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Hybrid differential transformation and nite difference method to annular n

with temperature-dependent thermal conductivity


Huan-Sen Peng, Chieh-Li Chen

Department of Aeronautics and Astronautics, National Cheng Kung University Tainan 70101, Taiwan
a r t i c l e i n f o
Article history:
Received 5 September 2010
Received in revised form 14 January 2011
Accepted 14 January 2011
Available online 25 February 2011
Keywords:
Differential transformation
Finite difference
Annular n
Heat transfer
a b s t r a c t
A hybrid numerical technique which combines the differential transformation and nite difference
method is utilized to investigate the annular n with temperature-dependent thermal conductivity.
The exposed surfaces of the n dissipate heat to the surroundings by convection and radiation. The inu-
ences of the convective heat transfer coefcient, absorptivity, emissivity and thermal conductivity
parameter on the temperature distribution are examined. The results show that the convective heat
transfer plays a dominant role for heat dissipation under the convectionradiation condition. The opti-
mum radii ratio of n which maximizes the heat transfer rate and n efciency is also discussed.
2011 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
1. Introduction
In a variety of engineering applications, extended surfaces are
frequently adopted to enhance the rate of heat dissipation between
the system and the surroundings. The heat transfer mechanism of
n is to conduct heat from heat source to the n surface via
conduction, and then dissipate heat to the surrounding uid via
convection, radiation, or simultaneous convectionradiation. In or-
der to design a practical n, it is necessary to realize a ns dynamic
temperature response. In the case of constant thermal conductiv-
ity, the analytical solution can be easily obtained. In fact, a consid-
erable amount of research has been conducted into the variable
thermal parameters which associated with ns operating in practi-
cal situations [1]. In such case, the governing equation of n will be
nonlinear and a numerical treatment-with suitable algorithms.
Yu and Chen [2] proposed the Taylor transformation and nite-
difference approximation to analyze the nonlinear transient heat
transfer problem of the rectangular prole annular n, where con-
vectionradiation n tip and step temperature change occurring in
n base were considered. The effects of the heat transfer from the
n tip to the surroundings, the absorptivity and the emissivity
were discussed. The results demonstrated that the Taylor transfor-
mation is a useful technique to the solution of nonlinear n
problem. Yang and Chu [3] studied the transient coupled thermo-
elasticity of an annular n with its base suddenly subjected to a
heat ux of a decayed exponential function of time. The thermo-
mechanical coupling effect was taken into account in the govern-
ing equations of heat conduction. The transient distributions of
temperature increments and thermal stresses in the real domain
were presented numerically. The results showed that the coupling
effect in the annular n can reduce the heat transfer rates and
cause a lag in the increments of the temperature. Chiu and Chen
[4] used Adomians double decomposition method to solve the
conductionconvectionradiation heat transfer equation of the
circular ns subjected to the nonlinear boundary conditions. The
results indicated that the thermal conductivity dependence on
the temperature should be considered for the convectionradiation
or pure convection conditions. And it is reasonable to assume the
thermal conductivity constant under the pure radiation heat trans-
fer if the temperature difference between the base and the ambient
is not signicant. A convectiveradiative longitudinal n with var-
iable thermal conductivity was also investigated by Chiu and Chen
[5] using the Adomian decomposition method. Different heat dissi-
pation mechanisms were considered, namely pure convection,
pure radiation, and simultaneous convection and radiation. The re-
sults showed that the Adomian decomposition method is an effec-
tive and efcient tool in the solution of nonlinear problems
associated with complex conditions. The optimization of annular
ns with non-symmetric boundary conditions was investigated
by Arslanturk [6], where the two-dimensional heat diffusion equa-
tion was solved analytically for temperature distribution and heat
transfer rate. Yang [7] proposed a sequential method to estimate
the periodic boundary conditions on the non-Fourier n problem.
The inverse solution at each time step is solved by a modied New-
tonRaphson method. The results showed that their method is able
to nd both direct and inverse solution of the non-Fourier n under
the periodic thermal conditions. Naphon [8] investigated the heat
0017-9310/$ - see front matter 2011 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
doi:10.1016/j.ijheatmasstransfer.2011.02.019

Corresponding author. Tel.: +886 6 2757575x63678; fax: +886 6 2389940.


