COST OF CULTIVATION SOYA Input (unit) Material Seeds (kg) Chemical fertiliser: DAP (bori) Pesticides: Kharpatwar (litre)

Pesticides (litre)

Quantity 40 1 0.3333333333 2

Price per unit (Rs.) 50 700 1500 600

Total (Rs.) 2000 700 500 1200 4400 Labour No. of person 700 700 1 2 5 Total 200 200 200 Total Wage 2100 700 0 200 400 1800 200 5400

Operations No. of times Ploughing Sowing Irrigation Fertilisation Spraying Harvesting/Threshing Cleaning

Machines Type of machines Rent 3 Tractor 1 Tractor Rainfed 1 1 1 Harvester/Thresher 1

800 200

Total Cost for Soya

9800

WHEAT Input (unit) Material Seeds (kg) Chemical fertiliser: DAP (bori) Urea (bori) Super Phosphate (bori)

Quantity 60 2 4 3

Price per unit (Rs.) 30 700 450 250

Total (Rs.) 1800 1400 1800 750 5750 Labour No. of person 700 700 2000 800 200 1 5 Total 200 200 Total Wage 2100 700 2000 200 1800 200 7000

Operations No. of times Ploughing Sowing Irrigation Fertilisation Harvesting/Threshing Cleaning Type of machines 3 Tractor 1 Tractor Tubewell

Machines Rent

1 Harvester/Thresher 1

Total Cost of Wheat

12750

ANALYSIS OF FARMERS' INTERVIEWS MUGALIA CHAP

Number of households: 938 Cropping pattern No. Of crops S. No. Respondent Name Landholding (ha) Type of crops Rabi/Khari Name f/Zaid Type Livestock Count Source of Irrigation Tractor Distance from lake: 2km General Information Machines owned Harvester Thresher Tractor Machines rented Harvester Thresher Alternative employment Awareness Current practices (organic farming) Continued Discontinued Willingness to adopt Use of cow dung from livestock Manure Cooking

3 Rabi Kharif 1 Sujan Singh Mewara 2 Ghera Lal 3 Lila Kishan Patidar 4 1.2 32 Zaid 1 Rabi 3 Rabi Kharif Zaid 4 Narsingh Mewara 1.3 2 Rabi Kharif 5 Ol Singh Malik 1.6 2 Rabi Kharif 6 Baij Nath Patidar 0.4 1 Rabi

Cows and Wheat, Chana buffaloes Soya, Corn Vegetables Wheat Wheat Soya Vegetables Wheat Soya Wheat Soya wheat Cows calves Cows Buffaloes Cows Cows Buffaloes

25 Tubewell

no

Yes

yes (partly)

Yes

Yes

Yes

1 25 Tubewell 25 1 no Yes yes (partly) yes yes yes

1 Tubewell 2 3 Tubewell

yes

yes

yes (partly)

yes

yes

yes

no

yes

yes (partly)

yes

yes

2 2 2 Tubewell 6 8 1

yes

yes

yes (partly)

yes

yes

yes

7 Kamal Singh

16

2 Rabi Zaid

Wheat, Chana Cows Vegetables Wheat, Chana soya wheat soya wheat soya wheat soya Wheat, Chana Cows soya Wheat Soya Vegetables Wheat Soya Buffaloes Cows Buffaloes Cows Buffaloes

no

yes

yes (partly)

no

yes

8 Ravi Patidar

2 Rabi Kharif

no

yes

yes (partly)

yes

yes

9 Mahesh

0.8

2 rabi Kharif

25 tubewell

yes

yes

yes (partly)

yes

yes

yes

10 Santosh Patidar

6.8

2 rabi Kharif

2 Tubewell 3 1 Tubewell 1

no

yes

no

11 Kanhaiya Patidar

0.8

2 rabi Kharif

no

yes

yes (partly)

yes

yes

yes

12 Santosh Patidar

2 Rabi Kharif

15 Tubewell 2 Tubewell 1

no

yes

yes (partly)

yes

yes

yes

13 Geeta Prasad

10

3 Rabi Kharif Zaid

no

yes

yes (partly)

yes

yes

yes

14 Jagannath Meena

3.2

2 Rabi Kharif

no

yes

yes (partly)

yes

yes

yes

Marginal Small Small-Medium Medium Large

3 3 1 4 3

11

10

CONTENT ANALYSIS: MUGALIA CHAP S. No CODE1 Code Name Current Practices 60 kg seeds per acre are consumed for sowing wheat and 40 kg for soya. Cost of seeds for wheat is Rs. 1800 and soya is Rs. 2000. DAP (Rs. 900/bori), Urea (Rs. 450/bori) and Superphosphate (Rs. 250) are the fertilisers majorly used. Cost of pesticides is Rs. 500 per acre. It is used 3 times for soya only. Rent for tractor is Rs. 500/hr and thresher is Rs. 1000 per acre Labour costs prevalent are Rs. 200 per day Negative effects of Chemical 1.2 Fertilisers 12 12 12 12 12

1.1 Inputs and costs

Land is now highly dependent on chemical fertilisers

10

CODE 2 Organic farming Actual/Percieved 2.1 Benefits Recognise benefits such as better taste, fragrance and health14 of the product. Organic manure is very beneficial for health of soil and land 14 Perceive organic manure to be beneficial without actually using 5it 2.2 Problems Yield is lesser when compared to chemical fertilisers Organic fertilisers are not easily available in market More time is required for preparation of organic fertilisers Unable to switch to organic farming without external support 2.3 Possible solutions Everyone should adopt organic farming for it to be effective 10 10 8 3 7 Much more amount of organic manure is needed per acre as compared 11 to chemical fertiliser

Farmers need techincal guidance to minimise the loss of yield by switching 10 to organic farming Farmers need market for organic products, such that prices are at a level that mitigates lossess from loss 9 of yield CODE 3 Livestock Livestock is on a decline because of increased mechanisation. 6

Other problems CODE 4 faced at present 4.1 Water Water is too scarce. 10% tubwells have water 14 9

Bores are dug 300 ft deep for water

4.2 Electricity 4.3 Miscellaneous

Electricity is available for 8 hours for agricultural fields,14 but at night No timely availability of chemical fertilisers at society 11

CODE 5 Lake

Decrease in land prices since it is demarcated as catchment area 6 for the lake

No benefit from the lake No access to lake water

12 12

INTKHEDI

Household: 100 (approx) Cropping pattern

Distance from Upper Lake: 2000 ft General Information About organic farming Alternative employme Willingness Use of cow dung nt AwarenessContinued Discontinuedto adopt from livestock Manure Cooking Other information

No. Of crops S. No. Respondent Name Landholdin g (ha)

Type of crops Rabi/Kharif/ Zaid Name Wheat, Chana, Barseem Soya Vegetables Wheat Soya Vegetables Wheat Soya Wheat Soya

Livestock Type Count

Irrigation

Machines owned

Machines rented

Tractor HarvesterThresherTractor HarvesterThresher

1 Lakshman Singh

3.2

3 Rabi Kharif Zaid 3 Rabi Kharif Zaid 2 Rabi Kharif 2 Rabi Kharif Zaid 3 Rabi Kharif Zaid

Buffaloes

1 Tubewell

no

yes

yes (partly) yes

no

no

yes Tried organic farming 4 years back. Land is near the lake.

