Unit 3 Social and Mental Health Mental and Emotional Health What is Mental and Emotional Health?

- Health consists of a person's emotions, social skills, and mental state - Emotions & thinking affected by physical condition, vice versa -> physical health altered by emotional & mental state - Mental health -> person's thoughts - Emotional health -> feelings - think and feel -> decides behavior - physical well being, chemical imbalances, physical traits of brain, drugs, can all affect mental health Mental Health Issues: - chemical imbalances & physical traits of brain affect mental health - such issues should be handled w/medical attention and professionals - harder to diagnose a mental disorder than a physical one Schizophrenia: - a disorder where people have confused depth of reality - often have hallucinations & delusions -> causes anxiety - reality & fantasy -> mixed up - not same as split personality disorder (often mistaken) Manic Depression: - dramatic, extreme mood swings in short periods of time - also called bipolar disorder - sometimes experience same spectrum of emotions as those w/out disorder Depression & Anxiety: - depression -> people who feel continually gloomy & pessimistic - also can have lack of sleep or appetite, irritability, & low energy - anxiety disorder -> so nervous- cant get anything done - sometimes sad & anxious at same time - when felt for long time & overtake life -> mental health affected Obsessive Compulsive Disorder: - suffer from repeated & unwanted thoughts - repetitive behaviors to try and rid of these thoughts Personality Disorder: - trouble w/relating to others or being normal in society - have a temper & also have symptoms of manic depression - aka adjustment disorder (depression or anxiety in response to a stressful situation) - passive-aggressive (social interaction based on disguised anger), sociopathic (very inappropriate behavior, not aware of right from wrong), & psychopathic used to describe this - criminals often associated w/this Phobias: - great fear of anything -> phobia - arachnophobia -> fear of spiders - agoraphobia -> fear of open spaces - claustrophobia -> fear of closed spaces - from Greek language roots Drug & Brain Disease: - drugs & physical disease of brain cause mental disorders - alcohol & other drugs can cause dementia - physical diseases (infections, tumors: a lump, or abnormal growth in body, Parkinsons: brain disease that causes stiffness, shaking and - & Alzheimers: form of dementia) can affect mental work Treatments: - medicines and group or individual therapy Use Your Mind:

- using mind often can prevent mental disorders when older - Albert Einstein -> only use 2% of brains Social Health: What is Social Health? - social health -> ones ability to relate to & connect with people - some prefer big groups, while others prefer smaller ones - persons social health can be immediately related to physical & emotional health - factors that influence social health include environmental conditions (allergies, poisoning form chemical contamination) or bodily illnesses (cancer, common cold) - chemical imbalances in brain or serious head injuries -> impact on persons social health since it affects personality - listening, taking an interest, having good manners, and being friendly ALL show respect to others Importance of Social Health: - social health -> critical for civilized society - people in groups should communicate in a way that helps growth & success Your Personality: - personality -> culmination of one's mental, emotional, physical and social characteristics - your personality can assist in studying your social health - loud or quiet -> effective impact on others - communication skills shows others respect - socially healthy person -> respects others & responds - being soft-spoken, compassionate, thoughtful, & disrespectful are all personality characteristics Listening: - different from hearing - can hear & talk at same time, but cant listen & talk - listening -> concentrating mind on what your ears are hearing - listening shows respect Communicating: - not just talking & writing, sharing thoughts/concepts - think before you say - through communication you can become familiar w/others - as important as listening Friendliness: - not hard- requires thought & consideration of another - smiling, shaking someones hand, saying hello - to have friends, one must be friendly Sharing Interests: - when you show attention in things that others enjoy, you show that you are interested in them - sharing interests builds relationships Manners: - people who watch your etiquette can pre-decide a lot about you - good manners show consideration & respect - manners can prevent spread of infectious diseases (colds, influenza) - manners commonly accepted in social behavior - covering nose or mouth when sneezing or coughing -> stops germs from spreading Learning & Making Choices Learning: - w/all resources today, most people can continue learning and education - when you learn things, you should filter with discernment (capability to judge info & decide its truth) - good learners are inquisitive- more inquisitive -> more successful - info from TV and internet are questionable- so check for reliability Making Right Choices: - as you grow up, you will make choices that will affect rest of life - guide for decision making: - decide the consequences of decision - look at all potential outcomes of decision

- ask for advice - decide - claim responsibility to your actions - every choice you make has a consequence (positive or negative) Handling Emotions: - emotions -> significant forces in our lives - happiness, sadness, & anger -> common emotions in everyday life - emotions can override & decide our actions & behavior - critical we control emotions to avoid hurting others (with age this becomes easier) - despite age, we still should make sure our emotions do not control us by doing even thinking of our feelings and situation - anger -> secondary emotion- mostly caused by hurt - need compassion and understanding, even when it does not appear that way - when apologizing if angering someone- you take responsibility - emotional health -> capability of using are emotions helpfully vs letting them control us Time Management: - emotional stress can be from bad time management - remember to: set goals, concentrate on critical tasks, stay on top of priorities, & understand that it is ok to say no to some things - you should spend time preparing your schedule every week, leave empty slots Emotional Disorders: - people who have emotional disorders and arent treated can harm themselves or others - get help from trusted adults, parents, & professionals - chemical imbalances & mental disorders cause extreme emotions Friends: - Easy to realize the bad influence of a friend & most think that they can change that person- but usually unlikely - Easier to be pulled down by others than it is to pull them up - Friends have a big effect on -> your thoughts and behavior Peer Pressure: - Peer pressure -> influence that your friends, and other people your age, exert upon you - Can be negative, but not necessarily - weigh the pressure from you friends with you own belief system and concept of right and wrong - if you fight negative pressure, you can earn respect of friends - Peer pressure -> major reason teens take drugs, drink alcohol, smoke cigarettes, and participate in other dangerous activities - Social acceptance -> very strong in teens even if it requires risks - Remember to respect yourself Cliques: - friendship can unhealthy -> group of friends becomes so close that they dont allow others in - clique -> small group of friends that will ignore others, concentrating only on themselves that excludes others - interests become narrow and the only people that are important to you are members of your clique - Individuals that are socially healthy arent in cliques since they like to have different friends and interests cant reach out Prejudices: - prejudice -> characterize someone's thoughts and actions before you know them & not based on fact lots of people are prejudice for other kinds of people since they think they are superior (moral, financial, cultural, or intellectual) - accept a variety of people & learn from their differences Family Compassion: - love and compassion are powerful virtues that show respect for others & ourselves - show how much you value someone by being a friend or a supporter - give them the compassion they need at a specific moment, and loving them consistently - Important for keeping up a relationship - Compassion more than just sympathy- not just feeling or emotion, it is an action - Put yourself in anothers shoes -> beginning of compassion

