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Pavement Design
Materials Characterisation
Characteristics?
Modulus (E) Poisson Poissons ratio () Isotropy (EV=EH) Performance Relationship
2 1
UB Granular NonNon-linear
E2
E1
EGR is Stress Dependent The greater the confining stress, the greater is EGR
E = 70 MPa
Subgrade
Subgrade
ESG= 60 MPa
= (467/60)1/5 = 1.507
APPENDIX C: Circly output for Example 2.1 Note: Sign convention for strains output: Positive output ==> Compressive strain Negative output ==> Tensile strain L TYPE ELASTIC CONSTANTS 1 CROSS-ANISOTROPIC EH=0.2334E+03 EV=0.4669E+03 F=0.3459E+03 VVH= 0.3500E+00 VH = 0.3500E+00 2 CROSS-ANISOTROPIC EH=0.1549E+03 EV=0.3097E+03 F=0.2295E+03 VVH= 0.3500E+00 VH = 0.3500E+00 3 CROSS-ANISOTROPIC EH=0.1027E+03 EV=0.2055E+03 F=0.1522E+03 VVH= 0.3500E+00 VH = 0.3500E+00 4 CROSS-ANISOTROPIC EH=0.6816E+02 EV=0.1363E+03 F=0.1010E+03 VVH= 0.3500E+00 VH = 0.3500E+00 5 CROSS-ANISOTROPIC EH=0.4522E+02 EV=0.9044E+02 F=0.6700E+02 VVH= 0.3500E+00 VH = 0.3500E+00 6 CROSS-ANISOTROPIC EH=0.3000E+02 EV=0.6000E+02 F=0.4140E+02 VVH= 0.4500E+00 VH = 0.4500E+00 ESA750-Full POINT C O O R D I N A T E S --------------------------------X Y Z 1 0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00 0.3700E+03 2 0.3300E+02 0.0000E+00 0.3700E+03 3 0.6600E+02 0.0000E+00 0.3700E+03 4 0.9900E+02 0.0000E+00 0.3700E+03 5 0.1320E+03 0.0000E+00 0.3700E+03 6 0.1650E+03 0.0000E+00 0.3700E+03 7 0.1980E+03 0.0000E+00 0.3700E+03 8 0.2310E+03 0.0000E+00 0.3700E+03 9 0.2640E+03 0.0000E+00 0.3700E+03 10 0.2970E+03 0.0000E+00 0.3700E+03 11 0.3300E+03 0.0000E+00 0.3700E+03 POINT C O O R D I N A T E S ---------------------------------X Y Z 1 0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00 0.3700E+03 2 0.3300E+02 0.0000E+00 0.3700E+03 3 0.6600E+02 0.0000E+00 0.3700E+03 4 0.9900E+02 0.0000E+00 0.3700E+03 5 0.1320E+03 0.0000E+00 0.3700E+03 6 0.1650E+03 0.0000E+00 0.3700E+03 7 0.1980E+03 0.0000E+00 0.3700E+03 D I S P L A C E M E N T S ---------------------------------L UX UY UZ 6 -0.3619E-03 0.4935E-08 -0.7868E+00 6 -0.1287E-01 0.4308E-08 -0.7876E+00 6 -0.2543E-01 0.3487E-08 -0.7855E+00 6 -0.3805E-01 0.2498E-08 -0.7806E+00 6 -0.5058E-01 0.1383E-08 -0.7730E+00 6 -0.6267E-01 0.2043E-09 -0.7627E+00 6 -0.7389E-01 0.2628E-09 -0.7499E+00 6 -0.8371E-01 0.3259E-09 -0.7347E+00 6 -0.9166E-01 0.3939E-09 -0.7176E+00 6 -0.9740E-01 0.4672E-09 -0.6989E+00 6 -0.1008E+00 0.5464E-09 -0.6792E+00 N O R M A L S T R A I N S ---------------------------------L XX YY ZZ 6 -0.3789E-03 -0.6886E-03 0.1129E-02 6 -0.3795E-03 -0.6866E-03 0.1126E-02 6 -0.3820E-03 -0.6801E-03 0.1118E-02 6 -0.3822E-03 -0.6688E-03 0.1101E-02 6 -0.3751E-03 -0.6522E-03 0.1074E-02 6 -0.3557E-03 -0.6302E-03 0.1032E-02 6 -0.3213E-03 -0.6025E-03 0.9761E-03
THICKNESS INTERFACE 0.7400E+02 ROUGH 0.7400E+02 0.7400E+02 0.7400E+02 0.7400E+02 INFINITE ROUGH ROUGH ROUGH ROUGH
ESG= 60 MPa
SE Exercise 2.1
450 290
600 300
187 120 78 SG = 50
Ev(lim it ) = 50 x 2
450 R= 50
0.2
600
125
= 1392 Ev(lim it ) = 50 x 2
264 R= 50
0.2
300
125
= 264
