands

Ministry of Food and Agriculture formulated the National Forest Policy in 1952, retaining the provisions of 1894 document with six needs of: a. b. c. d. e. f. Evolving a system of balanced and complementary land use Checking denudation of mountains, erosion along basin of rivers, invasion of coastal seas Need for establishing tree lands Ensuring increasing supplies and grazing, small wood as fire wood Sustained supply of timber and other forest resources Realization of maximum annual revenue

The forests were classified into: a. b. c. d. Protected Forests Natural Forests Village Forests Tree lands : : : : Those forests which must be pressured for physical and climatic reasons Those forests which meets the need of defence, communication an industry Those which provide fire wood to release cow dung for farm manure Those outside the organized forest management yet necessary from the environmental point of view

The Policy aimed at maintaining one third of the countrys land under Forest Cover in General.

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Slide No.: 4 The National Forest Policy 1988 was formulated with the following basic objectives: Checking soil erosion and denudation in catchment areas of rivers, lakes and reservoirs Checking the extension of sand dunes in desert areas of Rajasthan and along coastal tracks Increasing substantially the Forest/ Tree cover through massive afforestation especially on denuded, degraded and unproductive land Meeting the requirements of fodder, fuel wood and minor forest produce for rural and tribal populations Increasing the productivity of forests to meet essential national needs. Encouraging efficient utilization of forest produce and maximizing the substitution of wood Creating a peoples movement to minimize pressure on existing forests

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Slide No.: 5 The essential of Forests Management include: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Existing forests should be protected and their productivity improved Diversion of Good and Productive agricultural land to forestry should be discouraged Network of National Parks, Sanctuaries, Biosphere reserves and other protected areas should be strengthened for conservation of biodiversity Provision of sufficient fodder, fuel and pasture, specially in adjoining forest is necessary to depletion of forests beyond, sustainable limit Minor forest produce should be protected improved and production enhanced for sustenance of tribal and other population residing in and around forests.

The Strategy National Forest Policy should be to i. Increase the land area under Forest (The Goal should be to have 1/3rd land under forest cover). ii. emphasis on afforestation social and farm forestry iii. Management of state forests should be under a proper management plan trophical rain forests should be totally safeguarded iv. Diversion of forest land for non forest purposes should be strictly avoided v. Wild life conservation should be addressed on priority vi. Involvement of Tribal/ adjacent people in forest management must be adhered vii. Shifting cultivation must be avoided viii. Prevent damage from encroachment, fire and grazing ix. Forest based industry should be discouraged x. Educating people, enhancing professional competence

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