- Selflessness -> choice of putting someone elses interests in front of yours - Love shown by putting others concerns and priorities before own - Being friendly to others, having good manners, and listening when others are speaking -> show love - Social skills more than acceptable manner -> show love and respect for others - Easy to be open and caring w/friends, not so much family - parents or siblings -> know us the best, w/us most & can hurt us most - b/c of this reason it is more difficult to show total love to those in our family than friends Your Parents: - parents duty is to discipline (use of rules and punishment to control behavior) you - Listening to your parents, speaking kindly to them, obeying their rules and seeking their advice -> ways that you show respect to your parents - Parents very useful w/knowledge when you transition into a young adult - Parents are not flawless, but even if you think they are wrong, important to treat them respectfully Your Siblings: - requires love to overlook someone's faults, and an understanding that you are not perfect either - siblings usually forget to love & fights, bickering and arguments happen while people's feelings are hurt - cannot control how your brother or your sister acts, but you can regulate your behavior and reactions - Even when you have been wronged in some way, try to respond with love and respect Personal Hygiene: - someone who is dirty can appear as though they dont care about the comfort of others or dont have the means to do so - washing hands -> stops spread of harmful bacteria (disease, infection) - brushing & flossing teeth -> stops tooth decay & gum disease Skin: - skin -> largest organ in body - skin shows physical & emotional condition - eat unhealthily -> pimples, stress -> rash - age & exposure to environmental conditions -> affect how skin feels, functions, looks - good skincare -> good eating habits, emotional stability, & proper hygiene Structure: - outer layer -> epidermis - frontline defense against disease & infection - flat cells & when die, they do not detach from body right away and instead make a protective coating to retain moisture - cells in here also make melanin (skin color) & keratin (protein substance required for healthy skin) - inside layer -> dermis - connective tissue & other structures (hair follicles, blood vessels, sweat glands, and sebaceous glands) - sebaceous glands -> produce oily substance called sebum - sebum -> skins natural lubricant made of fats and waxes - sebum makes skin smooth & supple, also defends skin from bacteria & fungi Skin Care: - acne from sebum, bacteria, or dirt being stuck in follicle or pore - unable to be freed, sebum forms a plug that permits bacteria to multiply -> infection -> skin inflamed & very sensitive - keeping face clean -> easiest way of prevention & treatment - washing face twice a day w/soap & water -> frees skin of extra oil & dirt - lotion or cosmetic products should be oil-free - hair or other oil carrying materials -> cleared from face - do not pick or squeeze a pimple -> prolongs, scars - bacteria causes body odor - body odor happens when sweat sits on skin & causes decomposition (decay) of bacteria - to prevent -> wash body everyday, use deodorants & antiperspirants that will stop mix of sweat & bacteria Hair: - hair -> indicates health - consuming good diet w/nutrients -> healthy hair - head of average person has -> 300, 000 strands of hair

- everyday 100 strands fall out - every strand lost is replaced w/one that grows in its place every 3 years Structure: - made of dead cells & keratin - bulb at end of each hair strand that is embedded in a pore in skin called a hair follicle - root gives bulb keratin that grows hair strand - each strand has a cortex (fibers around medulla), medulla (soft core), & cuticle (outside layer) - hair color decided by melanin made at base of follicle - 2 types of melanin -> red (red or auburn) or black (blonde to black hair) - shape of follicle determine whether hair -> curly (curved follicle) or straight (straight follicle) - how curly or straight hair is -> depends on curvature of follicle Hair Care: - food (meat, eggs, and dairy products) give body protein and Vitamin A -> healthy hair - good hygiene -> hair healthy appearance, brushing & washing hair -> shine - Avoid overexposure to sun, wind, chlorinated water, extended use of hot (HEAT) curling irons and rollers, and harsh shampoos -> hair dry and brittle Nails: - made of mostly keratin (shield to dangerous chemical & physical agents) - also need good nutrition & hygiene Structure: - 3 parts -> free edge (part of nail plate that extends beyond nail bed), nail plate (protects skin at tip of finger and bone underneath), & nail matrix (root of nail keratinized cells grow form here- making nail plate) - lunula -> base of nail, half moon shape & covered by thin skin called cuticle - cuticle -> shields nail matrix from harmful substances Nail Care: - dirt or grease under nail can carry harmful bacteria that might enter system when rubbing nose or eyes - trim nails once a week, toenails once every 2 weeks - leave 1/16th of an inch of free edge to stop ingrown nails - hangnails from bad nutrition or overexposure to elements - to prevent hangnails: trim nails once a week, drink water, use lotion around cuticle & cleaning nails daily Teeth and Mouth: - oral hygiene -> keeping mouth & teeth clean/healthy - everyday habits that make sure you stop tooth decay & gum disease Structure: - tooth has 3 parts -> crown, neck & root - crown -> top part of tooth that goes above gum & covered w/enamel - enamel -> hardest substance in body - neck connects crown & root - root stabilizes tooth & is covered by cementum (bone-like substance) - periodontal ligament -> holds onto cementum, fixing tooth firmly & comfortably in jaw - inside tooth -> layer of dentin - underneath dentin -> blood vessels & nerves called pulp - blood vessels -> give nutrients to tooth - nerves -> sense activity on surface of tooth - feel movements of tongue so you can speak accurately - first set of (20) teeth -> primary teeth (baby teeth) form at 6 months - infants teethe until 3 years - at 6, primary teeth replaced w/ (32) permanent teeth into adulthood Oral Hygiene: - cavities -> most clear sign of poor hygiene - tooth decay starts when plaque sits on surface - plaque -> film like substance formed from the acid from food sugars & bacteria - plaque is like an acid that eats away at surface of crown until it gets to pulp - pain from cavity is from direct exposure of nerve to food or other substances - plaque also causes periodontal disease which deconstructs gums & ligaments that surround teeth - first sign of this disease -> inflammation in gums/ can eventually lead to loss of tooth