= 1.55
= 1.39
50 x 1.55 = 78
50 x 1.39 = 70
Determination of EGR
1. Presumptive Values (Normal Standard)
Cover (mm) 40 &< 75 100 125 150 175 200 >250 Modulus of cover material (MPa) 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 350 350 350 330 280 350 350 340 260 210 350 350 290 220 160 350 340 240 160 150 350 290 190 150 150 350 240 150 150 150 350 190 150 150 150 310 150 150 150 150
Determination of EGR
1. Presumptive Values (High Standard)
Cover 40 &< 75 100 125 150 175 200 >250 Modulus of cover material (MPa) 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 500 500 500 480 400 500 500 480 380 300 500 500 410 310 230 500 480 340 240 210 500 410 270 210 210 500 340 210 210 210 500 270 210 210 210 450 210 210 210 210
3 R T Long. Strain
Resilient Modulus =
Deviator Stress
RLT Outputs
Current draft TNZ T/15 test - 6 stage permanent deformation test
1 Permanent strain [%] 0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 A 0 0 50,000 100,000 150,000 200,000 Number of load cycles [-] 250,000 300,000 B C D F
Concepts (cont.)
Vert. Stress Deviator Stress T 3 R Deviator Stress R T Long. Strain
Resilient Modulus =
Pass 1 Stress
Pass 2
Pass 3
Pass 4
Pass 5
Pass 6
Element axial
radial
Axial deformation
Radial deformation
2
1
3
1 = d+ 3
10
q = 1 3
p=
1 ( 1 + 2 3 ) 3
s re St ath p s
(pmax, qmax)
(pmin, qmin)
Bulk _ Stress = 1 + 3 + 2
11
AC GR SG
Model pavement in CIRCLY with seed moduli CIRCLY calculates theoretical deflection bowl Compares theoreticalwith actual bowl Ajust E and Repeat until satisfactory agreement is achieved
12
Eiso vs Eaniso
When using back-calculated moduli from FWD results FWD ELMOD Isotropic moduli (Eiso) CIRCLY requires Anisotropic moduli (Eaniso) Single relationship not possible. Depends on materials and stress environment Tonkin & Taylor suggest: For SG materials ( =0.45): Eiso = 0.67 Eaniso(V) For GR materials ( =0.35): Eiso = 0.75 Eaniso(V)
FWD Outputs
Refer to spreadsheet Determine an appropriate model for CIRCLY from FWD data
13
Performance Relationship
No Performance Relationship for UB currently in Austroads
K N=
exp
Current approach is to control deformation by means of: - good quality materials and - sound construction specs
14
Cemented Materials
Cemented Modified
3-5%
1-3%
Subgrade
Cementation (3-5%) Hard, rigid, inflexible Failure mode: Cracking
Subgrade
Modification (1-3%) Stiffer than UB, flexible Behaves like UB
15
Determination of ECT
1. Presumptive Values
Base Quality crushed rock 4-5% cement Typical ECT (MPa) MPa) Crushed Rock 2-4% cement Subbase quality natural gravel 4-5% cement
5000
3500
2000
Performance Relationship
NL (CT ) K CT = RF
exp 12
N = Number of load repetitions to failure = critical horizontal tensile strain in the bottom of the layer
K CT =
exp =12
RF = Reliability Factor
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Reliability Factor
Allows for different project reliabilities Project reliability is the probability that the constructed pavement will perform as predicted Possible reasons for nonnon-compliance: compliance: Material characterisation Design model vs. constructed reality Limitation of performance prediction models
