Unit: Plant taxonomy

In this unit you will learn about: Lower plants Red algae = Rhodophyta Heteroconts = Heterocontophyta Euglenoids = Euglenophyta Green algae = Chlorophyta Bryophyta hornworts, liverworts, mosses Higher plants Sporophyta Lycopodiophyta club mosses, spike mosses Horsetails = Equisetophyta Ferns = Polypodiophyta Spermatophyta Pinophyta Ginkgopsida, Conifers = Pinopsida Magnoliophyta Dicots = Magnoliopsida, Monocots = Liliopsida

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LOWER PLA

TS = THALLOPHYTES

Characteristics: - there is no specialization of the algal body (root, stem, leaves) - the body is called thallus (unicellular or multicellular) = RHIZOID + CALOID + PHYLOID - do not have vascular tissue - contain photosynthetic pigments: chlorophyll a + b or a+ d or a+ c and accessory pigments: carotenoids, - requires a wet or very moist environment to exist and reproduce

ALGAE Reproduction: 1.

asexual i. MITOSIS ii. BY FORMATION OF SPORES iii. BY FRAGMENTATION OF THEIR THALLUS 2. sexual (by fusion of gametes) i. ISOGAMY equal sized motile gametes ii. ANISOGAMY motile gametes that do not have the same size & form iii. OOGAMY small motile male gamete + large non-motile female gamete - they are typical for metagenesis = alternation of generations

SPOROPHYTE phase that produces spores by meiosis (asexual)

GAMETOHYTE phase that produces gametes by mitosis (sexual)

Spore (n) mitosis gamete (n) fusion of gametes = zygote (2n) meiosis spore (n)

Classification: They have been classified on basis of: photosynthetic pigments type of photosynthetic product presence of motile with flagella composition of the cell wall Division: Red algae = RHODOPHYTA Division: HETEROCONTOPHYTA Division: Euglenoids = EUGLENOPHYTA Division: Green algae = CHLOROPHYTA

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Red algae = RHODOPHYTA Characteristics: - usually multicellular algae - no motility stage - thallus: filamentous - photosynthetic pigments: chlorophyll a, some of them also contain chlorophyll d - accessory pigments: carotenoids, phycoerythrin (red) - product of photosynthesis: floridean starch (food reserve) - composition of cell wall: cellulose, agar and carrageen Occurrence: fresh water (about 50 species) Batrachospermum moniliforme (abie sem) TANAP, PIENAP b) marine macro-algae (seaweeds) warm, tropical, deep water (100 m)- play important role in coral reefs Gracilaria confervoides Uses: - source of food - medical use - production of agar (part of the slime that algae produce) important for cultivation of MO Gracilaria confervoides (Sea moss) - agar is also used for preparation of gelatine in food industry a)

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Heteroconts = HETEROCO TOPHYTA Characteristics: - usually motility stage with flagella is present - contain 2 unequal flagella - thallus: unicellular (micro- algae) or multicellular (macro-algae) - photosynthetic pigments: chlorophyll a + c - accessory pigments: brown carotenoid = fucoxanthin Occurrence: - fresh water and marine representatives System of hetecontophyta: Class: Golden brown algae Class: Yellow-green algae Class: Diatoms = BACILLARIOPHYCEAE Characteristics: - unicellular micro-algae - live alone or form colonies - cell wall is impregnated with silicon dioxide and forms structure (shell)called frustule that is why the diatoms look like Petri dishes with radial symmetry with bilateral symmetry Reproduction: asexual division Occurrence: fresh water, sea, soils Uses: indicators of water quality formation of biomass soil formation

Class: Brown algae = PHAEOPHYCEAE Characteristics: - multicellular thallus that is most complex - usually marine macro-algae (several meters long) Uses: - as manure and fuel - is used in chemical industry for preparation of potash, soda, iodine - source of food in Japan e.g. Sargassum, Bladder wrack

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ALGAE

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Euglenoids = EUGLE OPHYTA Body structure:

1 nucleus 2 mitochondrion 3 stigma 4 pellicle 5 chloroplast

Characteristics: one of the oldest living organisms on the Earth unicellular they contain 1 or 2 flagella can be autotrophs & heterotrophs body is covered by unique cell surface pellicle consists of protein plates underlie the cell membrane, it is rigid and flexible structure some of them can form shells photosynthetic pigments: chlorophyll a + b one structure of cytoplasm is called stigma = eyespot it contains carotenoids and is sensitive to light are part of plankton

