SUPERPOSITION METHOD

Method of Superposition
The Objective:
1. Derive the moment equation, slope equation, and deflection equation for a loaded indeterminate beam. Determine the redundant forces by the Method of Superposition. Draw the Shear Force and Bending Moment Diagram.

2.
3.

Ahmad Shufni Othman

SUPERPOSITION METHOD
Structure with single degree of indeterminacy :

redundant a) Remove the redundant to make the structure determinate (primary structure), calculate the deflection of the free end B.
YB

= displacement due to loading

b) Apply unit force (P) on the structure, in the direction of the redundant, which will cause an upward deflection. Calculate the upward deflection.
YP

= displacement due to unit load (redundant)

c) By equating the downward deflection due to the load, and the upward deflection due to the unit force (P), the reaction of the support may be found.

YB

YP

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Structure with single degree of indeterminacy :
W / unit length

A L

CASE 1:
Z

a) Remove the redundant to make the structure determinate (primary structure):

A M Z x B yw

Note: E = Young Modulus I = 2nd Moment Area (constant along the beam)

b) Derive the Moment Equation at section Z-Z (with distance x from the free end) :
M ZZ M ZZ EI d2y dx
2

W ( x) EI

2 d2y dx 2 W x 2
2

.. Moment Eq. (i)

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c) Derive the Slope Equation by integrating the Moment Eq. (i) :
EI dy dx W 2 x3 3 C1 W x3 6 C1

.. Slope Eq. (ii)

d) Derive the Deflection Equation by integrating the Slope Eq. (ii) :

EIy W 6 x4 4 C1 x C 2 W x4 24 C1 x C 2

.. Deflection Eq.(iii)

e) By applying the boundary condition :

At A : when x = L, slope = 0 At A : when x = L, deflection = 0 From the Deflection Eq. (iii) :
C1
0 C2

From Slope the Eq. (ii) :

EI
0 C1

dy dx
6 WL3 6

x3 6

EIy

x4 24

C1 x C 2

W ( L3 )

C1

C1 L C 2 24 WL 4 WL3 WL 4 24 6 8

W ( L4 )

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f) The displacement due to the loading on the beam :
At B : when x = 0, YW = ?

From the Deflection Eq. (iii) :

EIy
EIy w yw

x4 24

C1 x C 2
A( 0 ) WL 4 8

W (0 4 ) 24 WL 4 8 EI

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CASE 2:
a) Apply unit force (P) upward on the structure, in the direction of the redundant, and find the displacement
Z A M B yp Z x

b) Derive the Moment Equation at section Z-Z (with distance x from the free end) :
M ZZ M ZZ M ZZ Px EI EI 0 d2y dx 2 d2y dx
2

Px

.. Moment Eq. (i)

c) Derive the Slope Equation by integrating the Moment Eq. (i) :

EI dy dx P x2 2 C1 Px 2 2 C1

.. Slope Eq. (ii)

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d) Derive the Deflection Equation by integrating the Slope Eq. (ii) :
EIy P x3 2 3 C1 x C 2 Px 3 6 C1 x C 2

.. Deflection Eq. (iii)

e) By applying the boundary condition :

At A : when x = L, slope = 0 From Slope the Eq. (ii) :
EI
0

At A : when x = L, deflection = 0 From the Deflection Eq. (iii) :

EIy
0 P ( L3 ) 6 C2 PL3 3

dy dx

Px 2 2
C1
2

C1

Px 3 6
2

C1 x C 2
L C2

P ( L2 ) 2 C1 PL 2

PL2

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f) The displacement due to upward force on the beam :
At B : when x = 0,
Px 3 6
6 PL3 3 EI

YP = ?

From the Deflection Eq. (iii) :

EIy
EIy p yp

C1 x C 2
C1 ( 0 ) PL3 3

P (0 4 )

By equating the downward deflection due to the load (CASE 1), and the upward deflection due to the unit force P (CASE 2), the reaction at the support can be determine :

yw

yp

WL 4 8 EI

PL3 3 EI
PL3 3 EI P

0
WL 4 8 EI 3 WL 8

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Example 1 :
A propped cantilever is loaded as shown in figure below, determine : a) The reaction at support B and A b) Shear Force and Bending Moment Diagram
5 kN/m A 4m B

How do we do it ?

Applying this condition : CASE 1 : Remove the redundant (support at B) to make the beam determinate and determine the deflection of the beam due to the loading. CASE 2 : Apply unit force (P) in the direction of the redundant and determine the deflection of the beam upward due to the propping force (support).

