Strategies/Methods/Techniques of Teaching

A. The type study method - It is an inductive procedure except that only one case is studied. A typical
case is taken for detailed examination. It aims to study a typical case thoroughly and in detail so as to make the concept gathered as basis for comparison in studying similar cases and to organize into a coherent whole all necessary and related details. B.

The field study is an educational technique, which makes the educational process more active, helps
the students to work in real situations and to develop skills, competencies, and positive attitudes through activation of their existing ones. Nevertheless, implementation of this technique requires very good planning and enough time. One of the outdoor education methods (Hammerman 1980, McRae 1990, Priest 1993, Hammerman, Hammerman and Hammerman, 2000), which, according to Watts (Papadimitriou 2002) are rooted in fields such as philosophy, epistemology and naturalism. Many educationists such as Pestalozzi, Froebel, Dewey, etc have been influenced by these fields and applied many of the ideas expressed therein in their teaching practice. Since the end of the 19th century important educational movements have been developed in various countries focusing on the environment (the natural, in particular) as a learning field.

C. Panel Discussion - is designed to provide an opportunity for a group to hear several people knowledgeable about a specific issue or topic present information and discuss personal views. A panel discussion may help the audience further clarify and evaluate their positions regarding specific issues or topics being discussed and increase their understanding of the positions of others. D. Symposium - a meeting or conference for discussion of a topic, especially one in which the participants
form an audience and make presentations. E. Time line - If the topic has definite beginning and ending points, and a number of divisions or sequences in between, use a continuum/timeline. Example: Displaying milestones in a person's life F. Group dynamics - is a group of behaviors and and way of thinking that occurs within a social group between social groups. The study of group dynamics can be useful in understanding decision-making behavior of groups and is useful in studies of psychology, sociology, political science, and other fields. G. Mentoring - is a powerful personal development and empowerment tool. It is an effective way of helping people to progress in their careers and is becoming increasing popular as its potential is realized. It is a partnership between two people (mentor and mentee) normally working in a similar field or sharing similar experiences. It is a helpful relationship based upon mutual trust and respect. H. Reciprocal teaching refers to an instructional activity in which students become the teacher in small group reading sessions. Teachers model, then help students learn to guide group discussions using four strategies: summarizing, question generating, clarifying, and predicting. Once students have learned the strategies, they take turns assuming the role of teacher in leading a dialogue about what has been read. I. Computer-aided instruction (CAI) includes the use of computers to teach academic skills and to promote communication and language development and skills. It includes computer modeling and computer tutors. J. The ReQuest (Reciprocal Questioning) procedure is designed to encourage students to: a) formulate their own questions about the material they are reading and develop questioning behavior; b) adopt an active, inquiring attitude to reading; c) acquire reasonable purposes for reading; and, d) improve their independent reading comprehension skills. While teacher questioning and purpose setting are important to reading comprehension, of greater importance is the development of the students' abilities to ask their own questions and to set their own purposes for reading. These skills facilitate the students' acquisition of an active, inquiring attitude and their ability to examine alternatives and to originate information. These things are essential if students are to transfer problem-solving involvement to different contexts. ReQuest is suitable for use with students at levels ranging from kindergarten to college. Although it was originally devised for use on a one-to-one basis, it can also work with groups of up to approximately eight persons.

K. A unit method is where the teacher picks a topic and covers it in all the related subjects. Let's say we are learning about the Pioneers. I would have a reading story about pioneers, I might calculate the distance between the East to the West coast in math, in history we would read first hand accounts of the pioneers and do maps, science could cover the habitats of the Buffalo and the environment. This whole process could take a week or more, but when done the students would have a fully rounded view of the time. L. Philips 66 - a spontaneous method where six people express their opinions for six minutes M. Team Teaching - a way of bringing new ideas and people into the classroom. Similar to guest speakers,
but the speaker is involved in the class for more than one session. It is used when two or more facilitators can effectively combine their interests and areas of expertise, and share the class time and work.

N. Metaphor is an attempt to understand one element of experience in terms of another. The metaphor technique allows the participants to find fresh ways of seeing, understanding, and shaping the situations that they want to organize and manage. This technique is helpful for those looking to generate a wide range of complementary and competing insights and learning to build strengths of different points of view. Metaphor should be used when participants are looking to tap different dimensions of a situation and show how different qualities can coexist. Metaphor generates important insights and creates an opportunity to stretch the imagination and to see problems in distinctive yet individual ways. O. Flip chart - is a stationery item consisting of a pad of large paper sheets. It is typically fixed to the upper edge of a whiteboard, typically supported on a tripod or four-legged easel. Such charts are commonly used for presentations. The flip chart is thought to have been invented by Peter Kent who built one to help him in a presentation. P. Sequence chain - used to organize sequential information in the order in which it happens. Q. Anecdotal Record - a factual written record of a person's conduct, based on succinct, spontaneous, and descriptive observations made by an onlooker. This constitutes the person's view of an individual - as opposed to specific assessments R. Open forum can refer to several things, depending on who is speaking and what the context is. All of these meanings, however, imply the open exchange of ideas and information, usually to better the common good. The word forum comes directly from the Latin. In Roman times, the forum was an open marketplace where people could make purchases, have discussions with other citizens, and try to reach agreement on matters of public interest.

GRAPHIC ORGANIZERS

Graphic organizers (some of which are also called concept maps, entity relationship charts, and mind maps) are a pictorial way of constructing knowledge and organizing information. They help the student convert and compress a lot of seemingly disjointed information into a structured, simple-to-read, graphic display. The resulting visual display conveys complex information in a simple-to-understand manner. Uses of Graphic Organizers: Graphic organizers can be used to structure writing projects, to help in problem solving, decision making, studying, planning research and brainstorming.
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Story Maps are used for teaching students to work with story structure for better comprehension. This technique uses visual representations to help students organize important elements of a story. Students learn to summarize the main ideas, characters, setting, and plot of an assigned reading. Double cell diagram (two level comparison diagram) comparison of two things: similarities and differences

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Spider Map (sometimes called a semantic map) is a type of graphic organizer that is used to
investigate and enumerate various aspects of a single theme or topic, helping the student to organize their thoughts. It looks a bit like a spider's web, hence its name.The process of creating a spider diagram helps the student focus on the topic, requires the student to review what they already know in order to organize that knowledge, and helps the student to monitor their growing comprehension of the topic. It also helps point out the areas where the student must investigate more (where the web is hard to fill out).If the topic at hand involves investigating attributes associated with a single topic, and then obtaining more details on each of these ideas, use a spider diagram as your graphic organizer. The spider diagram is like a star graphic organizer with another level of detail. Star Diagram - If the topic involves investigating attributes associated with a single topic, use a star diagram as your graphic organizer. Example: Finding methods that help your study skills (like taking notes, reading, doing homework, memorizing, etc.).

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Chronological chart - are used for a variety of purposes that involve the arrangement of events in the form of a time-line. They are used to display historical events and map dates of a time period in the order of their occurrence. They are also useful for designing a project schedule with task start and task completion dates.