Occurrence: e.g. Euglena viridis fresh water, marine water, water hole

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Green algae = CHLOROPHYTA Characteristics: - the largest and very diverse group of algae - are closest to the higher plants - photosynthetic pigments: chlorophyll a + chlorophyll b - accessory pigments: -karoteniod, xanthophylls - product of photosynthesis: starch - composition of the cell wall: cellulose Occurrence: - predominantly freshwater, some marine - can live in symbiosis with fungi = lichens Body structure: - unicellular types, colonial forms, multicellular thallus (leafy) forms are seaweeds Taxonomy: Class: PRASINOPHYCEAEA Class: Fresh water green algae = CHLOROPHYCEAE - they come in a wide variety of shapes and forms, including free-swimming unicellular species, colonies, coenobia (are colonies with fixed number of cells), non-flagellate unicells filamentous species - great varieties of thallus e.g. Volvox, Chlorela, Pandorina, Sea lettuce, Halimeda, Cladophora

Class: Conjugatophyceae - filamentous algae - have specific type of sexual reproduction = conjugation (two individuals are united by a tube formed from one or both of the cells, genetic material from one cell then passes through the tube into other cell) - only fresh water e.g. Cosmarium, Spirogyra

Class: Charophyceae - macro-algae about 1 m long - the highest level of the green algae e.g. Chara fragilis

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HIGHER PLA
Characteristics: -

TS

contain body = cormus with differentiated parts: ROOT, STEM, LEAF, FLOWER have vascular tissue sporophyte is dominant generation

Division of higher plants according to the type of reproductive particles: A. SPOROPHYTA (not taxonomic unit) Division: BRYOPHYTA = Mosses and Liverworts Division: LYCOPODIOPHYTA = Lycopods Division: EQUISETOPHYTA = Horsetails Division: POLYPODIOPHYTA = Ferns B. SPERMATOPHYTA (not taxonomic unit) Division: PINOPHYTA (gymnosperms) Division: MAGNOLIOPHYTA (angiosperms)

Division: BRYOPHYTA = Mosses and Liwerworts Characteristics: - photosynthetic, non-vascular plants (if they contain vascular tissue, it is not well developed) - cell wall is made of cellulose - photosynthetic product: starch - sex organs: = archaegonium sg./ archaegonia pl. (contains ova), = antheridium sg./antheridia pl. (contains spermatozoids or sperm cells) - GAMETOPHYTE: green part of the plant, independent - SPOROPHYTE: depends on gametophyte because it is not able to perform photosynthesis 1 = SETA (stalk) 2 = CAPSULA 3 = CALYPTRA (cap) - heteromorphic metagenesis represents type of metagenesis, in which gametophyte takes longer duration than sporophyte - they are the onlyland plants with dominant gametophyte - regressive evolutional stage of plants - types of thallus: a) THALLOSE b) LEAFY c) DIFFERENTIATED - mosses b a c

liverworts

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Occurrence: can be found everywhere but they prefer humid places, some of them could be on the other hand xerophytes Reproduction: a) ASEXUAL Uses: - to protect the soil against drying off - to hold loose dirt in a place thus preventing landslides - to regulate humidity of the air they affect climate - soil formation by decomposition of their bodies like Prairie sphagnum FRAGMENTATION pieces of the gametophyte breaking off by GEMMAE pl./gemma sg. specialised propagules are produced mitotically

b) SEXUAL

Taxonomy: class: Hornworts class: Liverworts = HEPATICOPSIDA e.g. Common liverwort class: Mosses = MUSCOPSIDA e.g. Prairie sphagnum, White cushion moss, Dicranum moss, Harts- tongue thyme-moss, Common hair moss

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Life cycle:

1 spores 2 PROTO EMA 3 antheridium 4 archaegonium 5 spermatozoid 6 seta 7 capsule S sporophyte G gametophyte R! = meiosis

description:

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Division: Lycopodiophyta =Lycopods Characteristics: herbs or fossil trees are typical of small 1 vein leaves = microphylls spirally arranged around the stem reproductive structures: spores that are produced in sporangia leaves that bear the sporangia are called sporophylls group of sporophylls = strobilus some of them contain lingula to receive rainwater e.g. Running club-moss, Club spike-moss are protected by law

