Main Page Table of content Copyright Praise for 'The Object Constraint Language, Second Edition' 'The Addison-Wesley

Object Technology Series' 'The Component Software Series' List of Figures List of Tables Foreword to the First Edition Foreword to the Second Edition Preface and Introduction Who Should Read This Book How This Book Should Be Used Typeface Conventions Information on Related Subjects Acknowledgments Part 1: User Manual Chapter 1. MDA and the Use of OCL 1.1 Introducing OCL 1.2 Model Driven Architecture 1.3 Modeling Maturity Levels 1.4 Building Better Models 1.5 Characteristics of OCL 1.6 Summary Chapter 2. OCL By Example 2.1 The 'Royal and Loyal' System Example 2.2 Adding Extra Information 2.3 Adding Invariants 2.4 Working with Collections of Objects 2.5 Adding Preconditions and Postconditions

2.6 Taking Inheritance into Account 2.7 Comments 2.8 Let Expressions 2.9 Summary Chapter 3. Building Models with OCL 3.1 What Is a Model? 3.2 Use UML Diagrams as a Base 3.3 Completing Class Diagrams 3.4 Completing Interaction Diagrams 3.5 Completing Statecharts 3.6 Completing Activity Diagrams 3.7 Completing Component Diagrams 3.8 Completing Use Cases 3.9 Modeling Styles 3.10 Tips and Hints 3.11 Summary Chapter 4. Implementing OCL 4.1 Implementation Process 4.2 Implementing UML Model Elements 4.3 Implementing the OCL Standard Library 4.4 Implementing OCL Expressions 4.5 Merging Code Fragments 4.6 Considerations for Constraints 4.7 Summary Chapter 5. Using OCL for MDA 5.1 Relation of OCL to MDA 5.2 Metamodels 5.3 The OCL and UML Metamodels 5.4 Using OCL to Define Languages 5.5 Using OCL to Define Transformations 5.6 Summary

Part 2: Reference Manual Chapter 6. The Context of OCL Expressions 6.1 A Combined Model 6.2 Classes and Other Types 6.3 Attributes and Association Ends 6.4 Operations 6.5 Expressions in Behavior Diagrams 6.6 Use Cases 6.7 Constraints and Inheritance Chapter 7. Basic OCL Elements 7.1 Expressions, Types, and Values 7.2 Basic Types and Operators 7.3 Precedence Rules 7.4 Use of Infix Operators 7.5 Comments Chapter 8. User-defined Types 8.1 Features of User-Defined Types 8.2 Associations and Aggregations 8.3 Enumeration Types Chapter 9. Collection Types 9.1 The Collection Types 9.2 Operations on Collection Types 9.3 Loop Operations or Iterators Chapter 10. Advanced Constructs 10.1 Constructs for Postconditions 10.2 Operations of the 'OclMessage' Type 10.3 Packaging Expressions 10.4 Local Variables 10.5 Tuples and Tuple Types 10.6 Undefined Values, the 'OclVoid' Type 10.7 Retyping or Casting

10.8 Type Conformance Rules 10.9 Accessing Overriden Features 10.10 The 'OclAny' Type Appendix A. Glossary Glossary Appendix B. OCL Grammar Rules B.1 EBNF Rules for Context Declaration B.2 EBNF Rules for Expression Appendix C. A Business Modeling Syntax for OCL C.1 Introduction C.2 Informal Definition C.3 Some Remarks on the Resemblance to SQL C.4 More Elaborate Examples Appendix D. Example Implementation Appendix E. Differences Between OCL Versions 1.1 and 2.0 E.1 Syntax Changes E.2 New Types E.3 Extra Predefined Operations E.4 New Options in Postconditions E.5 Other Changes Bibliography Index Index SYMBOL Index A Index B Index C Index D Index E Index F Index G Index H

Index I Index J Index L Index M Index N Index O Index P Index Q Index R Index S Index T Index U Index V

Table of Contents Index

Object Constraint Language, The: Getting Your Models Ready for MDA, Second Edition By Jos Warmer, Anneke Kleppe Publisher : Pub Date : ISBN : Pages : Addison Wesley August 29, 2003 0-321-17936-6 240