brush & floss twice a day to avoid plaque build up, dentists say brush & floss after every meal floss removes plaque just underneath gum line good hygiene also reduces halitosis (bad breath) which is typically caused by smoking, drinking, eating smelly foods, or illness Eyes and Ears Eyes: - an eye converts an image into electrical impulses that can be understood by brain Structure: - eyes are delicate organs - outer part of eye -> sclera, cornea, iris, & pupil - sclera -> white outer part of eyeball - cornea -> clear outer layer that acts as lens - iris -> colored part of eye - pupil -> opening in center of the iris that allows light to enter eye (managed by involuntary muscles of iris to protect eye from potentially harmful light) - inside eye -> crystalline lens, ciliary body, & retina - crystalline lens -> works w/cornea to focus on an image - ciliary body -> collection of muscles that allow lens to focus - retina -> nerve tissue at back of eye that gets the image that has been formed by the cornea, the pupil, and the crystalline lens - retina translates the image into electrochemical signals and sends to brain - orbit -> socket in skull where eyeball rests, has fat to cushion eyeball - 6 separate muscles control movement of eye - conjunctiva (inner lining of eyelids that has many glands that release oil & tears) -> membrane that allows easy movement for eye - eyelids help release oils & tears - blinking keeps eye moist & clears debris Eye Care: - eating foods w/Vitamin A -> good for eyes - avoid doing things that give eyes strain to prevent premature deterioration - sit no closer than 8 ft away from TV - read w/good light - take breaks when on computer - sunglasses protect eyes from a damaged retina -> partial blindness - nearsightedness -> see close objects better than further away - farsightedness -> see objects in distance better than ones up close - fixed by glasses & contacts - distance from cornea to retina either too short or too long for image to be focused clearly - eyes are very susceptible to invasion of harmful bacteria Ears: - like eye, ear is sense organ - translates info about environment into electrochemical signals that are sent to brain Structure: - 3 parts -> inner ear, middle ear, & outer ear (pinna & ear canal) - pinna -> made of skin & cartilage & made to accept sound waves - ear canal -> leads sound captured by pinna to eardrum - adults -> ear canal is 1 inch long - lined w/skin & tiny hairs that shield middle & inner ear from dust & other things - eardrum separates outer ear from middle ear - eardrum -> thin membrane very sensitive to changes in air pressure from sound IN MIDDLE EAR - when this vibrates -> moves a set of ossicles (small bones) - ossicles -> send sound waves from eardrum to inner ear - inner ear -> most complicated structure of ear & made of cochlea & semicircular canals - cochlea (shaped like a snail, lined w/hair cells) -> accepts the transfer of sound waves from ossicles & translates into electrochemical impulses that are transferred to brain - semicircular canals -> deal with bodys balance, have fluid & hair cells that interpret changes in bodys position

Ear Care: - wax is ears way of protecting ear from infection & dirt in ear canal - wax traps dirt & keeps it away from eardrum, but can build up (bad for hearing) - wax usually falls out naturally - earaches from a sinus infection or another malady (illness or disorder of body) affecting throat or mouth - pain from infection in middle of ear - ear infections can cause loss of balance & put pressure on eardrum - sometimes pressure can cause eardrum to rupture -> temporary loss of hearing - ear infections also from bacterial infection of ear canal causes swimmers ear - loud noises can damage tiny hair cells in cochlea that cant be replaced - remove wax: by professional, commercial ear cleaning solution or ear drops (NO COTTON SWABS) Unit 4: Preventative Healthcare & First Aid Safety Our Responsibility: - when one person is unsafe, it can affect others What is Safety? - safety -> freedom from occurrences of accidents - frees us from threat of accidents What is an Accident? - accident -> unexpected event that typically ends in injury or loss How to Prevent an Accident: - when people are careless or reckless -> accidents happen - cure for wild behavior is true concern for the wellbeing of others - starts w/considering consequences and risks of actions - leading cause of accidental teenage deaths -> careless behavior - first step in prevention of injury -> consider risks - second step -> responsible behavior - this behavior should be reliant upon knowledge of rules of safety & will to protect others and self - instigated by respect for yourself & others - lots of accidents can be avoided by use of common sense & responsible behavior - getting prepared for natural disasters (calamities) can lessen its effect and is crucial in accident prevention Home Safety: - 3.4 million accidents w/serious injury happen at home Kitchen: - kitchen -> most dangerous place in house b/c of appliances & objects - boiling pots & pans should be watched carefully - oven & stove (often used) pose as threats b/c contents can boil over heating element while not looking & can cause a fire - move or transport pots and pans w/potholders or mitts to reduce burns - do not leave handles over edge- kids can grab handles and spill hot contents on them - wear shirts that do not have loose sleeves (get caught on handle, catch fire in a flame) - turn off stove or oven when done cooking - small appliances (blenders, toasters, coffee makers, & can openers) keep away from edge of counter & manufactures directions should be applied - blenders & pressure cookers not overloaded & should be turned off and unplugged once done - sharp objects (knives, scissors) when used should have sharp edge away from body- often cause of minor cuts - knives held point down, cut away from body- holding food steadily w/fingers bent downward - store perishable items correctly -> could spoil -> food poisoning - store perishable items in refrigerator (only 4-5 days), but cold, perishable items could become a hazard - raw meat -> stored in freezer in an air tight container & on bottom shelf so it doesnt contaminate other food items - clean up spills right away, leading cause of falls - every kitchen should have a smoke detector & fire extinguisher - if a grease spill on stove or oven causes a fire, use a fire extinguisher or throw a handful of baking soda on fire source, shutting oven door also works b/c no air will suffocate fire Garage: - it is important to know how to use & store equipment