Uses: their spores are very flammable so they are used as fireworks they produce some chemicals that could be used as a possible treatment for Alzheimers disease fossils are abundant in coal deposits

strobilus

Division: Horsetails = Equisetophyta Characteristics: - herbs and fossil trees about 20 30 m long and 1 m wide e.g. Calamites formation of coal deposits - have erect, hollow, jointed stem consists of nodes and internodes (part between two nodes) - nodes are clearly defined by whorls of leaves - leaves are scale-like , without any photosynthetic pigment only the stems and branches are photosynthetic organs - cell wall is impregnated by silica (SiO2) that is the reason of rough texture of the stem - sporophylls of strobilus bear sporangia - spores = 4 are associated with 4 coiled elaters = 3

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Common horsetail is characterized by presence of two types of stem: a) fertile stem is not green, brown coloured, non-photosynthetic; grows in the spring time, has sporangia = 2 b) sterile stem green, photosynthetic; grows in the summer time; organic substances are stored in its roots for next vegetation = 1 Marsh horsetail Wood horsetail

Occurrence: grow in barren, sandy soils

Uses: were used to polish metal because they have gritty stem in medicine (to stop blood bleeding, tuberculosis, treating diseases of urinary system, )

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Division: Ferns = Polypodiophyta Characteristics: - green, non-flowering land plants - mainly herbs - their body consists of: a) roots b) rhizome swollen underground stem c) leaves usually large pinnately compound called fronds grow directly from rhizome young once are typical of circinate vernation they are coiled into a spiral to protect themselves on the underside of a fern frond there are sori pl./sorus sg. = clusters of sporangia

sori frond

circinate vernaton Occurrence: - damp, shady places in woods - in the cracks and overhangs of rock cliffs

rhizome root

Examples: Common male fern, Lady fern, Ostrich fern, Common polypody, Maidenhair spleenwort, Bracken fern, European water-clover, Harts tongue

Uses: - usually for decoration to arrange flowers - the dense root systems are widely used as a substrate for growing orchids - in medicine

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Life cycle:

S G

1 adult plant, 2 sporangium, 3 spores, 4 germinating spore, 5PROTHALLUS (heart shaped) with archaegonium and antheridium, 6 ovum, 7 sperm cells, 8 young plant

Description:

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5 6

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REVISIO
Task 1 Fill the information missing in the table.

club mosses, spike mosses Higher or lower plants? Where they grow? Are they protected by law?

ferns

Use

What is the name for the structure that grows from spore?

Task 2 Match the terms with their meaning. whorl (n) perennial (n) circinate vernation to polish combustible abrasive spores plant that lives more than two years parts of plant which could be used for reproduction having rough surface circular pattern of leaves on a stem coiled young leaves of ferns to make something smooth, bright able to burn easily

Task 3 Answer: 1. 2. 3. What is the difference between the mosses and club mosses? What is the reason for using horsetails as polish? What are they called?

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SPERMATOPHYTA
Characteristics: multicellular plants that are on the highest level of the plant evolution reproductive organs are located in the flower (modified leaves) their body consists of roots, stem a leaves with well-developed vascular system is hard to distinguish metagenesis because gametophyte is completely dependent on sporophyte and is never free living

Division: Pinophyta = Gymnosperms

Characteristics: trees or shrubs that bear their seeds in cones usually evergreens have tall, straight trunks and narrow branches there are male = microstrobilus (is light and powdery) and female = macrostrobilus cones O DOUBLE FERTILIZATIO to produce endosperm seeds are not enclosed in an ovary pollination is always by wind contain collateral vascular bundles arranged in to the circle

Taxonomy: class: Ginkgopsida there is only one species

Ginkgo biloba = Maidenhair tree dioecious and deciduous tree with noticeable dwarf shoots and bilobed leaves with dichotomous venation

is used in medicine - used to treat for instance respiratory problems like asthma, bronchitis, hearing loss, coughing, tuberculosis, poor circulation, memory loss, gonorrhoea, stomach pain, skin diseases, high blood pressure and anxiety

class: Pinopsida = Conifers trees, shrubs usually monoecious except yew, juniper have simple needle-like (pine, fir)or tiny scale-like leaves (thuja, western red cedar) leaves grow individually or in dwarf shoots (a lateral branch that is much smaller than the main one) seeds are located in: a) woody cones fir, spruce, pine

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b) berry-like cones - juniper c) fleshy arils- yew embryo has 2 15 cotyledons 50 genera, 600 species but only 9 are our indigenous conifers : White fir, orway spruce, (2) Mountain pine, (5) Arolla= Swiss pine, Scotch pine = Forest pine (2), European yew (is toxic because it contains alkaloid taxin), European larch, = Common Juniper, Juniperus Sabina Cedar, Western red cedar = Thuja, Blue spruce, Giant sequoia, Douglas fir