"In this thoroughly revised edition, Jos and Anneke offer a concise, pragmatic, and pedagogic explanation of the Object Constraint Language (OCL) and its different applications. Their discussion of OCL's potential role in Model Driven Architecture (MDA) is timely and offers great insight into the way that UML can be taken to the next level of automated software development practice. I highly recommend this book to anyone who is looking to get the most out of UML" -Shane Sendall, Ph.D.Senior ResearcherSwiss Federal Institute of Technology in Lausanne The release of Unified Modeling Language (UML) 2.0

places renewed emphasis on the Object Constraint Language (OCL). Within UML, OCL is the standard for specifying expressions that add vital information to object-oriented models and other object-modeling artifacts. Model-Driven Architecture (MDA) relies on OCL to add the level of programming detail necessary to enable Platform-Specific Models (PSM) to communicate with Platform-Independent Models (PIM). This book is a practical, accessible guide to OCL for software architects, designers, and developers. Much care has been taken during the redesign of OCL to ensure that the syntax remains readable and writable by the average software modeler. The Object Constraint Language, Second Edition, utilizes a case study to show how to exercise these compact but powerful expressions for maximum effect. This newly updated edition also Explains why OCL is critical to MDA-and why UML alone is not enough Introduces an SQL-like syntax to OCL Defines the new language constructs of OCL 2.0 Demonstrates how OCL can be incorporated into code Shares tips and tricks for applying OCL to real-world modeling challenges-showing which can be solved

with UML and which require OCL Using a combination of UML and OCL allows developers to realize the effective, consistent, and coherent models that are critical to working with MDA. The authors' pragmatic approach and illustrative use of examples will help application developers come quickly up to speed with this important object-modeling method--and will serve as a ready reference thereafter.

Table of Contents Index

Object Constraint Language, The: Getting Your Models Ready for MDA, Second Edition By Jos Warmer, Anneke Kleppe Publisher : Pub Date : ISBN : Pages : Addison Wesley August 29, 2003 0-321-17936-6 240

Copyright Praise for The Object Constraint Language, Second Edition The Addison-Wesley Object Technology Series The Component Software Series List of Figures List of Tables Foreword to the First Edition Foreword to the Second Edition Preface and Introduction Who Should Read This Book How This Book Should Be Used Typeface Conventions Information on Related Subjects Acknowledgments Part 1. User Manual Chapter 1. MDA and the Use of OCL Section 1.1. Introducing OCL Section 1.2. Model Driven Architecture Section 1.3. Modeling Maturity Levels Section 1.4. Building Better Models Section 1.5. Characteristics of OCL

Section 1.6. Summary Chapter 2. OCL By Example Section 2.1. The "Royal and Loyal" System Example Section 2.2. Adding Extra Information Section 2.3. Adding Invariants Section 2.4. Working with Collections of Objects Section 2.5. Adding Preconditions and Postconditions Section 2.6. Taking Inheritance into Account Section 2.7. Comments Section 2.8. Let Expressions Section 2.9. Summary Chapter 3. Building Models with OCL Section 3.1. What Is a Model? Section 3.2. Use UML Diagrams as a Base Section 3.3. Completing Class Diagrams Section 3.4. Completing Interaction Diagrams Section 3.5. Completing Statecharts Section 3.6. Completing Activity Diagrams Section 3.7. Completing Component Diagrams Section 3.8. Completing Use Cases Section 3.9. Modeling Styles Section 3.10. Tips and Hints Section 3.11. Summary Chapter 4. Implementing OCL Section 4.1. Implementation Process Section 4.2. Implementing UML Model Elements Section 4.3. Implementing the OCL Standard Library Section 4.4. Implementing OCL Expressions Section 4.5. Merging Code Fragments Section 4.6. Considerations for Constraints Section 4.7. Summary Chapter 5. Using OCL for MDA Section 5.1. Relation of OCL to MDA Section 5.2. Metamodels Section 5.3. The OCL and UML Metamodels Section 5.4. Using OCL to Define Languages Section 5.5. Using OCL to Define Transformations Section 5.6. Summary Part 2. Reference Manual Chapter 6. The Context of OCL Expressions Section 6.1. A Combined Model Section 6.2. Classes and Other Types Section 6.3. Attributes and Association Ends Section 6.4. Operations