workbenches & floors neat tools shouldnt hang over edge of a workbench or shelf for kids to reach nails, screws, & other sharp things kept in a container rags soaked w/gasoline or turpentine should be in a fireproof container away from sparks or heat wear eye protection when working w/wood, metal, or harsh chemicals AND CUTTING GRASS protective glasses or goggles shield eyes from splinters, metal shavings, & other debris, fumes & nails that could lodge into eye - flammable items (newspaper, oil rags, clothes, gasoline, pain thinner, fertilizer, insecticides, & paint) should be stored in a fireproof container w/no heat nearby - poisons should be stored in a place kids cant reach b/c touching, breathing, eating, or drinking them can have deadly affects - when using poisons protect your skin, eyes, & lungs - carbon monoxide -> poisonous fume that is emitted when fuel burns that is colorless & odorless - keep garages well ventilated b/c of this - space heaters can start a fire if knocked over - space heaters should not be left unattended, should kept away from walkways, & can be a fire hazard - lawn equipment should be cleaned once turned off & cooled down - check garage door sensors periodically - store poisons out of reach of children & in a locked cabinet Home Safety II Living Room: - display keepsakes should be kept out of reach of children & away from edge of a shelf - small trinkets should be picked up right away b/c of kids - many plants are harmful & should be kept out of the way of pets and kids - hardwood floors -> nonslip rugs - carpets should be low-pile b/c they do not catch on walking aids or shoes (vs high-pile) - replace a torn or stretch carpet immediately b/c people can trip - carpets should not cover electrical cords -> fire if cord is frayed - electrical chords should be plugged into nearest outlet -> prevents tripping - do not overflow an outlet - keep the cords of an outlet nontangled & along edge of wall- out of kids ways - block unused outlets -> children poke fingers in it -> electrocuted - cabinets w/weapons should always be locked & only removed by an adult - treat all guns as if loaded - fireplace should have a screen or it could catch rug on fire, cant leave room unless screen in place - chimney, flue, & hearth should be ash and debris free (do not allow to sit) - Keep smoldering pieces of wood away from the edge - use the flue according to the manufacturer's directions - Do not light a fire with gasoline or other flammable chemicals - have fire extinguisher nearby in case of emergencies - those who smoke should deposit ash in an ashtray (kept clean & out reach of kids) - empty ashes in a flameproof container & dont ever smoke in bed Dining Room: - speaking w/mouth full could lead to choking - infants & kids should have food cut into pieces to prevent choking - children should use dull edged utensils - put young kids in a high chair but do not leave them unattended Bathroom: - 3 safety hazards w/ water, electricity, & medication - make bathtubs & showers have a grab bar & rubber mat, bathroom floors need non-slip rugs or mats - kids should not be left alone near a tub b/c can drown in an inch of water in minutes - toilet seats kept shut if a child in house - hot water heater should be set at 120 degrees F - do not put child in water before checking it- if water hot to touch, it is too warm - medications put in a locked cabinet away from kids (NOT in a secret hiding place) - overdosing on vitamins or medications -> fatal

take in prescribed amounts & check label for side effects each year hundreds of thousands of children & adult are poisoned Hair dryers, curling irons, electric razors, and other electrically powered appliances should not be functioned near water - Only requires a drop to cause an electrical shock or burn - Dropping an appliance in water while using -> electrocution Home Safety III Hallways & Stairways: - free of items & well lit (enough to read) - needs lights mounted on walls or ceiling - replace burnt out bulbs asap - do not go down a staircase w/out seeing steps in front of you - stairways -> sturdy handrails - steps should be covered w/carpet or a non-slip surface that fits perfectly around edges to prevent tripping Bedrooms: - floors kept clean, carpet securely fasten to floor, electrical sockets not overloaded - beds should have fire retardant blankets that protect against fires caused by smoking in bed & use of faulty electrical blankets could also be a protective covering in a house fire - beds should have a light switch nearby to avoid falls - childrens rooms need a night light (not a candle which can easily fall over & start fire- be sure to snuff them out before bed- never leave a burning candle unwatched) - bunk beds should be secure w/a guard rail & ladder (dont jump from top bunk to ground) - cribs & baby beds -> well padded & equipped w/sturdy guardrails (close enough to not allow childs head to go through or else might get stuck -> suffocation) - window latches should be checked periodically to make sure they work for an escape Yards: - before use of a lawn mower or other power equipment, clear yard of pets, people, stones & sticks (projected if hit by a rotating blade) - wear sturdy shoes, long pants, & eye protection - thorny plants & vines (poison ivy, poison oak, poison sumac, and Queen Anne's lace) should be trimmed w/gloves to prevent cuts or poisoning - never burn poisonous plants b/c it causes poisons to become airborne -> eye, nose, throat irritation - an insect bite or sting -> injection of poisonous substance into body - best to hire a professional to remove a nest b/c sometimes when removed w/out care can cause swarming or attacks - stray animals can have rabies so it is best to avoid them & call animal control - pools should always be fenced & locked - kids need adult supervision that can swim to play in pool - running around or rough play in pool -> should not occur - keep shepherd hooks, poles, life preservers, or other flotation devices nearby in case of drowning - Keep electrical equipment and cords away from the pool - Sunscreen protects skin from suns ultraviolet rays - sunburn -> mild to severe skin irritation and other bodily aliments (blisters, peeling, and dehydration) - Repeated overexposure -> skin cancer - Dont use weed killers & rodent poisons where kids play Safety Guidelines Fire Safety: - most useful way to reduce chance of house fires -> keep all flammable materials & chemicals away from flames or heat sources - dont ever use damaged equipment, these items can spark -> causing rug or something else to catch fire - cigarettes should be smoked outside & away from all flammable substances (main cause of house fires) - do not smoke while using a gas powered appliance - use lighters (easily controlled) vs matches (can easily fall & light up whatever they touch) - keep both out of reach of children & store in a dry place away from heat or flammable substances - detergents & house hold cleaners -> stay away from open flames - do not clean a gas stove while on -> detergents highly flammable (even fumes can ignite)