Desired Project Reliability 80% 4.7 85% 3.3 90% 2.0 95% 1.0 97.5% 0.5
Road Class Motorway Urban arterial > 7,000 vpd Rural strategic > 2,500 vpd Urban other Rural other
90 97.5 85 95 80 - 90
Desired Project Reliability 80% 2.5 85% 2.0 90% 1.5 95% 1.0 97.5% 0.67
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NL( CT )
K CT = RF
12
18
19
Determination of EAC
Presumptive Values Lab. Samples; 25 25C; 5% Air voids
Binder (Austr.) Austr.) Approx. NZ equivalent Max particle size
10mm
Class 170 Class 320 Class 600 80/100 50/60 30/40 3500 4500 6000
14mm
3700 5000 6500
20mm
4000 5500 7000
Performance Relationship
NL ( AC)
K AC = RF
exp 5
N = Number of load repetitions to failure = critical horizontal tensile strain in the bottom of the layer
K AC =
20
NL (CT )
K AC = RF
21
Subgrade (SG)
Modelled as an unbound material Anisotropic Poissons ratio: - Cohesive soils - Granular soils EV = 2EH = 0.45 = 0.35
22
Design Modulus
Use 10-%tile value EDESIGN = EMEAN - 1.28(std. dev.)
23
SE Exercise 3 (solution)
Mean CBR = 6.26 Design CBR = 6.26 1.28(1.72) = 4.06 say 4 Edesign = 10(CBR) = 40 MPa
24
Performance Relationship
NL ( SG )
exp 9300 K SG 7 =
N = Number of load repetitions to failure = critical vertical compressive strain in the top of the subgrade
KSG = 9300
exp= 7
NL ( SG)
21000 =
4.348
25
9300 NL ( SG ) =
26
Properties Stiffness affected by: Particle interlock & Friction Confinement & stress level Stiffness of underlying layer Stiffness of overlying layer Includes cement/lime modified aggregates Material with sufficient cement added to develop significant tensile strength. Lightly bound E=1500-5000 Heavily bound E >5000 MPa
Elastic Characterisation Anisotropic (E V=2E H) Poissons ratio =0.35 Sublayered E Shear modulus: f = v 1+ (h/125) E BT E SG x 2 Isotropic (E V=EH) Poissons ratio =0.2 No sublayering
Performance Criterion
Cemented (Bound)
Asphaltic Concrete
Subgrade
Stiffness affected by: Temperature Volume of bitumen & air voids Aggregate content & properties Bitumen properties Age of mix Rate of loading Important input parameter Design Moisture Content Determine representative SG modulus statistically: ESG = Emean 1.3(std. dev)
Modulus: Values & Determination Currently no performance Presumptive Values: Basecourse: 400-500MPa criterion. Subbase: 150-350MPa Rely on sound material Determination: and construction Lab.: RLT test specifications. Back-analysis Loadman E=10CBR 12 Presumptive values: K CT N = RF Base quality (4-5%): 5000MPa Subbase (4-5%): 2000MPa 113000 Determination: K CT = 0.804 + 191 Lab.: Flexural test E Back-analysis UCS E correlation 5 Presumptive values: K AC N = RF 1500 MPa Determination: 6918(0.856VB + 1.08) Lab: Flexural test K AC = 0 .36 Back-analysis Smix Shell nomographs V expressed as a %
B
9300 N=
E=10CBR ( 150MPa) Determination: Lab.: RLT test Back-analysis (FW D, B/B) Field (Loadman, Scala, DCP)
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