E-mail address: chiehli@mail.ncku.edu.tw (C.-L. Chen).
International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer 54 (2011) 24272433
Contents lists available at ScienceDirect
International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer
j our nal homepage: www. el sevi er . com/ l ocat e/ i j hmt
transfer characteristics of the annular n under dry-surface, par-
tially wet-surface, and fully wet-surface conditions. The theoretical
results of the heat transfer characteristics and the efciency of the
annular ns were presented. The effects of inlet condition of work-
ing uids and the n dimensions were examined. The results
showed that the various parameters have signicant effect on the
temperature distribution. Chen et al. [9] utilized the conjugate gra-
dient method based on an inverse algorithm to estimate the con-
vection heat transfer coefcient of an annular n. Results showed
that the technique proposed herein can accurately estimate the
convection heat transfer coefcient, temperature distributions
and thermal stress distribution for all the cases considered in this
study. Joneidi et al. [10] used the differential transformation meth-
od to investigate n efciency of convective straight ns with tem-
perature-dependent thermal conductivity. They analyzed the
effects of thermo-geometric n parameter and thermal conductiv-
ity parameter.
The modelling of the heat transfer process of the n reduce the
experimental cost and gives insight into the process. In this study,
the differential transformation method is employed to solve the
heat transfer equation. This method was rst introduced by Zhou
[11] to solve linear and non-linear initial value problems of electri-
cal circuits. It has been applied to various applications such as
vibration problems [12], StrumLiouville problem [13], advec-
tivedispersive transport problem [14], nonlinear or hyperbolic
heat conduction [15], two-boundary-value problems [16], etc. In
this paper, a hybrid numerical technique which combines the dif-
ferential transformation and nite difference approximation is em-
ployed to study the ns heat transfer problem. The inuences of
the convective heat transfer coefcient (h
a
), absorptivity (a), emis-
sivity (e) and thermal conductivity parameter (b) on the tempera-
ture distribution are examined. The validations of numerical
results are also demonstrated.
2. Differential transformation method
Differential transformation is one of the useful methods to solve
the ordinary/partial differential equations with high convergent
rate and accuracy of calculation. The basic concept of the differen-
tial transformation is available in the literatures [17,18].
By denition, the one-dimensional differential transformation
of a function x(t) can be introduced as follows. If x(t) is analytic
in the time domain T, let
/t; k
d
k
xt
dt
k
8t 2 T; 1
where k belongs to the set of nonnegative integer denoted as the K
domain. For t = t
i
, /(t, k) = /(t
i
,k)
X
i
k /t
i
; k
d
k
xt
dt
k
_ _
tt
i
8k 2 K; 2
where X
i
(k) is called the spectrum of x(t) at t = t
i
in the domain. If
x(t) is analytic then x(t) can be represented as
xt

1
k0
t t
i

k
k!
Xk: 3
The above equation is known as the inverse transformation of X(k).
If X(k) is dened as
Xk Mk
d
k
qtxt
dt
k
_ _
tt
0
; where k 0; 1; 2; 3; . . . ; 1 4
Then the function x(t) can be described as
xt
1
qt

1
k0
t t
0

k
k!
Xk
Mk
; 5
where M(k)0, q(t)0. M(k) is called the weighting factor and q(t) is
regarded as a kernel corresponding to x(t). If M(k) = 1 and q(t) = 1
then Eqs. (2) and (4) are equivalent and Eq. (3) is a special case of
Eq. (5).
In this study, the transformation with M(k) = H
k
/k! and q(t) = 1
is applied, where H is the time horizon of interest. Then Eq. (4)
becomes
Xk
H
k
k!
d
k
xt
dt
k
_ _
tt
0
; where k 0; 1; 2; 3; . . . ; 1: 6
Using the differential transformation, a differential equation in the
time domain can be transformed to be an algebraic equation in
the K domain and x(t) can be obtained by nite-term Taylor series
plus a remainder, as
xt
1
qt