put in smoke detectors in every room of house (hallways too) that give you an early heads up that smoke is in air need to be checked periodically for battery replacement fire extinguishers placed around house- especially in rooms (kitchen, living room, & garage) w/heat sources or flammable materials should be checked regularly - create a fire escape plan w/multiple escape routes for every room & a meeting place should be practiced Evacuating a Burning Building: - stay low to floor (to avoid breathing in smoke) & do not open hot doors b/c it could cause a collection of flames or smoke to enter - smoke & toxic fumes just as deadly as fire - keep smoke out of rooms by covering base of door w/a blanket or towel (increase effectiveness -> dampen it w/water) - do not go back inside once you have left a burning building - if clothes on fire -> stop, drop, & roll (cover your face) Electrical Safety: - electricity provides the energy required to create heat, light, & refrigeration - each year -> thousands of people electrocuted & hundreds burned/mutilated - avoid direct contact w/electricity - electrical shock -> current from an electrical source is allowed to flow through body to ground - do not touch prongs of a plug attached to a socket & throw away electrical chords w/exposed wires or torn plugs - never touch electrical appliances w/wet hands or near water b/c it is a conductor of electricity - infants or toddles who put live electrical cords in wet mouth -> electrocution, mutilation of lips & fingers - during storm -> unplug large appliances (ie: TV) b/c nearby lightning strikes can overwork electrical circuitscausing electrical appliances to act as the currents outlet -> big damage - remember to ventilate electrical appliances (overheating -> fire) - place TV sets, computer monitors, stereos, etc. -> several inches from wall- let it cool down every once in awhile if near wall - turn off all electrical current (light switch) before replacing a light bulb -> otherwise electrical shock - do not overflow sockets, check max voltage before plugging in something - large appliances that need lots of electricity can overflow circuit -> fuse blows - decide cause of burnt fuse before fixing it fuses -> safety precaution that prevents circuits from being overloaded Personal Safety: - carry wallet in a pocket you can see - women hold purses in front of them tightly - give an attacker purse or wallet if demanded - never walk alone at night - car doors should be locked when driving - keep house doors locked - close window shades in curtains in evening & when not home -> prevent others from looking in home - never tell someone you are home alone - ask or check who is knocking on door before answering, if not recognized -> do not open door - do not let young kids answer door - do not enter a secluded place a lone women should yell to attract attention if attacked & carry a whistle Transportation Safety: - over 40 million accidental deaths -> reckless behavior on road Driver & Passenger Safety: - obey all traffic laws -> lack of complying -> leading reasons of accidents - always wear a seat belt- even front or back of car - small children -> car seat in back seat - children should sit in back until 12 before going to front b/c airbags can be deadly - never drive if you are tired, ill, or using any substance that dulls senses - regularly check vehicles (tires low for tread & slow leaks, fix burnt out lights right away) - drive defensively & never assume other drivers will comply w/law - drive slower in bad weather -> avoid slipping, more time to react - if visibility is low, pull to side of road - do not drive if tornado is near (seek shelter)

Bicycle Safety: - required to follow same traffic rules cars & trucks do - Both front and back brakes should be working, Handlebars and pedals turn easily but securely, seat should be well-padded and securely fastened at a height that is suitable for you - Never ride a bike that is too big or too small for you - Tires should be inflated to the proper pressure level, Spokes should be kept tight, Reflectors should be in a visible position in both the front and the rear - Wear a helmet b/c head trauma can result in -> brain damage, coma, amnesia, blindness, paralysis, & death - Ride on right side of road w/flow of traffic, bright clothing w/reflective strips helps as well - When there is much traffic at an intersection, push your bike across crosswalk - Learn hand signals, ride defensively Pedestrian Safety: - pedestrian -> someone who travels by foot - walk defensively by making self visible (bright clothes) - use sidewalks- when not available walk on left side of road- against traffic - cross at crosswalks or at a CORNER Water Safety Swimming Safety: - do not allow children to swim w/out adult or teen supervision at all times - do not leave poolside for any reason kids can drown very quickly - never swim alone- use the buddy system - dont swim if you feel tired, ill, or, impaired - 30 minutes after eating -> can swim = FALSE - swim when energized & rested - do not swim in dangerous water conditions, watch out for underwater obstructions, large breaking waves, & unseen currents - if swimming in lake, ocean, or river test currents before entrance w/a leaf or stick strong currents can pull you away from shore - do not swim while a storm or other dangerous condition lightning can be life threatening - unsafe diving -> head injury, paralysis, death - go in water feet first Water Safety at Home: - infant or toddles can simply drown in only a few inches of water - do not leave floating toys in pool to lure a child - in ground spas & pools need childproof fences w/a lock - childrens pools -> emptied after use Boating Safety: - do not overload a boat w/people, equipment, supplies, etc -> capsize -> sink - always wear a life jacket when on a boat keep you afloat even if unconscious- major mishap - always obey rules of boating and do not expect others to - check all mechanical & structural parts of boat regularly -> boat good condition Weather Safety & Natural Disasters: - learning how to act in inclement weather -> escape danger, remain calm, & prevent accidents Lightning: - can strike 30,000 times faster than a bullet w/enough electricity to power more than a 1,000 homes - go inside a car or building when lightning strikes - do not sit under a tree, picnic shelter, or anything not securely grounded - grounded structure -> equipped w/lightning rods or other devices that lead an electrical current safely into ground - non grounded structure -> channels electricity to objects nearby if struck - lay on ground away from water if no car or building - lightning strikes tallest object - groups attract lightning more than individuals -> scatter - do not use electrical appliances when there is lightning b/c if lightning strike when appliance is working -> be a conductor -> electrocuted if you touch it Floods & Hurricanes: - quickly get shelter far from threat of high waters