2 Udham Singh

2.8

1 Cows Buffaloes Cows Buffaloes 1 2 1 1 0 Handpump no

yes

yes (partly)

yes

yes

3 Lakhan Singh Mewara 4 Ram Chandar

1.2 0.8

1 1 yes

yes yes

yes (partly) yes (partly)

yes yes yes yes

Land is near Kolans river. Hence, river water is used for irrigation. Also works as a tailor. Cow dung used only for vegetables.

5 Tej Singh Thakur

12.8

Vegetables* Wheat Buffaloes Soya Vegetables Wheat, Chana Vegetables Wheat, Chana Soya Vegetables Wheat, Chana Soya Vegetables Buffaloes Cows Buffaloes Calves Cows Buffaloes

3 Tubewell

no

yes

yes (partly)

no

yes

yes

6 Baij Nath Singh Rajput

2 Rabi Zaid

2 Tubewell 2 8 4 Tubewell 2

yes

yes

yes

yes

yes

yes

Land is near river. He is a distributor for a company manufacturing organic manure, 'Prithvidoot'.

7 Amar Singh Thakur

4.4

3 Rabi Kharif Zaid

yes

yes

yes (partly)

yes Milk selling as alternative employment

8 Hanumat Mewara

3 Rabi Kharif Zaid

6 Tubewell

yes

yes

yes (partly)

yes

yes

yes

* For domestic purpose only. Marginal Small Small-Medium Medium Large CONTENT ANALYSIS: Intkhedi S. No Code Name CODE1 Current Practices 1.1 Inputs and costs

3 1 1 3 2 1

60 kg seeds per acre are consumed for sowing wheat and 40 kg for soya. Cost of seeds for wheat is Rs. 1800 and soya 8 is Rs. 2000. DAP (Rs. 900/bori), Urea (Rs. 450/bori) and Superphosphate (Rs. 250) are the fertilisers majorly used. 8 Cost of pesticides is Rs. 500 per acre. It is used 3 times for soya only. 8 Rent for tractor is Rs. 500/hr and thresher is Rs. 1000 per acre 8 Labour costs prevalent are Rs. 200 per day 8

Negative effects of 1.3 Chemical Fertilisers Land is now getting hardened by excessive use of chemical fertilisers, especially6 DAP Farmers put chemical fertilisers in excess than required 3 Urea is not available in pure form 2 CODE Organic 2 farming Actual/Percieved 2.1 Benefits 2.2 Problems

2.3 Possible solutions

Benefits are seen in terms of healthier and tastier products 7 It is good for land fertility 7 No benefit from organic farming to farmers 2 Yield goes lower when only organic manure is used, leading to lesser income 4 Organic fertilisers are not easily available in market 5 There is not sufficient space for producing organic manure in sufficient quantity 3 Decrease in livestock with the households has made it difficult to produce organic manure 6 Making organic fertilisers requires too much effort and cost on the part of farmers 5 It takes at least 4 years for the soil to be able to give average yield with organic fertilisers. 2 Organic manure alone is not sufficient. Thus, should be introduced in a phased manner 5 If farmers are able to derive benefits similar to chemical fertilisers from organic manure, they are willing 5 to shift. There is a decrease of space in the village to keep the animals 5 There is a decrease in number of animals being reared by households due to rising 7 costs

CODE Livestock 3

Other problems CODE faced 4 at present 4.1 Water Agricultural produce is negatively affected due to lesser availability of water River water is used only by those whose fields are nearby Electricity is available for 8 hours only in the field, that too at night 6 4 7

4.2 Electricity

CODE Lake 5

No benefit from lake

KHAJURI

Households: 500(approx)

Distance from Upper Lake: 2 km Cropping pattern General Information About organic farming Alternativ e employm Willingnes ent Awareness Currently doing Discontinueds to adopt Use of cow dung from livestock Manure Cooking Other information yes yes

No. Of crops S. No. Respondent Name 1 Naresh Mewara Landholdin g (ha) 2.8

Type of crops

Livestock

Irrigation

Machines owned

Machines rented

2 Suresh Mewara

0.8

3 Lila Kishan Mewara 4 Padam Singh Thakur

2.4 4.8

5 Rajesh Sisodia 6 Mailal Mewara Marginal Small Small-Medium Medium Large

1 6 1 1 2 2 0

Rabi/Kharif/Zaid Name Type Count Tractor Harvester Thresher Tractor Harvester Thresher 3 Rabi Wheat Buffaloes 5 tubewell 1 no Kharif Soya Zaid Vegetables 3 Rabi Wheat Cows 6 well, tubewell 1 yes Kharif Soya Buffaloes 6 Zaid Vegetables 2 Rabi Wheat Cows 2 1 no Kharif Soya Rabi Wheat, Chana Cows 4 1 no Kharif Soya, Hari Moong Zaid Vegetables 2 Rabi Wheat Cows 4 1 Zaid Vegetables Buffaloes 3 yes 1 Rabi Wheat, Chana 0 1 1 0 0 5 0 0

yes

yes (partly)

yes

yes

yes (partly)

yes

yes

yes Owns a dairy

yes yes

yes (partly) yes (partly)

yes yes

yes yes

yes yes Milk selling as alternative employment 5

no 2 4

no 0 0

no 4

no 4

yes

CONTENT ANALYSIS : Khajuri S. No Code Name CODE1 Current Practices Tractor, harvestor and thresher are taken on rent by most. Rent for harvester ranges from Rs. 900 to 1000 per acre, for thresher Rs. 600 Seeds for sowing are taken Pesticides are used to treat from soya home crops and for kharpatwar. It costs 1500-1600 per litre. Upto 2 litres is consumed for one crop per acre. DAP (Rs. 700/bori), Urea (Rs. 450/bori) and Superphosphate (Rs. 250) are the fertilisers majorly used.

1.1 Inputs and costs

6 6 6 6

Negative effects of Chemical 1.3 Fertilisers Land is now highly dependent on chemical fertilisers, without which crops dont grow CODE Organic 2 farming Actual/Percieved 2.1 Benefits 2.2 Problems

Organic manure alone reduces the yield. 6 Making organic fertilisers requires too much effort and cost on the part of farmers 5 More time is required for preparation of organic fertilisers 5 Organic fertilisers are not easily available in market 4 It takes at least 4 years for the soil to be able to give average yield with organic fertilisers. 2 2.3 Possible solutions Organic farming practices can only be introduced in a phased manner. 4 Practices must be adopted according to technical guidance 4 Prices of such organic products should be kept higher than other products grown using chemical fertilisers to mitigate the losses of farmers due to lesser yield CODE Livestock 3 Livestock is on a decline because of increased mechanisation. There has been a decrease in number of animals reared by households. 4 4

Other problems CODE faced 4 at present 4.1 Water Water is scarce Water is abundant in the part of the village lying left to the road owing to proximity to khajuri talaab with recharges during rains. Some of the bores for tube well run 500 ft deep for water Vegetables cannot be grown due to scarcity of water 5 2 2

4.2 Electricity 4.3 Miscellaneous Farming has become a loss making occupation. A lot of farmers have to sell land to meet expenses and pay loans 4 4