N1
k0
t t
0

k
k!
Xk
Mk
R
N
t; 7
where
Nomenclature
A cross-sectional area (m
2
)
c
p
specic heat (J/kgK)
h
a
convective heat transfer coefcient (W/m
2
K)
H time span
k nonnegative integer denoted as the K domain
k
a
conductivity (W/mK)
L n length (m)
M(k) weight factor
q heat ux (W/m
2
)
q(t) a kernel corresponding to x(t)
r radius (m)
r
e
tip radius (m)
R dimensionless radius
t time (s)
T temperature (K)
T
a
ambient temperature (K)
U(x, k) differential transform of T
W n thickness (m)
x(t) original function
X(k) transformed function
Greek symbols
a absorptivity
d thickness of the inner wall
e emissivity
g n efciency
h dimensionless temperature
q density (kg/m
3
)
r StefanBoltzmann constant
s dimensionless time
Subscripts
b base
e effective
2428 H.-S. Peng, C.-L. Chen/ International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer 54 (2011) 24272433
R
N
t
1
qt

1
kN
t t
0

k
k!
Xk
Mk
8
and R
N
(t) ?0, as N ?1 within the time interval of interest, say
t 2 [0, H]. If R
N
(t) is small enough, then x(t) can be represented by -
nite terms. Then, the linear/nonlinear ordinary/partial differential
equations can be solved.
For practical problems, the desired H is not necessarily small. In
order to speed up the convergent rate and the accuracy, it is re-
quired to divide the entire domain H into many sub-domains.
The differential equation can be solved in each domain to achieve
a better approach.
Suppose the time domain of interest H is split into n sub-do-
mains, as shown in Fig. 1. In every sub-domain, there exists a solu-
tion function x
i
(t
i
), i = 1, 2, 3, . . . , n, to specify the solution of x(t) for
t 2

i1
j0
h
j
;

i
j0
h
j
_ _
with h
0
= 0. Therefore, the Taylor series of x(t)
described using the local time scale t
i
in the rst time interval
can be shown as
xt x
1
t
1

N1
k0
t
1
h
1
_ _
k
X
1
k for t
1
2 0; h
1
and t 2 0; h
1
;
9
where the initial condition is x
1
(0) = X
1
(0). The value of x
1
(t
1
) at
t
1
= h
1
can be obtained from Eq. (9) as
x
1
h
1

N1
k0
X
1
k; 10
which is the initial value of x
2
(t
2
) in the second sub-domain, i.e.,
x
2
(0) = x
1
(h
1
). The initial values of the ith sub-domain can be ob-
tained as
x
i
0 x
i1
0

N1
k1
X
i1
k 11
In this way, x
n
(t
n
) can be obtained sequentially and x(t) will be com-
posed of these functions. However, if there exists a calculation error
in the previous domain interval then this error will inuence the
current interval. To prevent the calculation error being accumulated
during the calculation process, the accuracy check is performed as
follows. In the ith interval,
x
i
t
i
x
i
0