Section 6.5. Expressions in Behavior Diagrams Section 6.6. Use Cases Section 6.7. Constraints and Inheritance Chapter 7. Basic OCL Elements Section 7.1. Expressions, Types, and Values Section 7.2. Basic Types and Operators Section 7.3. Precedence Rules Section 7.4. Use of Infix Operators Section 7.5. Comments Chapter 8. User-defined Types Section 8.1. Features of User-Defined Types Section 8.2. Associations and Aggregations Section 8.3. Enumeration Types Chapter 9. Collection Types Section 9.1. The Collection Types Section 9.2. Operations on Collection Types Section 9.3. Loop Operations or Iterators Chapter 10. Advanced Constructs Section 10.1. Constructs for Postconditions Section 10.2. Operations of the OclMessage Type Section 10.3. Packaging Expressions Section 10.4. Local Variables Section 10.5. Tuples and Tuple Types Section 10.6. Undefined Values, the OclVoid Type Section 10.7. Retyping or Casting Section 10.8. Type Conformance Rules Section 10.9. Accessing Overriden Features Section 10.10. The OclAny Type Appendix A. Glossary Glossary Appendix B. OCL Grammar Rules Section B.1. EBNF Rules for Context Declaration Section B.2. EBNF Rules for Expression Appendix C. A Business Modeling Syntax for OCL Section C.1. Introduction Section C.2. Informal Definition Section C.3. Some Remarks on the Resemblance to SQL Section C.4. More Elaborate Examples Appendix D. Example Implementation Appendix E. Differences Between OCL Versions 1.1 and 2.0 Section E.1. Syntax Changes Section E.2. New Types Section E.3. Extra Predefined Operations

Section E.4. New Options in Postconditions Section E.5. Other Changes Bibliography Index

Copyright
Many of the designations used by manufacturers and sellers to distinguish their products are claimed as trademarks. Where those designations appear in this book, and Addison-Wesley was aware of a trademark claim, the designations have been printed with initial capital letters or in all capitals. MDA is a registered trademark of Object Management Group, Inc. in the United States and/or other countries. The authors and publisher have taken care in the preparation of this book, but make no expressed or implied warranty of any kind and assume no responsibility for errors or omissions. No liability is assumed for incidental or consequential damages in connection with or arising out of the use of the information or programs contained herein. The publisher offers discounts on this book when ordered in quantity for bulk purchases and special sales. For more information, please contact: U.S. Corporate and Government Sales (800) 382-3419 corpsales@pearsontechgroup.com For sales outside of the U.S., please contact: International Sales (317) 581-3793 international@pearsontechgroup.com Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Warmer, Jos B. The object constraint language : getting your models ready for MDA / Jos Warmer, Anneke Kleppe. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 0-321-17936-6 1. Object-oriented methods (Computer science) 2. UML (Computer science) I. Kleppe, Anneke G. II. Title. QA76.9.O35W35 2003 005.1'17--dc22

2003057724

Copyright 2003 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form, or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without the prior consent of the publisher. Printed in the United States of America. Published simultaneously in Canada. For information on obtaining permission for use of material from this work, please submit a written request to: Pearson Education, Inc. Rights and Contracts Department 75 Arlington Street, Suite 300 Boston, MA 02116 Fax: (617) 848-7047 Text printed on recycled paper 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10-CRS-0706050403 First printing, August 2003

Praise for The Object Constraint Language, Second Edition

"In this thoroughly revised edition, Jos and Anneke offer a concise, pragmatic, and pedagogic explanation of the Object Constraint Language (OCL) and its different applications. Their discussion of OCL's potential role in Model Driven Architecture (MDA) is timely and offers great insight into the way that UML can be taken to the next level of automated software development practice. I highly recommend this book to anyone who is looking to get the most out of UML." Shane Sendall, PhD Senior Researcher Swiss Federal Institute of Technology, Lausanne "MDA promises a revolution in the way we develop software. This book is essential reading for anyone intending to adopt MDA technology." Tony Clark, PhD King's College, London "Through examples, Jos and Anneke demonstrate the power and intuitiveness of OCL, and the key role that this language plays in implementing and promoting MDA. The theme, structure, contents, and, not lastly, the clarity of explanations recommend this book as the best advocate for learning, using, and promoting OCL, UML, and MDA. I am sure that this work will contribute in a significant manner to the development and widespread use of new software technologies." Dan Chiorean Head of the Computer Science Research Laboratory Babes-Bolyai University, Cluj