CODE Lake 5

No benefit from the lake

NEELBAD

Households: 1000

Distance from upper lake: 8 km Cropping pattern

Outside catchment General Information About organic farming Alternative Use of cow employme dung from Awareness Currently doing DiscontinuedWillingness to adopt livestock nt

No. Of crops

Type of crops

Livestock

Irrigation

Machines owned

Machines rented

S. No. Respondent Name Landholding (ha) 1 Arvind Maaran 4 2 Azad Singh Maaran 3 Kamal Singh Maaran 4 Narayan Singh Maaran 5 Dili Pareshar Marginal Small Small-Medium Medium Large 2.8 4.8 2.8 2 0 0 3 2 0

Rabi/Kha rif/Zaid 2 Rabi Kharif 2 Rabi Kharif 2 Rabi Kharif 2 Rabi Kharif 2 Rabi Kharif

Name Type Count Tractor HarvesterThresherTractor HarvesterThresher Wheat Cows 5 tubewell 1 1 yes Soya Wheat, Chana Cows 1 1 1 yes Soya Buffaloes 3 Wheat, Chana Cows 3 1 1 no Soya Buffaloes 3 Wheat, Chana 0 1 Soya Wheat, Chana Cows 4 1 no Soya 0 0 0 5 3 0

no yes yes no no 2 2

no yes yes no no 2 0

no yes yes

Manure Cooking Other information no yes As alternative employment, he is engaged with a yes yes school as well as ownsonly a Vegetables are grown real estate business for domestic purpose for yes yes which manure prepared from cow dung is used

no 2

no 2

yes 4

CONTENT ANALYSIS: Neelbad S. No Code Name CODE1 Current Practices 1.1 Inputs and costs Cost of water is Rs. 3000 for 15 days 4 60 kg seeds per acre are consumed for sowing wheat and 40 kg for soya. Cost of seeds for wheat is Rs. 1800 and soya 5 is Rs. 2000. Cost of pesticides is Rs. 500 per acre. It is used 3 times for soya only. 5 Rent for tractor is Rs. 500/hr and thresher is Rs. 1000 per acre 5 Labour costs prevalent are Rs. 200 per day 5 Negative effects of Chemical 1.3 Fertilisers

Land is getting hardened 4 Land is now highly dependent on chemical fertilisers 5

CODE Organic 2 farming Actual/Percieved 2.1 Benefits Recognise benefits such as better taste, fragrance and health of the product. 3 Organic manure is very beneficial for health of soil and land 2 Use of cow dung as manure is prevalent. Once used, its benefits are seen 3-4 years after use. 4 2.2 Problems Since the quantity of organic manure used is high as compared to chemical fertilisers, it increases the cost of agriculture. 4 Making organic fertilisers requires too much effort and cost on the part of farmers 3 Yield is lesser with the use of organic manure 2 2.3 Possible solutions CODE Livestock 3 Livestock with households has seen a a decreasing trend due to costs involved in maintaining the animals.4 There is a reduction in space in the village to keep the animals 4

Other problems CODE 4 at present faced 4.1 Water

Water is scarce in the village. Source of water is half a km away from the village. Electricity for fields is made available at night for 8 hours.

5 5 5 4 3

4.2 Electricity 4.3 Miscellaneous

Availability of fertilisers is irregular in the society. Private shops take advantage of this situation and sell the fertilisers at a higher rate. Land is being sold to people from city pay off debts taken by farmers. Farming has become a loss making occupation No benefit is derived from the lake

CODE Lake 5

SIKANDRABAD

Households: 200 (approx) No. Of crops

S. No.

Respondent Name

Landholding (ha) 12.8

Distance from Upper Lake: 15 km Cropping pattern Type of crops Livestock Rabi/Kharif/Zaid Name Type Count 3 Rabi Kharif Zaid 2 Rabi Kharif 2 Rabi Kharif 2 Rabi Kharif 2 Rabi Kharif 2 Rabi Kharif 2 Rabi Kharif 2 Rabi Kharif 2 Rabi Kharif 2 Rabi Kharif 2 Rabi Kharif 2 Rabi Kharif Wheat, Chana Soya Vegetables Wheat, Chana Soya wheat Soya wheat Soya wheat Soya wheat Soya wheat Soya wheat Soya wheat Soya wheat Soya wheat Soya wheat Soya Buffaloes

Irrigation Tractor Tubewell, 4 Tankers

General Information Machines owned Machines rented Alternative employment Harvester Thresher Tractor Harvester Thresher 1 1 1 no

Awareness

Currently doing

About organic farming Discontinued Willingness to adopt

Use of cow dung from livestock Manure Cooking no yes

Other information

1 Shah Nawaz Khan

yes

yes

yes

2 Kailash Prasad 3 Mukesh Varma 4 Aarif 5 Shakeel 6 Karan Singh 7 Brijesh Chaukse 8 Khoobilal 9 Sumer Maaran 10 Imrat Singh Maaran 11 Munna Lal Prajapati 12 Ajay Singh Maaran Marginal Small Small-Medium Medium Large CONTENT ANALYSIS: Sikandrabad S. No Code Name Responses CODE1 Current Practices

6.4 10.4 3.6 2 1.1 3.2 2.8 0.8 1.94 2 10.8 1 2 5 1 3

Cows Buffaloes Cows Buffaloes

2 Tubewell 2 1 Tubewell 3 0 7 0 0 0 0

1 no no yes yes yes yes yes yes no yes yes yes 0 10

yes (partly) yes (partly) no yes (partly) no no no no yes (partly) yes (partly) no 1 1 yes

yes yes no yes yes yes no yes yes yes no 9

yes yes no yes no no no no yes yes no 5

yes yes yes yes yes yes yes yes yes yes yes 12

1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 3 0 0 8 1 1 1 5

no no no no no no 1 no no 1 no 4

Buffaloes

Cows Calves Cows Calves Cows

2 Tubewell 1 1 Tubewell 1 1 Tubewell

1.1 Inputs and costs

Tractor, harvestor and thresher are taken on rent by most. Rent for harvester ranges from Rs. 900 to 1000 per acre, for thresher Rs. 600 Seeds for sowing are taken from home Pesticides are used to treat soya crops and for kharpatwar. It costs 1500-1600 per litre. Upto 2 litres is consumed for one crop per acre.