- do not travel through floodwaters during hurricane -> sweep things downstream - decide an evacuation plan ahead of time- choose roads least likely to be flooded - make an emergency supply kit in advance w/ enough food, water, & blankets for several days Tornadoes: - happens when a cold front meets a warm front -> clash -> air swirls - can lift a house from its foundation at 200 mph - get to shelter quickly go to the basement or room in center of first floor w/out windows, bathroom or under staircase - cover self w/mattress or thick blanket - do not stay in a mobile home - get out of vehicle if in one & lie in ditch if no buildings nearby do not try to out run it Cold Weather & Blizzards: - staying inside best way to prevent frostbite & hypothermia - frostbite -> skin exposed to temp below freezing (32 degrees F) - hypothermia -> bodys core temp falls below 95 degrees F -> leads to death - stock up on firewood, blankets, food, & water - if outside -> wear at least one layer of thermal undergarments under a layer of a warm sweater and pants, outer layer should consist of a waterproof or water-resistant coat and pants, warm hat should also be worn when you are outside - 20% of the body's heat is lost through the head - drink warm fluids when exposed to cold (not caffeine or alcohol -> lose fluids) - fluids help blood circulation -> stay warm - keep moving to keep blood flowing to stop hypothermia - drowsiness & listlessness -> 1st signs of hypothermia - if a blizzard & in car -> pull over and make sure in advance to stock blankets Hot Weather: - heat disorders -> rise in bodys core temp above 98.6 degrees F - onset of heat disorders (heat cramps, heat exhaustion, & heat stroke) - wear loose clothing -> lets sweat be evaporated on skin easier -> body cools itself - wear light colored clothes -> reflects suns rays -> cool - stay in cooler areas & avoid direct sunlight - drink lot of water (even if not thirsty) -> body sweats -> evaporates -> body cools - limit physical activity -> heat exhaustion First Aid: - millions of people each year hospitalized b/c of injuries - first aid is fast & ready administration of basic medical help give to victims until emergency medical care can be given - must be willing & prepared to help What is EMS? - EMS -> emergency medical services - System of local resources consisting of fire & police departments, ambulance services, medical professionals, & you - Witness to an accident is the initial link to the system of emergency resources (EMS) - Info given to EMS dispatcher to decide which professionals need to be alerted - EMS goes to site of emergency, begin emergency care, & take victim to a close medical facility - On their way, they will notify the emergency staff room w/persons condition Good Samaritan Laws: - Encourages people to offer aid w/out fear of being sued by victim - provides legal protection for rescuers & victim - ask victim for permission to administer aid - if unconscious -> law assumes permission is granted - if a child or mentally handicapped person -> ask permission of parent or guardian if there - MUST ASK VICTIM PERMISSION TO ADMINSTER AID TO A CONSCIOUS PERSON - call for help after you deduce the severity of injury - only administer aid you know & must continue it until help comes - leaving a victim makes you liable of gross or willful negligence

do not move victim unless in a dangerous area According to the Good Samaritan laws, if you are a witness to an accident, you are not legally obligated to alert emergency medical professionals What is considered an emergency? - only call 911 if: Severe abdominal pain or pressure, Head, back, or neck injuries, Loss of consciousness, Difficult or irregular breathing, Vomiting that is continuous or severe, Vomiting or passing blood in the urine or stool, Coughing up blood, Sudden vision problems, Seizure, Possible broken bones, & Desire to injure self or others - if poisoning -> call poison control center which may tell you to contact EMS - display local numbers for emergency care, the fire department, police department, and Poison Control Center near every phone When an Emergency Occurs: - most important to STAY CALM or else victim will become nervous & will allow you to properly give aid correctly - moving victim can result in paralysis - do not put any of your open wounds near the victims - wear rubber gloves - use a plastic face shield or mouthpiece when doing CPR on an infected person - do not put fingers in mouth or near eyes or nose at any time - important to wear rubber gloves or a plastic face mask: - to protect yourself and the victim from the spread of infectious diseases - to keep blood or other fluids from getting on your face or hands Evaluating the Scene: - survey scene before going to victim & mentally remember what happened, how many people involved, & what immediate actions need to be taken - if scene is dangerous, do not put self in danger & allow professionals to - check for multiple victims - if victims conscious, intro self & say you know first aid to help until medical professionals come- ask permission first Calling for Help: - after getting info on scene & victims, call EMS - if you cant leave victim, tell bystander to call do not assume someone will call - whoever calls EMS should be calm & be able to answer questions concisely - questions such as: Where the emergency is located? (ask bystanders), What is your name?, What happened?, Who is involved in the emergency?, What is the condition of the victims?, & How are they being helped? Taking Action: - in seconds, a victim can stop breathing, lose consciousness, or lose lots of blood - injuries to victims respiratory or circulatory systems should be treated first (ie: breathlessness over broken leg) - check vitals next or the A(airway)B(breathing)C(circulation)s - if mouth is closed, tilt head back & press on forehead while lifting chin - if neck or back injury -> do not move head - if person not breathing or no circulation -> CPR -> if not certified, get someone else to do it - put pressure on severe bleeding Breathing Problems: - if person dizzy or light-headed -> make person sit down to relax - breathing issues correlated to anxiety (hyperventilation) or overexertion -> solved by relaxation - breathing difficulties can be related to heart problems Choking: - if patient is choking but can still speak or breathe -> make him or her cough forcefully which dislodge object blocking airway - if victim cant dislodge -> call EMS - to free airway if victim cannot talk or breathe-> Heimlich maneuver: - 1. Stand behind the victim - 2. Make a fist with one hand, placing the thumb side just above the victim's navel. If the navel is difficult to reach, place your fist just below the sternum - 3. Wrap the other hand around the fist - 4. Thrust the fist quickly and forcefully in an inward and upward motion

- 5. If you cannot dislodge the object immediately, call EMS - 6. Continue thrusts until the object is dislodged or help arrives - If the victim becomes unconscious: - 1. Call EMS immediately - 2. Place the victim on his back and continue care - 3. Perform abdominal thrusts by placing the heel of one hand just above the navel or below the breastplate - 4. Lock hands together, heels down, and thrust toward the victim's mouth - 5. Give no more than five thrusts that depress the victim's chest more than 1-1/2 inches - 6. If the object is not dislodged after the fifth thrust, give rescue breathing Rescue Breathing: - do this victim is not breathing but has a pulse - 1) tilt head back by gently pushing on forehead & lifting chin to open airway - 2) if victim still not breathing pinch his or her nose & put your mouth over his or her mouth (if victim an infant, put mouth over nose and mouth) breathe into victims lungs twice while waiting for chest to rise & fall before doing 2nd one - 3) check for a pulse- if there is one, continue- give 1 breath every 5 seconds- count out loud (infant -> 1in 3 seconds) - 4) after 12 breaths, check victims pulse -> continue until victim breathes again or EMS arrives - if pulse stops, start CPR Cardiac Arrest and CPR: - cardiac arrest -> end of pumping of heart - number of different physical conditions can result to this (lack of blood to heart, lack of oxygen to body) - more often known as a heart attack -> blocked blood vessel leading to heart or severe internal or external bleeding Heart Attack: - most distinctive sign -> no pulse - heart attack -> death of part of heart muscle - check for these symptoms for a future heart attack: - Persistent chest pain that is not relieved by rest - Difficulty breathing or shortness of breath - Irregular pulse rate - Unhealthy skin appearance - Nausea - If someone appears to be having a heart attack: - 1) have person sit or lie down- rest relieves heart of stress - 2) loosen persons restrictive clothing - 3) call EMS quickly- do not let them persuade you against it - 4) help victim take medications - 5) watch victim closely Cardiac Arrest: - victim needs CPR (cardiopulmonary resuscitation) right away - CPR tries restart heart & lungs by pushing down on chest & putting air into victims lungs - If body does not have oxygen brain damage can occur Stroke: - stroke -> temporary lack of blood flow to brain - lack of blood flow related to clot or blockage in artery that leads to brain - symptoms of a stroke: - Numbness or paralysis of the face, arm, leg, or of one side of the body - Dizziness - Headache - Slurred speech - Difficulty breathing - Unconsciousness - Uneven or abnormal pupil size - Confusion - If someone is having a stroke, call EMS right away