N1
k1
t
i
h
i
_ _
k
X
i
k: 12
Therefore,
x
i1
0 % x
i
h
i1
x
i
0

N1
k1
h
i1
h
i
_ _
k
X
i
k: 13
The above equation indicates that the initial condition of the previ-
ous interval can be expressed by the spectrum of the current inter-
val. After the spectrum in the ith sub-domain is obtained, the right
hand side of Eq. (13) can be determined. If the result is not close en-
ough to the left hand side of Eq. (13), the transformation is redone
by increasing the number power series terms or readjusting the
interval length h
i
.
Though differential transform can be applied to two dimen-
sional problems, a hybrid approach with nite difference and dif-
ferential transform will be applied in this paper with improved
numerical performance.
3. Problem formulation
This work considers a rectangular prole annular n of base ra-
dius r
b
, tip radius r
e
, and thickness W, as shown in Fig. 2. The n ini-
tially is uniform in thermal equilibrium with the surroundings. At
time t = 0, the n base temperature is suddenly changed to T
b
and
kept constant thereafter. The heat loss of n surface is dissipating
by a combination of convection and radiation mechanisms. These
conditions may not necessarily hold in all case studies.
For one-dimensional conduction in the n, the energy equation
can be presented by
1
r
d
dr
KTr
dT
dr
_ _

2h
a
W
T T
a

2r
W
eT
4
aT
4
e
_ _
qc
p
dT
dt
14
where r is the StefanBoltzmann constant (=5.67 10
8
W/m
2
K
4
),
h
a
is the convective heat transfer coefcient between the n surface
and the ambient, e and a are respectively the emissivity and absorp-
tivity of the n at the effective temperature of the radiative surface,
T
e
is the effective temperature.
The thermal conductivity of the n is assumed to vary linearly
with temperature, that is,
KT k
a
1 bT T
a
; 15
where k
a
is the thermal conductivity at the ambient temperature T
a
,
and b is the slope of the thermal conductivity-temperature curve di-
vided by the intercept k
a
.
Fig. 1. Domain split of time interval H. Fig. 2. Schematic diagram of a rectangular prole annular n.
H.-S. Peng, C.-L. Chen/ International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer 54 (2011) 24272433 2429
Assumed that the conductive thermal resistance of the inner
surface wall, i.e., the thickness of the inner wall d = 0, is ignored.
Then the initial condition and boundary conditions of the n can
be expressed as follows.
T T
a
; t 0; 16
T T
b
; r r
b
; 17
KT
dT
dr
h
a
T T
a
r eT
4
aT
4
e
_ _
; r r
e
: 18
In order to make the equations dimensionless, the following
non-dimensional parameters are introduced:
h
T
T
a
; h
e

T
e
T
a
; h
b

T
b
T
a
; R
r r
b
r
e
r
b

r r
b
L
; s
k
a
t
qc
p
L
2
;
Introducing the above non-dimensional parameters into the equa-
tions, it yields
d
2
h
dR
2
n
1
h
d
2
h
dR
2
n
1
dh
dR
_ _
2

L
LR r
b
dh
dR

L
LR r
b
n
1
h
dh
dR
n
2
h 1 n
3
h
4
n
4
n
5
dh
ds
; 19
h 1 s 0; 20
h h
b
; R 0; 21
m
1
dh
dR
m
2
h
dh
dR
m
3
h m
4
h
4
m
3
m
5
; R 1; 22
where
n
1

bT
a
1 bT
a
n
2

2h
a
L
2
Wk
a
1
1 bT
a
n
3

2rT
3
a
L
2
e
Wk
a
1
1 bT
a
n
4

2rT
3
a
L
2
a
Wk
a
h
4
e
1 bT
a
n
5

1
1 bT
a
m
1
1 bT
a
; m
2
bT
a
; m
3

h
a
L
k
a
; m
4

rT
3
a
Le
k
a
; m
5

rT
3
a
Lah
4
e
k
a
:
Take differential transform of the non-dimensional governing equa-
tion (Eq. (19)) with respect to time. We obtain
n
5
k1
H
UR; k 1
d
2
UR;k
dR
2
n
1
UR; k
d
2
UR;k
dR
2
n
1
dUR;k
dR

dUR;k
dR

L
LRr
b
dUR;k
dR
n
1
L
LRr
b
UR; k
dUR;k
dR
n
2
UR; k dk n
3
UR; k UR; k UR; k UR; k n
4
dk
23
where the symbol denotes the convolution operation in K do-
main, Df tgt FkGk