12 12 12

Negative effects of 1.3 Chemical Fertilisers CODE 2 Organic farming Actual/Percieved 2.1 Benefits

Land is getting hardened

2.2 Problems

Recognise benefits such as better taste, fragrance and health of the product. Organic manure is very beneficial for health of soil and land Use of cow dung as manure is prevalent. Once used, its benefits are seen 3-4 years after use. Yield is lesser with the use of organic manure It takes at least 4 years for the soil to be able to give average yield with organic fertilisers. Unable to switch to organic farming without external support Decrease in livestock with the households has made it difficult to produce organic manure Organic fertilisers are not easily available in market Making organic fertilisers requires too much effort and cost on the part of farmers

10 10 7 9 7 4 7 8 8

2.3 Possible solutions There has been a decrease in number of animals reared by households. The primary reason behind this trend is the cost involved in maintenence of animals. The need to rear animals has decreased because of increased mechanisation

CODE 3 Livestock

10 6

Other problems faced at CODE 4 present 4.1 Water Water is scarce Wells recharge themselves during rainy season and dry up till the month of January. Water for fields is bought from neighboring fields in absence of tubewells People use tankers to store water Vegetable growing is now discontinued by many because of scarcity of water Yield for soya went down because of less availability of water. Irregular supply of electricity for the fields. Electricity is supplied for 8 hours for the field at night. Agricultural land is being sold to pay off loans Private shops take advantage of irregularity of availability of fertilisers to sell at a higher rate No benefit is recievd from the lake Land prices have decreased as it lies in the catchment area; 12 10 4 4 10 6 10 10 5 11 9 7

4.2 Electricity 4.3 Miscellaneous

CODE 5 Lake

NANDNI

Households: 100

S. No.

Respondent Name 1 Anokhilal Nagar

Landholding (ha) 12

2 Devkaran Malvi 3 Maakhan Lal Maheshwari 4 Tulsi Ram 5 Nannu Lal 6 Ram Lal 7 Rohit Nagar 8 Indresh

Distance from lake: 8 km Cropping pattern No. Of crops Type of crops Rabi/Kharif/Zaid Name 3 Rabi Wheat, Chana Kharif Soya Zaid Vegetables 1.2 2 Rabi Wheat, Chana Kharif Soya 1.6 2 Rabi Wheat, Chana Kharif Soya 1.2 2 Rabi Wheat, Chana Kharif Soya 1.6 2 Rabi Wheat, Chana Kharif Soya 1.2 2 Rabi Wheat, Chana Kharif Soya 0.6 2 Rabi Wheat Kharif Soya 4.8 2 Rabi Wheat, Chana Kharif Soya

Livestock Type Count Buffaloes

Irrigation Tractor 4 Tubewell 1

General Information Machines owned Machines rented Alternative employment Harvester Thresher Tractor Harvester Thresher 1 1 no

Awareness yes

Currently doing no

About organic farming Discontinued Willingness to adopt no

Use of cow dung from livestock Manure Cooking yes yes

Other information

Buffaloes Buffaloes

2 Tubewell 1 0

1 1 1 1 1 1

1 1

no yes 1 no

yes yes yes yes yes yes yes

yes (partly) no no no no no no

yes yes yes yes yes yes yes

yes no no yes yes no yes

yes yes yes yes yes yes yes Aware about NADEP

Buffaloes Cows

2 2 0

1 1 1

no no no no

9 Jeevan 10 Ram Dada 11 Brijesh Nagar Marginal Small Small-Medium Medium Large

4.6 3.2 4 1 5 1 3 1

2 Rabi Kharif 2 Rabi Kharif 3 Rabi Kharif

Wheat, Chana Soya Wheat Soya wheat Soya

Buffaloes Cows Bulls Calves Buffaloes

1 4 2 7 2 0

1 1 1 1 0 0 9

1 1 1 9 2

no no no 1

yes yes yes 11

no no no 0 0

yes yes yes 10

yes yes yes 8

yes yes yes 11

Buffaloes Cows

1 1

S. No. CODE1

CODE NAME Current Practices

RESPONSE 11 Most farmers grow 2 crops in a year; wheat (Rabi) and soya (Kharif). The yield for wheat ranges from 18 to 20 quintal and is sold to the government at Rs. 1500 per quintal. The yield for soya is highly variable and ranges from1 to 8 quintal. It is sold to traders at nearby mandis. Seeds, fertilisers and pesticides are bought from nearby government society Urea (Rs. 300 per bori) and DAP (Rs. 1250 per bora) are used.

1.1 Inputs and costs

11 11 11

Mechanisation is on a rise, with increased usage of tractors and harvesters. The rent for the same is Rs. 500 per hour and Rs.1000 per acre respectively. Thresher is also used by some at rent of Rs.300. Only one of the 11 farmers interviewed use bulls instead of machinery. Labor charges in the village are Rs/ 200 per day Negative effects of Chemical 1.3 Fertilisers Prices of chemical fertilisers are very high. Chemical fertilisers are analogous to allopathic medicines which give instant results but may prove to have side effects in the long run. CODE 2 Organic farming There is a practice of using cow dung along with chemical fertilisers by most farmers, but use of scientifically prepared organic manure is not prevalent. Cow dung is mainly used for vegetables. Organic manure is beneficial for land. Organic manure is analogous to ayurvedic medicine, which may take time to give results but does not harm the natural system. Quantity of organic manure required is huge, around 2 to 3 trolley per acre. Each trolley holds upto 12-15 quintal manure. More time is required for preparation of organic fertilisers Yield is lesser with the use of organic manure Organic fertilisers are not easily available in market There is not sufficient space for producing organic manure in sufficient quantity Decrease in livestock with the households has made it difficult to produce organic manure Market where organic products can be sold without losses is needed Technical guidance is needed Livestock is on a decline because of increased mechanisation. The cost of maintaining the animals is high

11 11 3 1

2.1 Actual/Percieved Benefits

10 1 6 8 8 7 8 8 5 4 9 10

2.2 Problems

2.3 Possible solutions

CODE 3

Livestock

CODE 4

Other problems faced at present 4.1 Water Water is too scacre. No source for irrigation is functional. Vegetables cant be grown because of less water. 7 8

4.2 Electricity 4.3 Miscellaneous Untimely rain damaged the wheat crop this season. The costs of agriculture are borne in full, but returns do not match the costs. 2 4

CODE 5

Lake

No benefit from the lake Land prices are low because of falling in the catchment area.

8 8

KORYA

Households: 150 (approx) No. Of crops

Distance from Upper Lake: 7 km Cropping pattern Type of crops Livestock Rabi/Kharif/ Zaid 2 Rabi Kharif 2 Rabi Kharif Zaid 2 Rabi Kharif 2 Rabi Kharif 2 Rabi Kharif 2 Rabi Kharif 3 Rabi Kharif Zaid 3 Rabi Kharif Zaid 2 Rabi Kharif 2 Rabi Kharif 2 Rabi Kharif 2 Rabi Kharif Name Wheat, Chana Soya Wheat, Chana Soya Vegetables Wheat, Chana Soya Wheat Soya Wheat Soya Wheat Soya Wheat, Chana Soya Vegetables Wheat Soya Vegetables Wheat Soya Wheat Soya Wheat, Chana Soya Wheat Soya

Irrigation

General Information Machines owned

Machines rented

Alternative employment

Awareness

Currently doing

About organic farming Discontinued Willingness to adopt

Use of cow dung from livestock Manure Cooking yes yes yes yes Other information

S. No. Respondent Name 1 Prem Singh Mewara 2 Deep Singh Mewara

Landholding (ha) 1.6 8.8

3 Gyan Singh Mewara 4 Maan Singh Mewara 5 Dhan Singh Gaur

2 8 2.8

6 Karan Singh

0.2

7 Badri Prasad Gaur

16

Type Count Cows 1 Buffaloes 1 Cows 1 Buffaloes 4 Calves 2 Cows 1 Calves 1 Cows 1 Tubewell, Well Buffaloes 3 Cows 1 Buffaloes 1 Bulls 2 Buffaloes 2 Tubewell Cows 1 Calves 2 Cows 14 Tubewell

Tractor Harvester Thresher Tractor Harvester Thresher 1 1 1 no 1 no

yes yes

yes (partly) yes (partly)

yes yes

1 1

no no no

no yes yes

no yes (partly) yes (partly)

yes yes yes

no yes yes

yes yes yes

yes

yes

yes (partly)

yes

yes

yes

Works as a labour in the fields. Sells cow dung.