Put them in a comfortable position, keep calm, & do not allow them to eat or drink (strokes affect persons ability to swallow) Wounds and Bleeding: - wounds happen when skin, muscle, organ, blood vessel, nerve, & bone tissues get injured - soft tissue wounds have 6 categories -> bruises, abrasions, cuts, avulsions, ruptures, and punctures - can lead to minor or critical external or internal bleeding, infection, nerve damage, and scarring Bruises: - bruises -> torn blood vessels under the surface of skin - depending on severity can look -> red, blue, or purple - can look & feel hard, swollen, or lumpy - cold compresses can lessen pain Abrasions: - abrasions -> accidentally scraping skin against rough surfaces - result in minor blood loss or look like bruises - wash it, disinfect it, bandage it Cuts: - 2 types -> incisions (smooth, sharp edges) & lacerations (sharp, jagged edges) - can be treated at home, but severe ones -> EMS Avulsions: - avulsion -> part of skin or muscle tissue or other part of body that is cut or torn (almost torn off from body) - minor avulsion -> hang nail - if EMS doesnt assist avulsion victims -> amputation (total separation of a body part- last resort) or dismemberment - dismemberment -> victim loses his or her body in an accident Ruptures: - ruptures in blood vessels or organs happen in accidents too can be on surface deeper in body in organs or heart Punctures: - punctures -> penetration of body by a sharp, pointed object - have minor severe bleeding, infections as well Minor External Bleeding: - main goal -> stop bleeding - to stop minor bleeding: - 1) place pressure w/a clean bandage or towel pressure helps blood cot around wound - 2) bleeding stops -> clean w/soap & water & remove anything embedded in wound- dry wound w/a clean towel and bandage (sterile) - if object was rusty or dirty -> risk of infection called tetanus (critical to keep up on tetanus immunizations) Severe External Bleeding: - bleeding needs to be stopped before too much blood lost - to treat this: - 1) call EMS - 2) put direct pressure on wound w/a bandage or towel - 3) elevate wound above level of heart to slow bleeding - 4) bandages statured -> add new ones but do not move the used ones b/c it can displace the blood clotting - 5) keep pressure until help comes Accidental Dismemberment: - keep calm & hope - to treat accident dismemberment: - 1) stop bleeding - 2) wrap body part in a clean moist towel or bandage - 3) put wrapped part in airtight plastic bag - 4) keep bag a cool container until EMS specialist comes put it in cold water works too- do not freeze - 5) call EMS or take victim & part to hospital Minor Internal Bleeding (bruises): - bruises -> from minor internal bleeding - keep area cold & elevated to reduce swelling & bleeding Severe Internal Bleeding: -

Shock: -

symptoms of this: Bleeding from body openings (mouth or rectum), Broken ribs or pelvis, Rapid pulse, Difficulty breathing, Vomiting blood, & Unhealthy-looking skin watch for victims condition while calling EMS & keep them relaxed/comfortable treat for shock

shock-> deathly condition that reduces blood flow to organs result from critical injury or illness first aid for shock -> make blood flows throughout body symptoms: Delirium, Pale, moist skin, Rapid or slow pulse, Rapid or slow breathing, & Large pupils if someone is in danger of shock: have him lie down in a comfortable position & call EMS If you do not suspect a head, neck, back, or pelvis injury, elevate the victim's feet 8-12 inches -> helps circulation If the victim is having difficulty breathing, have him sit up slightly with feet outstretched (no sitting in a chair) If the victim's skin feels cool, cover with a blanket - reduced circulation -> chilling feel skin -> monitor temp. (dont let get too hot) - If the victim is vomiting, roll him on his side -> airways clear - If victim is thirsty, do not comply -> Eating or drinking will further disturb the circulation of blood, causing the victim to reach a more dangerous level of shock Burns & other Emergencies: - 1st degree burns -> burns that only affect top layer of skin that cause redness, minor pain & swelling - 2nd degree burns (partial-thickness burns) -> injury to epidermis & dermis that produce blisters & redness much pain - 3rd degree burns (full thickness burns) -> damage to all layers of skin destruction of tissues underneath skin (ie: muscle or bone) - can be white, black, or brown - depending on damage to nerves, they can be extremely painful or painless Minor Burns: - 1) run cool water over burn or gently pat w/wet towel (ice or ice water not required) - 2) sterile bandage over burn (prevent infection) - 3) cover area w/loose clothing- avoid exposure to sun Severe Burns: - 2nd & 3rd degree burns - 1) do not run over cool water or pat w/wet towel - 2) cover w/ a sterile bandage - 3) get professional help - 4) watch for shock Chemical Burns: - 1) flush area w/cool water & call EMS - 2) remove clothing exposed to chemical - 3) continue to flush w/water until EMS comes - 4) watch for shock Electrical Burns: - 1) make sure victim is longer in contact w/electrical current & that it is powered off - 2) call EMS - 3) check vital signs - 4) cover burn w/dry, sterile bandage - 5) check for other signs of injury - 6) watch for signs of shock Poisoning: - poison -> substance causes harm to body - can enter body through -> ingestion, inhalation, absorption, or injection Ingested Poisons: - substances swallowed in inappropriate amounts are: medications, alcohol, vitamins, pesticides, household cleaners, rodent killers (millions of children each year ingest these b/c of easy access) - Symptoms: Opened bottle, Nausea, Vomiting, Diarrhea, Unconsciousness, & Convulsions - If someone has ingested a poison: - 1) find source (substance & container) - 2) call poison control or EMS w/container in hand