k
l0
FlGk l. Similarly, the initial
condition (Eq. (20)) and boundary conditions (Eqs. (21) and (22))
are transformed to be:
UR; 0 1 24
U0; k
h
b
k 0
0 k P1
_
25
m
1
dU1; k
dR
m
2
U1; k
dU1; k
dR
m
3
U1; k m
4
U1; kt
U1; k U1; k U1; k m
3
dk m
5
dk 26
Take second-order accurate central nite difference approximation
with respect to R, Eq. (23) becomes:
n
5
k1
H
U
i
k 1
U
i1
k2U
i
kU
i1
k
DR
2
n
1
U
i
k
U
i1
k2U
i
kU
i1
k
DR
2
_ _
n
1
U
i1
kU
i1
k
2DR
_ _

U
i1
kU
i1
k
2DR
_ _

L
LR
i
r
b
U
i1
kU
i1
k
2DR
_ _
n
1
L
LR
i
r
b
U
i
k
U
i1
kU
i1
k
2DR
_ _
n
2
U
i
k dk n
3
U
i
k U
i
k U
i
k U
i
k n
4
dk
27
and the initial condition and boundary conditions are:
U
i
0 1 28
U
1
k
h
b
k 0
0 k P1
_
29
m
1
3U
i max
k 4U
i max1
k U
i max2
k
2DR
_ _
m
2
U
i max
k

3U
i max
k 4U
i max1
k U
i max2
k
2DR
_ _
m
3
U
i max
k
m
4
U
i max
k U
i max
k U
i max
k U
i max
k
m
3
dk m
5
dk; 30
where i max is the total number of nite difference segments.
The heat transfer rate and n efciency are the important infor-
mation in the performance of the n. The heat transfer rate is de-
ned as:
q KTA
dT
dr

rr
b
31
The n efciency is the ratio of the actual heat being transferred
from the n surface to the surrounding uid to the heat which
would be transferred if the entire n area were at the base temper-
ature. The n efciency is dened by:
g
q
q
ideal
32
where q
ideal
h
a
A
total surface
T
b
T
a
rA
total surface
eT
4
b
aT
4
e
_ _
4. Results and discussion
In this study, the temperature distributions of annular n with
temperature-dependent thermal conductivity are investigated. The
assumption of dimensions of annular n and the surrounding con-
ditions are the same as in [4]. The effects of the convective heat
transfer coefcient (h
a
), absorptivity (a), emissivity (e) and thermal
conductivity parameter (b) on the temperature distribution are
examined. The governing equation (Eq. (27)) with initial and
Table 1
Node temperatures of the n.
Heat transfer mechanism Methodology r (m)
0.03 0.04 0.05 0.06
Convectionradiation Adomians double decomposition [4] 570.917 554.373 545.663 542.499
Present method 571.05 554.67 546.00 542.82
Pure convection Adomians double decomposition [4] 577.070 563.724 556.613 554.022
Present method 576.99 563.88 556.86 554.31
Pure radiation Adomians double decomposition [4] 591.342 586.323 583.636 582.652
Present method 591.27 586.29 583.62 582.63
2430 H.-S. Peng, C.-L. Chen/ International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer 54 (2011) 24272433
boundary conditions (Eqs. (28)(30)) are utilized to solve the prob-
lem. The ambient temperature T
a
and base temperature T
b
are as-
sumed to be 300 K and 600 K, respectively. The parameters used in
r (m)
400
450
500
550
600
T

(
K
)
(a)
r (m)
400
450
500
550
600
T

(
K
)
(b)
0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.06
0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.06
0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.06
r (m)
400
450
500
550
600
T