1 no

yes

yes (partly)

yes

yes

yes

8 Elam Singh Mewara

Cows Buffaloes Calves Cows Calves Cows Buffaloes Bull Buffaloes Cows Buffaloes

1 2 2 3 Tubewells 1 5 1 2 3 6 5 1 0 0

no

yes

yes (partly)

yes

yes

yes

Purchases prithvidoot organic manure

9 Roshan Mewara 10 Jagannath

1.4 3.4

1 1

no 1 no

yes yes

yes (partly) yes (partly)

yes yes

yes yes

yes yes

11 Gairaj Singh Mewara 12 Bhagwat Singh Mewara Marginal Small Small-Medium Medium Large Content Analysis: Korya S. No. CODE NAME CODE1Current Practices 1.1 Inputs and costs

2.8 1.6 1 3 4 3 1

1 1 9 3 3

yes no 2

yes yes 11

yes (partly) yes (partly) 0 0

yes yes 12

yes yes 11

yes yes 12

Sells milk (alternative employment)

RESPONSES

Costs of fertilisers for DAP, super phosphate and urea are Rs. 1300 per bora, Rs. 265 per bori ans Rs. 320 per bori Tractors, harvestor and thresher (hadamba) are taken on rent at Rs. 600 per hour, Rs. 1000 per acre and Rs. 600 per acre , respectively. Labour charges are at Rs. 150 per day Prolonged exposure to chemical fertilisers has hardened the soil. Land is now dependent on chemical fertilisers for good crop, and hence the farmer too. It is the traditional way of farming People use cow dung for their fields 10 10

10 10

Negative effects of 1.3 Chemical Fertilisers

CODE 2 Organic farming Actual/Percieved 2.1 Benefits 2.2 Problems

2.3 Possible solutions

Recognise benefits such as better taste, fragrance and health of the product. 12 Organic manure is very beneficial for health of soil and land 11 Organic manure are not easily available in the market as chemical manure. 11 Quantity of produce goes down by the use of organic manure 10 Quantity of organic manure required per acre is huge as compared to chemical fertilisers. 10 More time is required for preparation of organic fertilisers 8 People have never used organic manure and are unaware of the results. There is a reluctance to adopt organic farming practices without sufficient evidence of favourable results. Provide necessary technical guidance and support to witness the results 6 Mix organic manure with chemical fertilisers 4 Livestock with households has seen a a decreasing trend due to costs involved in maintaining the animals. Forest cover has gone down, so has the area for grazing of animals There is a decrease of space in the village to keep the animals 9 7 8

CODE 3 Livestock

Other problems faced at CODE 4 present 4.1 Water Water scarcity has been an issue especially in the last 4 years due to decrease in rains Tubewells are being dug uptil 500 ft for water Tubewells dry up till January Vegetables cannot be grown due to scarcity of water 6 3 9 7

4.2 Electricity 4.3 Miscellaneous

Electricity for fields is made available at night for 8 hours. 10 Electricity supply is irregular 8 Availability of fertilisers is irregular at government societies especially during season. 10 Private shops take advantage of this and sell the same fertilisers at a higher rate. 10 Earlier, savings were made from soya crop. These days diseases have increased in soya crop leading to shrinking net earnings from soya.

CODE 5 Lake

Land prices have fallen drastically as it falls under catchment area There are more disadvantages than advantages of the lake.

8 9

BISHENKHEDI

Households: 65 (approx) No. Of crops

S. No.

Respondent Name 1 Prem Narayan Meena 2 Purshottam Gaur 3 Santosh Rathore

Landholding (ha) 2 1.6 2.2

Rabi/Kharif/Zaid

Distance from Upper Lake: 3000 ft Cropping pattern General Information Type of crops Livestock Irrigation Machines owned Machines rented Alternative employment Name Type Count Tractor Harvester Thresher Tractor Harvester Thresher Wheat, Chana Soya Wheat Soya Wheat Soya Vegetables Wheat Soya Vegetables Wheat, Chana Soya Vegetables Cows 2 Tubewell 0 Tubewell Buffaloes 3 1 1 1 1 1 no no yes

Awareness

Currently doing

About organic farming Discontinued Willingness to adopt

Use of cow dung from livestock Manure Cooking yes no yes yes yes yes

Other information

4 Rampal Meena

2.4

2 Rabi Kharif 2 Rabi Kharif 3 Rabi Kharif Zaid 3 Rabi Kharif Zaid 3 Rabi Kharif Zaid

yes yes yes

no no no yes yes

no no yes

Buffaloes

3 Tubewell

1 no

yes

no

yes

yes

yes

5 Hari Narayan Meena

12

Cows Buffaloes

5 Tubewell 8

yes

yes

no

no

no

yes

He sells his cow dung

Marginal Small Small-Medium Medium Large Content Analysis: Bishenkhedi S. No. CODE NAME CODE1 Current Practices 1.1 Inputs and costs

0 1 3 0 1

RESPONSES

Rent for tractor is Rs 700 per hour and harvestor is Rs. 900 per acre Labour charges are 200 per day Costs of fertilisers for DAP, super phosphate and urea are Rs. 1300 per bora, Rs. 265 per bori ans Rs. 320 per bori

4 4 4

Negative effects of 1.3 Chemical Fertilisers

Land is now dependent on chemical fertilisers for productivity

CODE 2 Organic farming Actual/Percieved 2.1 Benefits

2.2 Problems

2.3 Possible solutions

Recognise benefits such as better taste, fragrance and health of the product. 5 Organic manure is very beneficial for health of soil and land 5 Cow dung once used gives benefits for 3 to 4 years 4 Yield is less than average with the use of organic manure 4 Organic fertilisers are not easily available in the nearby societies 5 More time is required for preparation of organic fertilisers 4 Organic fertilisers are not easily available in market 3 Quantity used per acre is much higher than chemical fertilisers. Thus cost also goes up. 4 If farmers are able to derive benefits similar to chemical fertilisers from organic manure, they are willing to shift Everyone in the village should adopt organic farming practices for suitable effect 4 Livestock rearing has seen a a decreasing trend due to costs involved in maintaining the animals. 4

CODE 3 Livestock

Other problems faced at CODE 4 present 4.1 Water Water is scarce in the village. Tubewells need to be dug over 350 ft for water 5 5

4.2 Electricity 4.3 Miscellaneous

Electricity for fields is made available at night for 8 hours. 4 Electricity supply is irregular 4 Availability of fertilisers is irregular in the society. Private shops take advantage of this situation and sell the fertilisers at a higher rate. Land is being sold to people from city to pay off debts taken by farmers. Farming has become a loss making occupation. Lake is related to the replenishment of bores and wells

5 4 4 1

CODE 5 Lake

BEELKHEDA

Households: 100 (approx) No. Of crops Cropping pattern Type of crops Name Wheat Soya Wheat Soya Wheat Soya Vegetables Wheat Soya Vegetables Wheat Soya Vegetables Livestock Count 3 2 0 Irrigation Tractor General Information Machines owned Machines rented Alternative employment Harvester Thresher Tractor Harvester Thresher 1 1 no 1 1 no no Awareness yes yes yes Currently doing yes (partly) yes (partly) yes (partly) About organic farming Discontinued Willingness to adopt yes yes yes yes Use of cow dung from livestock Manure Cooking yes yes yes yes yes yes