SUPERPOSITION METHOD
CASE 1:
a) Remove the redundant to make the structure determinate (primary structure)
Z A Z x M 5 kN/m B yw

b) Derive the Moment Equation at section Z-Z (with distance x from the free end) :
M EI d2y dx
2

5( x )

x 2

x2 2

.. Moment Eq. (i)

c) Derive the Slope Equation by integrating the Moment Eq. (i) :

EI dy dx 5 x3 6 C1

.. Slope Eq. (ii)

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d) Derive the Deflection Equation by integrating the Slope Eq. (ii) :
EIy 5 x4 24 C1 x C 2

.. Deflection Eq. (iii)

e) By applying the boundary condition :

At A : when x = 4 m, slope = 0 From Slope the Eq. (ii) :
EI
0 C1

At A : when x = 4 m, deflection = 0 From the Deflection Eq. (iii) :

dy dx

5
5( 4 3 )

x3 6
C1

C1

EIy
0 C2 C2 C2

x4 24

C1 x C 2
C1 ( 4 ) C 2

5( 4 4 ) 24 5( 4 4 )

6 53 .33

53 .33 ( 4 ) 24 53 .33 213 .32 159 .99

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f) The displacement due to the loading on the beam :
At B : when x = 0, YW = ?

From the Deflection Eq. (iii) :

EIy
EIy w yw W (0 4 ) 24 159 .99 EI

x4 24

C1 x C 2

(53 .33 )( 0 ) ( 159 .99 )

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CASE 2:
a) Apply unit force (P) upward on the structure, in the direction of the redundant.
Z A M B yp Z x

b) Derive the Moment Equation at section Z-Z (with distance x from the free end) :
M ZZ EI d2y dx
2

Px

.. Moment Eq. (i)

c) Derive the Slope Equation by integrating the Moment Eq. (i) :

EI dy dx Px 2 2 C1

.. Slope Eq. (ii)

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d) Derive the Deflection Equation by integrating the Slope Eq. (ii) :
EIy Px 3 6 C1 x C 2

.. Deflection Eq. (iii)

e) By applying the boundary condition :

At A : when x = 4 m, slope = 0 At A : when x = 4 m, deflection = 0

From Slope the Eq. (ii) :

EI dy dx
2

From the Deflection Eq. (iii) :

EIy
0 P(4 3 ) 6 21 .33 P

Px 2 2
C1

C1

Px 3 6

C1 x C 2

P (4 ) 2 C1 8P

8P 4 C 2

C2

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f) The displacement due upward propping force on the beam :
At B : when x = 0, YP = ?

From the Deflection Eq. (iii) :

EIy Px 3 6 C1 x C 2

EIy P yP

P (0) 3 6 21 .33 P EI

8 P ( 0 ) 21 .33 P

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By equating the downward deflection due to the load (CASE 1), and the upward deflection due to the unit force (CASE 2), the reaction of the support can be determine :
yw yp 0

159 .99 EI

21 .33 P EI

21 .33 P EI P P

159 .99

EI 159 .99 EI 21 .33 EI 7 .5 kN

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Shear Force and Bending Moment Diagram
5 kN/m A B

Reaction at support A :
RA 5(4) 7.5 12 .5kN

12.5 kN
12.5 kN

4m

7.5 kN

When Shear Force = 0, Bending Moment is maximum

12 .5 7 .5 x 30 30 7 .5 x 4 x 12 .5 x 20 x

+ve
SFD

-ve 7.5 kN MA

1 .5 m

(Distance where the Bending Moment is maximum) Bending Moment :

BMD -ve A +ve Mmax B MA = 7.5 (4) 5 (4) (2) = - 10 kNm Mmax = 7.5 (1.5) - 5 (1.5) (0.75) = 5.625 kNm

(Maximum Bending Moment)

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Example 2 :
A propped cantilever is loaded as shown in figure below, determine : a) The reaction at support B and A b) Shear Force and Bending Moment Diagram
10 kN A 2m 2m B

Quiz : How do we do it ?
CASE 1 : 1. Remove the redundant (support B) to make the beam determinate. 2. Derive the moment eq., slope eq., and deflection eq. 3. Calculate the deflection of the beam due to the loading. CASE 2 : 1. Remove the loading & apply a propping force upward. 2. Derive the moment eq., slope eq., and deflection eq. 3. Calculate the deflection of the beam due to the propping force.