(
K
)
(c)
= 0.00018
= 0
= -0.00018
= 0.00018
= 0
= -0.00018
= 0.00018
= 0
= -0.00018
Fig. 3. Transient temperature distribution of the n: (a) for convectionradiation
heat transfer (h
a
= 50 W/m
2
K, a = e = 0.8), (b) for pure convection heat transfer
(h
a
= 50 W/m
2
K, a = e = 0), (c) for pure radiation heat transfer (h
a
= 0, a = e = 0.8).
0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.06
r (m)
400
450
500
550
600
T

(
K
)
= = 0.4
= = 0.8
t=steady state
t=30s
t=20s
t=10s
Fig. 4. Effect of a and e on the temperature distribution in a n with pure radiation
heat transfer (h
a
= 0, b = 0).
0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.06
r (m)
350
400
450
500
550
600
T

(
K
)
h
a
=50W/m
2
K
h
a
=100W/m
2
K
h
a
=150W/m
2
K
h
a
=200W/m
2
K
h
a
=250W/m
2
K
h
a
=300W/m
2
K
Fig. 5. Effect of h
a
on the temperature distribution in a n with convection
radiation heat transfer (a = e = 0.8, b = 0, steady state).
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1
a = e
0.7
0.75
0.8
0.85
0.9
250
300
350
400
q

(
W
)
= 0.00018
= 0
= -0.00018
Fig. 6. Effect of a and e on the n heat transfer rate and n efciency (h
a
= 50 W/
m
2
K, steady state).
H.-S. Peng, C.-L. Chen/ International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer 54 (2011) 24272433 2431
present study include the convective heat transfer coefcient
(h
a
= 50300), absorptivity (a = 0.4, 0.8), emissivity (e = 0.4, 0.8)
and thermal conductivity parameter (b = 0.00018, 0, 0.00018).
In order to make a comparison with the known results and to
check the accuracy of the present method, the present results are
compared with the results by the Adomian double decomposition
method [4] as shown in Table 1. The comparisons are made with
constant thermal conductivity for convectionradiation, pure
convection and pure radiation cases, respectively. It demonstrates
that the present results have good agreements with the result of
[4].
Fig. 3(a) shows the transient temperature distribution of the n
with convectionradiation heat transfer. It reveals that the n tem-
perature always decreases monotonically from the base of the n
towards the tip, and the temperature decays sharply in the begin-
ning. This is because all the energy has not yet transferred from the
base to the tip in a very short time. The temperature distribution
increases as the time increases and approaches steady state even-
tually. The result also shows the inuence of thermal conductivity
on the temperature distribution. If the thermal conductivity of the
n increases with temperature (b > 0), the temperature distribu-
tion increases. On the contrary, if the thermal conductivity de-
creases with temperature (b < 0), the temperature distribution
decreases. This is an effect of the nonlinearity due to tempera-
ture-dependent thermal conductivity.
Fig. 3(b) and (c) show the transient temperature distribution of
the n with pure convection and pure radiation heat transfer,
respectively. The trends of the temperature distributions are simi-
lar to convectionradiation heat transfer ones. As time goes by, the
temperature distributions rise gradually. It can be noted the tem-
perature of the n with pure radiation rises much faster than other
conditions as time increases. This is due to the fact that heat is dis-
sipated by only radiation. The heat transfer rate from the n sur-
face is low. In the steady state, the temperature distribution of
the n with pure radiation heat transfer is higher than other con-
ditions. The previous results also reveal that convection heat trans-
fer is the main effective heat dissipation mechanism at this
situation. In addition, the difference in the temperature distribu-
tion with varying thermal conductivity appeared to be minimal
for pure radiation heat transfer in the steady state. The effect of
the thermal conductivity of the n is unapparent.
Fig. 4 depicts the effect of a and e on the temperature distribu-
tion in a n with pure radiation heat transfer. It can be found that
the temperature distribution rises gradually as time goes by. At
t = 10 s, the difference of temperature distribution with the differ-
ent a and e appeared to be minimal. As time increases, the n tem-
perature rises, the magnitude of radiative heat transfer become
larger and the effects of a and e become more signicant. The dif-
ference of temperature between a = e = 0.4 and a = e = 0.8 are more
obvious near the tip of the n.
Fig. 5 shows the effect of h
a
on the temperature distribution in
a n with pure convection heat transfer. As can be seen in Fig. 5,
the temperature distribution decreases when h
a
increased. A
higher h
a
, i.e. the effects of the convective cooling on the n be-
come more signicant, will enhance external cooling and cause
the temperature distribution of the n to decrease gradually. Be-
sides, the decrement of temperature decreases gradually with
increasing h
a
.
The effect of a and e on the n heat transfer rate and n ef-
ciency is illustrated in Fig. 6. It demonstrates that the heat transfer
rate increases as a and e increases, but the n efciency decreases
with the increase of a and e. The heat transfer rate and n ef-
ciency are higher for b = 0.00018 (thermal conductivity increasing
with temperature) and lower for b = 0.00018 (thermal conductiv-
ity decreasing with temperature) compared with the case of con-
stant thermal conductivity.
Fig. 7 shows the effect of h
a
on the n heat transfer rate and n
efciency. The n surface convection becomes stronger with the
increasing of convective heat transfer coefcient. A strong surface
convection will decrease the temperature of n, and lead to a
increasing in the heat ow from the n base to the tip. The heat
transfer rate increase. But the n efciency decreases with the in-
crease of convective heat transfer coefcient.
Fig. 8 illustrates the heat transfer rate and n efciency as a
function of the n radii ratio. The n radii ratio increases as the
cross section area of the n decreases under the constraint that
the n volume is equal to a given value. The radii ratio increases
will enlarge the heat convection surfaces, i.e. the heat transfer rates
increase, but the heat conduction from the n base decreases be-
cause of the decreasing of cross section area of the n. A suitable
value (optimum value) of radii ratio will maximize the heat trans-
fer rate. In addition, the optimum value of radii ratio decreases as
h
a
increases. The trends of n efciency curves are similar to n
heat transfer rate curves. The optimum n efciency occurs at a
certain value of radii ratio. The optimum value of radii ratio de-
creases as h
a
increases, too.
0 100 200 300 400 500
h
a
(W/m
2
K)
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
1
0
400
800
1200
1600
q