S. No. Respondent Name 1 Ramesh Chand Sharma 2 Kamal Singh Jatav 3 Mool Chand Rathore

Landholding (ha) 1.6 1.2 3

Rabi/Kharif/Zaid

4 Raj Kumar Meena

5 Devendra Jatav

0.8

2 Rabi Kharif 2 Rabi Kharif 3 Rabi Kharif Zaid 3 Rabi Kharif Zaid 3 Rabi Kharif Zaid

Type Cows Cows

Other information

Cows

3 tubewell

no

yes

yes (partly)

no

yes

yes

Cows

no

yes

no

yes

no

yes

Marginal Small Small-Medium Medium Large Content Analysis: Beelkheda S. No. CODE NAME CODE1Current Practices 1.1 Inputs and costs

1 2 2 0 0

RESPONSES

Seeds used for sowing are taken from home Payment to labour is made in cash (Rs. 200 per day) as well as in kind (2.25 quintal wheat) Rent for tractor is Rs. 500 per hour, for harvester is Rs. 1200 per hour Water is bought from nearby fields for Rs. 2500 per acre Land is now dependent on chemical fertilisers for productivity It gives instant results but is harmful for the health of soil 5 2

5 5 5 5

Negative effects of 1.3 Chemical Fertilisers

CODE 2 Organic farming

2.1 Actual/Percieved Benefits Recognise benefits such as better taste, fragrance and health of the product. Cow dung used as manure leads to 25% less consumption of chemical fertilisers Manure prepared from cow dung once used, benefits are seen for 3-4 years 2.2 Problems There is not sufficient space for producing organic manure in sufficient quantity Decrease in livestock with the households has made it difficult to produce organic manure Yield is less in the beginning when organic manure is used. It takes at least 4 years for the soil to be able to give good yield with organic fertilisers. Organic fertilisers are not easily available in market Quantity applied is very high, contributing to increased cost of farming More time is required for preparation of organic fertilisers 2.3 Possible solutions Ready to prepare at home, if provided with technical guidance as well as market to sell without losses

5 3 4 3 3 5 3 4 4 3 4

CODE 3 Livestock

Livestock with households has seen a a decreasing trend due to costs involved in maintaining the animals.

Other problems faced at CODE 4 present 4.1 Water Water is scarce 5

4.2 Electricity 4.3 Miscellaneous

Electricity for villages is provided at night for 8 hours. The fields are not safe at night because of snakes and poisonous insects. Few farmers have died as well. Availability of fertilisers is irregular in the society. Private shops take advantage of this situation and sell the fertilisers at a higher rate.

5 5

CODE 5 Lake

Fields being near to lake are sometimes prone to submergence which destroys the crop Tree cover near the lake does not let sunlight reach certain parts of the fields. Trees are of no value and use to the people.

3 2 2

SEVANIA

Households: 500 (approx) No. Of crops

S. No.

Respondent Name 1 Prahlad Singh Marginal Small Small-Medium Medium Large

Landholding (ha) 1.8 0 1 0 0 0

Distance from the lake: <1 km Cropping pattern General Information Type of crops Livestock Irrigation Machines owned Machines rented Alternative employment Name Type Count Tractor Harvester Thresher Tractor Harvester Thresher Rabi/Kharif/Zaid 2 Rabi Kharif Wheat, Chana Soya Cows Buffaloes 2 1 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 no 0

Awareness

Currently doing

About organic farming Discontinued Willingness to adopt

Use of cow dung from livestock Manure Cooking no 0 0 yes 1

Other information

yes 1

no 0 0

no

GORA Househods: 150

Distance from the lake: <1 km

Municipal corporation General Information Machines owned Machines rented About organic farming Discontinued Willingness to adopt yes Use of cow dung from livestock Manure Cooking yes yes

Cropping pattern No. Of crops Type of crops S. No. Respondent Name 1 Lakshman Singh Maran Landholding (ha) 0.6
Rabi/Kharif/Z aid

Livestock

Irrigation

Alternative employment

Awareness yes

Currently doing yes (partly)

2 Rabi Zaid 3 Rabi Kharif Zaid 2 Rabi Kharif 2 Rabi Kharif 2 Rabi Kharif 2 Rabi Kharif 2 Rabi Kharif 2 Rabi Kharif 2 Rabi Kharif 2 Rabi Kharif

Name Wheat Vegetables Wheat Soya Vegetables Wheat Soya Wheat Soya Wheat Soya Wheat Soya Wheat Soya Wheat Soya Wheat Soya Wheat, Chana Soya

2 Srimal Maaran

12

Type Count Tractor Harvester Thresher Tractor Harvester Thresher Cows 2 Tubewell 1 no Buffaloes 1 Calves 3 Buffaloes 1 1 1 no

no

no

no

no

yes

3 Suresh Kumar Maaran 4 Rakesh Maaran 5 Sanjay Maaran 6 Hari Prasad Maaran 7 Neeta Maaran 8 Sanjay Maaran 9 Nilendra Maaran

1 3.2 5.6 6.8 2 2 2

Cows Buffaloes Cows Buffaloes

1 1 1 1 0 0

1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

no no no no no no no

yes no yes yes yes yes yes

no no no no no no no

yes no yes yes yes yes yes

yes no no no yes yes yes

yes no yes yes yes yes yes

Buffaloes Buffaloes Buffaloes

1 2 Tubewell 3

10 Gulab Singh Marginal Small Small-Medium Medium Large

14 1 1 4 2 2

Cows

1 Tubewell 2 0 0

1 8 1

1 no 2 0

yes 8

no 0 0

yes 8

yes 6

yes 9

Content analysis: Gora S. No. CODE NAME CODE1Current Practices 1.1 Inputs and costs One quintal seeds per acre are consumed for sowing wheat and soya. Cost of seeds for wheat is Rs. 3000 and soya is Rs. 4000. DAP (Rs. 700/bori), Urea (Rs. 450/bori) and Superphosphate (Rs. 250) are the fertilisers majorly used. Cost of pesticides id Rs. 500 per acre. Rent for tractor is Rs. 500/hr and thresher is Rs. 1000 per acre Labour costs prevalent are Rs. 200 per day Land is now dependent on chemical fertilisers for a good crop 8

Negative effects of 1.3 Chemical Fertilisers

CODE 2 Organic farming

2.1 Actual/Percieved Benefits Organic manure is analogous to ayurvedic medicine, which may take time to give results but does not harm the natural system. Manure from cow dung once used gives benefits for 3-4 years 7 2.2 Problems Organic fertilisers are not easily available in market Unaware about the results, since people have never used organic fertilisers Quantity applied is very high, contributing to increased cost of farming More time is required for preparation of organic fertilisers Making organic fertilisers requires too much effort and cost on the part of farmers It gives slow results If done properly with technically prepared organic fertilisers, there is no fall in produce. 10 7 7 7 7 7 2

2.3 Possible solutions

CODE 3 Livestock

Livestock with households has seen a a decreasing trend due to costs involved in maintaining the animals.