Division: Magnoliophyta = Angiosperms Characteristics: - they are phylogenetic younger plants than conifers - trees, shrubs and herbs - have true flower - ovule is enclosed - pollination is done by wind, water, animals - double fertilization to produce endosperm - seeds are located in fruits Taxonomy: class: Dicots = Magnoliopsida class: Monocots = Liliopsida class DICOTS MONOCOTS cotyledons 2 1 leaf venation pinnate and palmate parallel flower parts in multiples of 4 or 5 in multiples of 3 vascular bundles are in a ring are scattered root system taproot fibrous = adventitious secondary growth present usually absent

floral formula - is a way to represent the structure of a flower using specific letters, numbers, and symbols. It is used to represent the flower structure of a plant family rather than a particular species. Symbols for the parts of a flower: K = calyx C = corolla A = androecium (* = a staminode, sterile stamen) G = gynoecium a straight line below the G indicates a superior ovary, a straight line above the G indicates an inferior ovary, -G- indicates half inferior & are used to designate male and female flowers

umbers of parts: Superscript numbers are used to designate the numbers of each parts: K5 = 5 free sepals C0 = corolla is missing, no petals x = variable number (infinity) = a high unstable number; over 20

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numbers in brackets [ ] = sometimes or rarely, e.g. A4[5] means androecium usually 4 stamens, rarely 5 Fusion of parts: Connation, fusion of like parts, is indicated by parentheses () C(5) = 5 fused petals A(9)+1 = androecium of 10 stamens, 9 fused together, one free Curved lines may be drawn above or below a number to indicate fused only at the top and fused only at the bottom. K C A indicates the calyx, corolla and androecium are united at their bases (hypanthium) Symmetry - lower case subscripts are used with the calyx and corolla to indicate symmetry (I made these up to conform with the Jepson Manual terminology): a = asymmetrical - irregular, not divisible into identical mirror image halves bl = bilateral - divisible into mirror image halves in only one way br = biradial - divisible into mirror image halves in two ways r = radial - divisible into mirror image halves in three or more ways Ka means the calyx is asymmetrical, KrCbl means the calyx is radial and the corolla is bilateral e.g. the formula below translates to a flower with a calyx of 5 separate sepals with radial symmetry; a bilateral corolla of 5 petals, 2 joined together, two forming a pair and a 5th different from the rest; androecium of 10 stamens, 9 joined by their filaments, the 10th free; gynoecium unicarpellate, the ovary superior.

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Task 1 Try to name the following examples of the division Pinophyta.

Task 2 Complete the missing information: a) type of leaves:

........................... ........................... b) location of seeds

...........................

...........................

...........................

Task 3 Fill the table with suitable characteristics.

class DICOTS

cotyledons

leaf venation

flower parts

vascular bundles

root system

secondary growth

MONOCOTS

Task 4 Which of them are monocots and which of them are dicots? Use the characteristics in the table above.

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Class: Dicots = Magnoliopsida family: magnolia family = MAG OLIACEAE - trees or shrubs - acyclic flower, corolla and calyx are not differentiated perianth - stamens are ribbon-like, spirally arranged - fruit: follicle or samara - uses: as ornamental flowers, timber; bark, leaf, and fruit teas have been used to treat fevers, rheumatism, and stomach ailments - representatives: Tulip tree, Southern magnolia

family: Buttercup or Crowfoot's Family = RA U CULACEAE - annual or perennial herbs, few shrubs or vines - contains lots of alkaloids poisonous - fruit: follicle or achene - uses: as ornamental flowers; in medicine as drugs for treating cardiovascular disorders - representatives: Meadow buttercup, Creeping buttercup, Lesser celandine, Wood anemone, Pasque flower, Columbine

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family: Poppy family = PAPAVERACEAE - annual or perennial herbs with milky sap because of laticifers - contains alkaloids as morphine, codeine, papaverine many are poisonous and can cause drug addiction - fruit: capsule with pores - uses: as ornamental flowers; in medicine to relieve the pain (morphine), to suppress the cough or as sedatives; for baking - representatives: Corn poppy, Opium poppy, Greater celandine

family: Beech family = FAGACEAE - trees or shrubs - flowers are unisexual staminate flowers are in catkin, pistilate flowers are solitary or few in clusters - fruit: one seeded nut = achene common oak = acorn - uses: some of them are used for production of cork, source of food for wildlife, as lumber, ornamentals, could be used in medicine because they contain chemicals which have antiviral, antiseptic and antitumor properties but they are also carcinogenic - representatives: European beech, Penduculate oak, Durmast oak, Sweet chestnut