SUPERPOSITION METHOD
CASE 1:
a) Remove the redundant (support B) to make the structure determinate.
Mx A
2m

10 kN B

yW

b) Derive the Moment Equation (with distance x from the free end) :
MX MX EI 10 ( x EI 2) 0 d2y dx 2 10 ( x 2)

d2y dx
2

.. Moment Eq. (i)

c) Derive the Slope Equation by integrating the Moment Eq. (i) :

EI dy dx 10 x 2 2
2

C1 .. Slope Eq. (ii)

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d) Derive the Deflection Equation by integrating the Slope Eq. (ii) :
EIy w 10 ( x 2) 3 6 C1 x C 2

.. Deflection Eq. (iii)

e) By applying the boundary condition :

At A : when x = 4 m, slope = 0 From Slope the Eq. (ii) :
EI
0 C1

At A : when x = 4 m, deflection = 0 From the Deflection Eq. (iii) :

dy dx

10 ( x 2) 2 2
10 ( 4 2 ) 2 2 20 C1

C1

EIy w
0 C2

10 ( x 2) 3 6

C1 x C 2

10 ( 4 2 ) 3 6 66 .67

( 20 )( 4 ) C 2

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f) The displacement due to the loading on the beam :
At B : when x = 0, YW = ?

From the Deflection Eq. (iii) :

EIy w
EIy w yw

10 ( x 2) 3 6
10 ( 0 2 ) 3 6 66 .67 EI

C1 x C 2
( 20 ) 0 66 .67

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CASE 2:
a) Apply unit force (P) upward on the structure, in the upward direction.
Z A M B

yp
Z x

b) Derive the Moment Equation with distance x from the free end :
M ZZ M ZZ EI d2y dx 2 Px EI 0 d2y dx 2 Px

.. Moment Eq. (i)

c) Derive the Slope Equation by integrating the Moment Eq. (i) :

EI dy dx Px 2 2 C1

.. Slope Eq. (ii)

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d) Derive the Deflection Equation by integrating the Slope Eq. (ii) :
EIy w Px 3 6 C1 x C 2

.. Deflection Eq. (iii)

e) By applying the boundary condition :

At A : when x = 4 m, slope = 0 At A : when x = 4 m, deflection = 0 From Slope the Eq. (ii) :
EI
0

From the Deflection Eq. (iii) :

EIy
0 C2 P (43 ) 6 21 .33 P

dy dx

Px 2 2
C1

C1

Px 3 6

C1 x C 2

P (4 2 ) 2 C1 8P

8P 4 C2

By equating the downward deflection due to the load (CASE 1), and the upward deflection due to the unit force (CASE 2), the reaction of the support can be determine :

yw

yp

66 .67

21 .33 P

EI EI P 3.13 kN

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Shear Force and Bending Moment Diagram
10 kN MA A 2m 6.87 kN 2m B Fy = 0 Fy = Fy P = 3.13 kN RA + 3.13 = 10 RA = 6.87 kN

6.87 kN SFD +ve -ve 7.48 kNm BMD +ve -ve 6.26 kNm M@mid. = 0 MMID= 3.13(2) = 6.26 kNm 3.13 kN M@A = 0 MA + 10(2) 3.13(4) = 0 MA = -7.48 kNm

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Class Quiz 1 : For the given loaded beam, derive the moment eq., slope eq., and deflection eq.
Moment Eq. :

Slope Eq. :

CASE 1 : Deflection Eq. :

Next : Determine the support reaction, and draw the SFD & BMD.

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Answer for Class Quiz 1 : From CASE 1 :

From CASE 2 :

SFD

BMD

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Class Quiz 2 : For the given loaded beam, derive the moment eq., slope eq., and deflection eq.
Moment Eq. :

Slope Eq. : CASE 1 :

Deflection Eq. :

Next : Determine the support reaction, and draw the SFD & BMD.

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Answer for Problem 2 : From CASE 1 :

From CASE 2 :
20.16

SFD
3.84
10.84

BMD

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Exercise 1 : For the given loaded beam, determine i. All the support reaction. ii. Shear force & bending moment. iii. Draw the SFD & BMD diagram.

a)

b)

c)

d)

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Answer (Exercise 1) : a)
VB VA 13 .26 kN 38 .74 kN

SFD

BMD

b)

VB VA

20 .59 kN 23 .41kN

c)

VB VA

50 .30 kN 57 .70 kN

d)

VB VA

89 .58 kN 63 .35 kN

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Exercise 2 : For the given loaded beam, determine i. All the support reaction. ii. Shear force & bending moment. iii. Draw the SFD & BMD diagram.

a)

b)

c)

d)

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Answer (Exercise 2) : SFD BMD

a)

VB VA

138 .75 kN 241 .25 kN

b)

VB VA

40 .88 kN 31 .12 kN

c)

VB VA

24 .30 kN 12 .70 kN

d) V B
VA

16 .47 kN 15 .56 kN

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