- 3) follow instructions of poison control center - 4) treat for shock - 5) roll victim to side if unconscious for potential vomiting - 6) watch victim carefully until help comes Inhaled Poisons: - inhaled poisons -> carbon monoxide, chlorine fumes, & household cleaners - if near poison wear protective gear & keep area well-ventilated - symptoms: headache, hard to breathe, unconsciousness, nausea - how to treat it: - 1) if zone is dangerous, call EMS to rescue person - 2) if scene safe, move victim to area w/fresh air - 3) check vital signs - 4) call EMS & poison control center - 5) follow poison control center directions - 6) treat for shock - 7) watch for rapid changes in victims conditions until help comes Absorbed Poisons: - skin comes in contact w/poison (primary source -> plants) - battery acids, pool chemicals, & lawn fertilizers -> also can harm - symptoms: red skin, itching, headache, irritability, swelling - to treat: - 1) remove victim from all poisoning (including clothes) - 2) w/gloves wash areas w/soap & water - 3) watch for critical reactions - 4) call poison control & EMS if victim cant breathe or has large swelling Injected Poisons: - enter body through a puncture in skins surface - insect stings & animal bites -> leading cause - symptoms: bite marks, pain, swelling, nausea, stinger stuck in wound, hard to breathe - to treat insect bite or sting: - 1) remove stinger by tweezers or gentle scraping of skin (do not: squeezing spreads poison) - 2) wash w/soap & water - 3) pat dry, cover w/sterile bandage - 4) cool w/cool pack - 5) watch for allergic reactions - 6) if has an allergic reaction, call EMS - 7) calm victim & stop victim from moving (causes spread of poison) - to treat a animal or human bite: - 1) carefully wash are & stop bleeding - 2) treat wound for potential infection - 3) cover w/sterile bandage - 4) call EMS immediately - try to capture animal w/out harm to self animal tested for rabies if not call animal control & describe animal and where it is - to treat a snake bite: - 1) call EMS immediately - 2) keep victim still & elevated slightly below level of heart to keep poison from going to heart - 3) wash wound - 4) watch for sudden changes Fractures, Dislocations, Sprains & Strains: - Injuries to bones, muscles, joints, and tendons fall into one of 4 areas: fractures, dislocations, sprains, and strains - If someone has suffered a neck, back, or head injury, you should not: touch the victim's head with your hands, move the victim, & stabilize the victim's head and neck Fractures: - fractures -> when bone broken, cracked, or chipped by blow, fall, or other - fractures to bones around chest & pelvic area -> critical internal injury

- most fractures not deadly - Symptoms: pain, swelling, immobility, a grinding sensation Dislocations: - dislocation -> displacement of bone from joint - happen when ligaments covering joint are torn - Symptoms: Deformed appearance or unusual body movements, Swelling, Immobility, Bruising, & Pain Sprains: - sprain -> sudden or critical twisting or tearing of ligaments & tendons that support a joint - happen when a muscle or joint is overexerted - Symptoms: pain, bruising, swelling - To treat a fracture, dislocation, or sprain (head injuries): - 1) keep broken area immobile - 2) if fracture breaks skin (compound fracture), stop bleeding immediately - 3) apply cold pack to lower swelling - 4) call EMS if compound fracture or something serious, otherwise transport to hospital - 5) watch for changes until assistance arrives - 6) if must move victim, splint area Strains: - strains -> injuries in which a muscle has been torn or stretched beyond normal limit - result form overexertion - symptoms: pain, swelling, stiffness - to treat a strained muscle: - 1) rest muscle avoid activities that will cause more injury - 2) elevate injury -> decrease swelling - 3) apply cold pack to muscle for couple of days - 4) apply heat after couple days of rest to increase healing Extreme Temperature: - young & elderly especially susceptible to extreme temps Hypothermia & Frostbite Hypothermia: - hypothermia -> bodys core temp drops below normal - core temp -> indicates vital organ temp - if drops too far -> organs shut down -> death - as temp drops, body is more lethargic - symptoms initially: Shivering, Confusion, Numbness, Slow pulse, Loss of coordination, &Apathy - symptoms deadly level: drowsiness, unconsciousness, decreasing rate of breathing, & weak pulse - to treat hypothermia: - 1) call EMS - 2) warm body gradually remove wet clothes, put victim in warm & comfortable place, cover victim w/dry clothes- do not put in hot bath (drastic temp change -> heart strain) - 3) if victim conscious -> warm liquids to drink - 4) watch until help arrives Frostbite: - frostbite -> ice crystals form in body tissues - most affected in areas away from trunk (toes, fingers, nose, ears) - initial symptoms: Flushed skin color, Pain, Numbness, Cold - moderate & severe symptoms: White or grayish skin, Rigid surface tissue, Blisters, & Numbness - to treat: - 1) victim in warm environment - 2) remove wet clothes - 3) submerge frozen part in warm water (no more than 105 degrees F) until unfrozen (do not rub or place area in hot water) - 4) wrap loosely w/sterile bandages separate toes & fingers w/gauze - 5) get help Heat Exhaustion & Stroke: - activity, old age, or obesity -> more susceptible to heat illness

- heat cramps -> 1st sign of heat-related emergency - heat cramps -> painful muscle spasms (typically in abdomen & legs) Heat Exhaustion: - heat exhaustion -> when body exhausted of cooling itself by sweating - to keep core temp normal, blood flow decreased to vital organs - can cause body to go to shock - symptoms: Heavy sweating, Pale, moist skin or flushed skin, Nausea, Headache, Dizziness, Dilated pupils, & Vomiting - to treat: - 1) remove victim from heat - 2) put in a comfortable position lying down w/ legs elevated 12 inches - 3) remove sweaty clothing - 4) put damp or cool clothes on skin - 5) fan body - 6) give cold water to consume even if not thirsty (1 cup every half an hour until goes away) Heat Strokes: - heat stroke -> when heat exhaustion not treated - bodys heat regulating systems shut down & if not fixed, organs stop working (brain damage or death could happen) - symptoms: Above-normal body temperature, Hot, flushed skin, Weakness, small pupils, Diminished sweating, Rapid breathing, Rapid pulse, & Loss of consciousness - to treat: - 1) get victim out of heat - 2) call EMS - 3) remove clothing - 4) cover victim w/ damp sheets or put in a cool-water bath - 5) fan body - 6) if conscious, give cool water to drink - 7) treat for shock - 8) watch for changes until help comes