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family: Mustard family = BRASSICACEAE - annual, biennial and perennial herbs - are typical of strong odour because they produce mustard oil glycosides by idioblasts which defend the plants against microrganisms and animals - their corolla is specific because it contains 4 petals arranged in a cross Cruciferae - fruit: silique (long), silicle (short) - uses: are economically important plants = vegetables (Brussel sprouts, Broccoli, Cabbage, Cauliflower) ornamentals, in medicine to prevent cancers, leaves used for rheumatism, toothaches, seeds for headache - representatives: Oilseed rape, Radish, Red cabbage, Horseradish, Shepard's Purse, Pennycress

family: Rose family = ROSACEAE - herbs, shrubs and trees - calyx, corolla and androecium are attached to the hypanthium (cup-shaped structure) - flowers are pent numerous - fruit: achene, follicle, drupe, pome, berry - uses: ornamentals, food industry, in medicine - representatives: Dog rose, Common almond, European strawberry, Wild cherry, European crab apple, Goose grass, Apricot, Pear, Peach, Blackthorn, Red raspberry, Common hawthorn

family: Bean family = FABACEAE - trees, shrubs and mainly herbs - are typical of symbiosis of their roots with nitrogen fixing bacteria their flower is specific pea flower: standard, wings, keel

fruit: legume their seeds contain a lot of proteins that have nutritional value uses: source of food, ornamentals, green manure, some of them are melliferous plants (False acacia) representatives: False acacia, Golden rain tree, Indian pea, Lupine, Lucerne, Common mellilot, Garden pea, Red clover, Lentil, Vetch

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family: Carrot family = APIACEAE - biennial or perennial herbs - bisexual flowers are arranged in inflorescence usually umbel or compound umbel - fruit: achene - uses: economic importance source of food, for flavouring food, in medicine - to treat a variety of ailments, but some of them are toxic such as Poison hemlock - representatives: Wild carrot, Poison hemlock, Dill, Parsley, Caraway

family: Potato family = SOLA ACEAE - herbs, shrubs, trees, and vines - contain alkaloids toxic - fruit: berry, capsule - uses: economic importance source of food, as spices - representatives: Jimsom weed, Tobacco, Tomato, Potato, Pepper, Deadly nightshade

family: Mint family = LAMIACEAE - herbs with square stems - contain aromatic oils - fruit: pixys - uses: economic importance for flavouring food Basil, Thyme, making perfumes Lavender, ornamentals, medical use have antibacterial and antiviral properties - representatives: Dead nettle, Rosemary, Lavender, Mint, Sweet basil, Thyme, Salvia

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family: Aster family = ASTERACEAE - mostly herbs - their typical inflorescence is capitulum which contains lingulate floret (sterile) and tubular floret (fertile)

fruit: achene uses: economic importance oil production Sunflower, ornamentals Chrysanthemum (chryzantma), in medicine for treating common cold or influenza, to improve immune system representatives: Sunflower, Milfoil = Common yarrow, Aster, Chrysanthemum, Pot marigold, Common daisy, Common dandelion, Coltsfoot, Dahlia

Class: Monocots = Liliopsida family: Lily family = LILIACEA - herbs with rhizomes, corms or bulbs - contain alkaloids, glycosides - fruit: capsule, berry - uses: economic importance some of them are used as vegetables Onion, Garlic, Leek; ornamentals, in medicine - a wide range of internal and external uses - representatives: Autumn crocus , Lily of the valley, Wild asparagus

family: Amaryllis family = AMARYLLIDACEAE - representatives: Snowdrop, Daffodil, Spring snowflake

family: Iris family = IRIDACEAE - - herbs with rhizomes, corms or bulbs - contain alkaloids, glycosides - fruit: capsule - uses: ornamentals - representatives: Iris, Saffron, Gladiolus family: Grass family = POACEAE - perennial or annual herbs - stems = culms (steblo) are erect, hollow with nodes and internodes - leaves are composed of an open sheath, ligule and blade, sheath encloses the culm

flowers are arranged in inflorescences basic unit is the spikelet

fruit: grain = caryopsis lodicules are specialized structures that have important in opening of the floret uses: economic importance source of food, ornamentals (grasses), in medicine - as diuretic, for treating diarrhoea, sore throats representatives: Oat, Wheat, Common rye, Barley, Maize, Millet, Meadow grass, Tall fescue

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