Other problems faced at CODE 4 present 4.1 Water Water is scarce 10 7 9

Very few sources of irrigation are functional

Tubewells dry up till April

4.2 Electricity 4.3 Miscellaneous

People have to pay Rs 8000 for 3 months to get electricity irrespective of landholding

1 10 5 4 6 9

Availability of fertilisers is irregular in the society. Private shops take advantage of this situation and sell the fertilisers at a higher rate. People are giving up farming as it is a loss making occupation Untimely rain hampered the produce this time Fields being near to lake are sometimes prone to submergence which destroys the crop There is no benefit from lake

CODE 5 Lake

BARRKHEDI KALA

S. No.

Respondent Name 1 Vijay Maaran 2 Kadam Singh Maaran 3 Vipin Maaran Marginal Small Small-Medium Medium Large

Landholding (ha) 0.8

Households: 300 (approx) Cropping pattern No. Of crops Type of crops Rabi/Kharif/Zaid Name 2 Rabi Wheat Kharif Soya 4 2 Rabi Wheat Kharif Soya 4 2 Rabi Wheat Kharif Soya 1 0 0 2 0

Distance from Upper Lake: 1 km General Information Livestock Irrigation Machines owned Machines rented Alternative employment Type Count Tractor Harvester Thresher Tractor Harvester Thresher Cows 3 Tubewell 1 1 no Cows Buffaloes Buffaloes 3 Tubewell 3 2 Tubewell 1 1 no no 1 0 0 0 2 0 0

Awareness no yes no 1

Currently doing yes (partly) no no 0

About organic farming Discontinued Willingness to adopt no yes yes 0 2

Use of cow dung from livestock Manure Cooking yes yes no no 1 yes yes 3

Other information

Content Analysis: Barkhedi Kalan S. No. CODE NAME CODE1 Current Practices 1.1 Inputs and costs Fertilisers popular are Gramor, DAP and Urea Seeds are taken from home Negative effects of 1.3 Chemical Fertilisers CODE 2 Organic farming Actual/Percieved 2.1 Benefits 2.2 Problems Recognise benefits such as better taste, fragrance and health of the product. There is no awareness regarding results of organic farming There is no facility provided by municipal corporation for adopting organic farming Yield is lesser with adoption of organic manure only, thus leading to lesser income Quantity of organic manure required per acre is huge as compared to chemical fertilisers.

Land is now dependent on chemical fertilisers for a good crop

2 2 2 3 3

2.3 Possible solutions

Other problems faced CODE 4 at present 4.1 Water

Water is scarce Bores are dug upto 250 ft In the village, water is made available once in 4 days

3 1 2

4.2 Electricity 4.3 Miscellaneous

Electricity is available at night

2 2

Availability of fertilisers is irregular in the society. Private shops take advantage of this situation and sell the fertilisers at a higher rate.

BARKHEDA NATHUHouseholds: 200 (approx)

No. Of crops S. No. Respondent Name 1 Lala Ram Mehra 2 Khushilal 3 Gulichand 4 Lala Ram Jatav 5 Radhe Shyam 6 Suraj Singh 7 Ram Singh Rajput Landholding (ha) 6 0.6 1.6 2.4 1 0.8 4 Cropping pattern Type of crops Rabi/Kharif/Zaid Name 2 Rabi Wheat Kharif Soya 2 Rabi Wheat Kharif Soya 2 Rabi Wheat Kharif Soya 2 Rabi Wheat Kharif Soya 2 Rabi Wheat Kharif Soya 2 Rabi Wheat Kharif Soya 3 Rabi Wheat Kharif Soya Zaid Vegetables 2 Rabi Wheat Kharif Soya 2 Rabi Wheat Kharif Soya 2 Rabi Wheat Kharif Soya 2 Rabi Wheat Kharif Soya 3 Rabi Wheat Kharif Soya Zaid Vegetables 3 Rabi Wheat Kharif Soya Zaid Vegetables General Information Livestock Irrigation Machines owned Machines rented Alternative employment Type Count Tractor Harvester Thresher Tractor Harvester Thresher Tubewell 1 1 Tubewell 1 1 Cows Calves 3 Tubewell 4 0 Tubewell 1 1 1 1 Awareness yes yes yes yes yes yes yes Currently doing no no no no no no no About organic farming Discontinued Willingness to adopt yes yes yes yes yes yes yes Use of cow dung from livestock Manure Cooking yes yes yes yes yes yes yes yes yes yes yes yes yes yes

8 Hansraj 9 Moolchand 10 Jamna Prasad Jatav 11 Raja Ram 12 Adwesh Sen

1.6 2 2.4 0.6 2

1 Tubewell 1 1 Cows 2 Tubewell Tubewell 1 1

yes yes yes yes yes

no no no no no yes

yes yes yes yes yes

yes yes yes yes yes

yes yes yes yes yes

13 Hari Prasad

1.2

Tubewell

yes

no

yes

no

yes

Marginal Small Small-Medium Medium Large

3 4 4 2 0

11

13

13

12

13

S. No. CODE NAME CODE1 Current Practices Negative effects of 1.3 Chemical Fertilisers

Chemicals must be minimised as they harm the soil Land has become hardened

11 12

CODE 2 Organic farming Actual/Percieved 2.1 Benefits

Recognise benefits such as better taste, fragrance and health of the product. Organic manure is very beneficial for health of soil and land

11 11

2.2 Problems

2.3 Possible solutions

CODE 3 Livestock

Decrease in livestock with the households has made it difficult to produce organic manure 10 There is not sufficient space for producing organic manure in sufficient quantity 9 Decrease in livestock with the households has made it difficult to produce organic manure 7 Yield is lesser with adoption of organic manure only, thus leading to lesser income 11 Unable to switch to organic farming without external support 4 Quantity of organic manure required per acre is huge as compared to chemical fertilisers. 11 If farmers are able to derive benefits similar to chemical fertilisers from organic manure, they are willing to shift If sufficient quantity of organic fertilizers is provided to farmers for agriculture, they will adopt it Technical support and guidance is needed There is a decrease of space in the village to keep the animals There is a decrease in number of animals being reared by households due to rise in costs of maintenance The need to rear animals has reduced with mechanisation

7 7 8 12 9

Other problems faced CODE 4 at present 4.1 Water Water is scarce Vegetables cannot be grown due to scarcity of water 13 9

4.2 Electricity Electricity is made available at night for 8 hours for fields 4.3 Miscellaneous 10

CODE 5 Lake Lake has more disadvantages that advantages Land prices have fallen with declaration of catchment area 11 8

LAKHAPUR

Households:70 Cropping pattern Type of crops Rabi/Kharif/Zaid Name 2 Rabi Wheat, Chana Kharif Soya 2 Rabi Wheat Zaid Vegetables 2 Rabi Wheat Kharif Soya 2 Rabi Wheat Kharif Soya 1 Rabi Wheat 2 Rabi Wheat Kharif Soya 1 Rabi Wheat 1 Rabi Wheat General Information Livestock Irrigation Machines owned Machines rented Alternative employment Type Count Tractor Harvester Thresher Tractor Harvester Thresher Cows 4 1 no Cows Cows Cows 2 4 3 0 3 0 6 4 1 0 0 1 1 1 no no no no no 1 1 6 0 0 no no 0 About organic farming Discontinued Willingness to adopt no no no yes no yes yes yes 0 0 4 Use of cow dung from livestock Manure Cooking yes yes no yes yes no yes no yes 5 yes yes yes yes yes yes yes 8