(
W
)
= 0.00018
= -0.00018
= 0
Fig. 7. Effect of h
a
on the n heat transfer rate and n efciency (a = e = 0.8, steady
state).
0 2 4 6 8 10
r
e
/r
b
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
1400
q

(
W
)
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
1
b = 0.00018
b = 0
b = -0.00018

h
a
=50W/m
2
K
h
a
=150W/m
2
K
h
a
=100W/m
2
K
Fig. 8. Effect of radii ratio on the n heat transfer rate and n efciency for different
values of h
a
(a = e = 0.8, steady state).
2432 H.-S. Peng, C.-L. Chen/ International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer 54 (2011) 24272433
5. Conclusions
The hybrid numerical method of differential transformation and
nite difference approximation is employed to study the nonlinear
heat transfer problem. The inuences of convective heat transfer
coefcient, absorptivity and emissivity on the temperature distri-
bution, heat transfer rate and n efciency are discussed. The opti-
mum radii ratio of n which maximizes the heat transfer rate and
n efciency is also examined. The results reveal that convective
heat transfer is the main effective heat dissipation mechanism un-
der the convectionradiation condition. The heat transfer rate in-
creases as h
a
increases, but the n efciency decreases with the
increase of h
a
. The optimum radii ratio for heat transfer rate and
n efciency decreases as h
a
increases. The results show that the
hybrid method provides effective and efcient procedure to study
nonlinear heat transfer problem.
Acknowledgements
The support of the National Science Council of Taiwan under
the Grant No. NSC 98-2221-E-006-209-MY2 and National Cheng
Kung University under the Grant No. D98-1500 is gratefully
acknowledged.
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