No. Of crops S. No. Respondent Name 1 Bhagwan Singh 2 Mohan Singh 3 Rahul Rajat 4 Mukesh 5 Nadilal 6 Geeta Prasad 7 Nandlal Meena 8 Kailash Marginal Small Small-Medium Medium Large CODE1Current Practices Negative effects of 1.3 Chemical Fertilisers Landholding (ha) 12 3.2 0.4 1.2 0.8 4.4 2 1.6 2 2 2 1 1

Awareness yes no no yes no yes yes yes 5

Currently doing no no no no no no no no

Other information

Cows

Cows Buffaloes

Land is getting hardened

CODE 2 Organic farming Actual/Percieved 2.1 Benefits

Recognise benefits such as better taste, fragrance and health of the product. Organic manure is very beneficial for health of soil and land

5 5

2.2 Problems

2.3 Possible solutions CODE 3 Livestock

Yield goes lower with adoption of organic fertilisers 8 The farmers are already facing financial crisis, adoption of organic farming will escalate the situation Quantity of organic manure required per acre is huge as compared to chemical fertilisers. If farmers are able to derive benefits similar to chemical fertilisers from organic manure, they are willing to shift There is a decrease in number of animals being reared by households, since the cost of rearing animals is high The need to rear animals has reduced with mechanisation

5 5 4 7 6

Other problems faced CODE 4 at present 4.1 Water Water is scarce 8 Vegetables cannot be grown due to scarcity of water Agricultural produce is negatively affected due to lesser availability of water

7 6

4.2 Electricity 4.3 Miscellaneous

Electricity is available at night for 8 hours

8 7 5

Irregular availability of fertilisers in society. Private shops take advantage of this situation and sell the fertilisers at a higher rate. The prices are low when compared to the cost of agriculture (loss making)

Respondent Type Marginal Small Small-Medium Medium Large Total Content Analysis: Consolidated CODE 1: Current practices 1.2: Negative effects of fertilisers Land is getting hardened Land is now dependent on chemical fertilisers for a good crop

Machines owned Machines rented Alternative employment Total Tractor Harvester Thresher Tractor Harvester Thresher 16 22 1 0 80 31 13 26 34 24 13 113

Awareness 16 94

Currently doing 5

About organic farming Discontinued Willingness to adopt 6 83

Use of cow dung from livestock Manure 75

42 48

71 65

CODE 2: Organic Farming 2.1 Actual/Perceived Benefit No. Of responses Non response Agricultural products grown using organic fertilisers are better in taste and fragrance 74 39 Agricultural products grown using organic fertilisers are more healthier 74 39 Organic fertilisers are beneficial for maintaining health of soil and land fertility 75 38 Cow dung once applied gives benefits till 3-4 years. 26 87 Organic manure is analogous to ayurvedic medicine, which may take 2 time to give results but does not harm the natural system. Perceive organic farming beneficial without using it Cow dung used as manure leads to 25% less consumption of chemical fertilisers 1.2 Problems No benefit from organic farming to farmers Yield is lesser with adoption of organic manure only, thus leading to lesser income Quantity of organic manure required per acre is huge as compared to chemical fertilisers. It takes at least 4 years for the soil to be able to give average yield with organic fertilisers. People have never used organic manure and are unaware of the results. There is a reluctance to adopt organic farming practices without sufficient evidence of favourable results. Organic fertilisers are not easily available as compared to chemical fertilisers More time is required for preparation of organic fertilisers Making organic fertilisers requires too much effort and cost on the part of farmers It gives slow results Unable to switch to organic farming without external support Decrease in livestock with the households has made it difficult to produce organic manure There is not sufficient space for producing organic manure in sufficient quantity 1.3 Possible solutions If farmers are able to derive benefits similar to chemical fertilisers from organic manure, they are willing to shift Organic farming practices can only be introduced in a phased manner. (mix of both, chemical and organic fertilisers must be used) Technical guidance is needed to adopt organic agricultural practices effectively Prices of such organic products should be kept higher than other products grown using chemical fertilisers to mitigate the losses of farmers due to lesser yield (market creation) Everyone should adopt organic farming for it to be effective If sufficient quantity of organic fertilizers is made available to farmers for agriculture, they will adopt it CODE 3: Livestock There has been a decrease in number of animals reared by households. The primary reason behind this trend is the cost involved in maintenance of animals. The need to rear animals has decreased because of increased mechanisation Forest cover has gone down, so has the area for grazing of animals There is a decrease of space in the village to keep the animals 5 3 111 108 110

6 80 65 14

107 33 48 99

15 57 43 28 7 11 31

98 56 70 85 106 102 82

23 90

14 99 13 100 35 17 78

11 7

96 102 106

80 76 40 7 13

33 37 73 106 100

CODE 4: Other problems faced 4.1 Water Agricultural produce is negatively affected due to lesser availability of water River water is used only by those who have their fields nearby Water is scarce Very few sources of irrigation are functional In Khajuri, water is abundant in the part of the village lying left to the road owing to proximity to khajuri talaab which recharges during rains In Barkhedi kalan village, water is made available once in 4 days Wells recharge themselves during rainy season and dry up till the month of January Tubewells dry up till April Water for fields is bought from neighbouring fields in absence of tubewells People use tankers to store water Growing vegetables is now discontinued by many because of scarcity of water Yield for soya went down because of less availability of water.

12 101 4 93 23 1 109 20 90

2 19 9 4 4 43 6

112 111 94 104 109 109 70 107

4.2 Electricity Electricity for fields is available for 8 hours only at night. Electricity supply is irregular The fields are not safe at night because of snakes and poisonous insects. Few farmers have died as well because electricity was available only at night. 4.3 Miscellaneous No timely availability of chemical fertilisers at society Private shops take advantage of irregularity and sell fertilisers at a higher rate Agricultural land is being sold to pay off loans Untimely rain damaged the wheat crop this season. The costs of agriculture are borne in full, but returns do not match the costs (agriculture is a loss making occupation) Earlier, savings were made from soya crop. These days diseases have increased in soya crop leading to shrinking net earnings from soya.

75 22 5

38 91

108

54 52 16 6 25 5

59 61 97 107 88

108

CODE 5: Lake No benefit is there from the lake Land prices are have fallen with demarcation as catchment area. No access to lake water Lake is related to the replenishment of bores and wells Fields being near to lake are sometimes prone to submergence which destroys the crop Tree cover near the lake does not let sunlight reach certain parts of the fields. Trees are of no value and use to the people. Lake has more disadvantages that advantages

56 37 12 1 9 2 2 20

57 76 101 112 104 111 111 93

WILLINGNESS Village Mugalia Chhap Intkhedi Khajuri Neelbad Sikandrabad Nandni Korya Bishenkhedi Beelkheda Sevania Gora Barkhedi Kalan Barkheda Nathu Lakhapur

Percentage 78.6 75.0 66.7 40.0 75.0 83.3 100.0 40.0 80.0 0.0 80.0 66.7 100.0 62.5