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UGANDA INSTITUTION OF PROFESSIONAL ENGINEERS (UIPE) 17TH NATIONAL TECHNOLOGY CONFERENCE (NTC 2012) STRATEGIC POSITIONING FOR POSITIVE TRANSFORMATION OF SOCIETY GOLF COURSE HOTEL, KAMPALA 14-15 JUNE 2012
ORDER OF THE PRESENTATION Why biogas? What is biogas g Origin g of biogas, g , as well as p present interest
in AD process and the future of AD process? How is biogas formed? How does the energy content of biogas compare with common fuels for cooking? What are health, health social and environmental benefits of biogas? The biogas process spying on nature! Some examples of applications of biogas
WHY BIOGAS?
It
causes 1.6 million deaths due to pneumonia, chronic respiratory diseases and lung cancer, with the overall disease burden (in DALYS) exceeding the burden from outdoor air pollution five-fold. p high-mortality developing countries, indoor smoke contributes 3.7% of the overall disease burden.
In
Open cooking in Katwe, Base Slum. Photo by Niwagaba, 10th June 2012
Approximately Consequently,
WHY BIOGAS?
half of the worlds population and 90% of rural households in developing countries rely on unprocessed biomass fuels in the form of wood, dung or crop residues, which are burnt indoors in open fires or poorly functioning stoves. there are high levels of pollution, to which those responsible for cooking (especially the women and the girl children) and the young children, are the most heavily exposed.
Hence
WHAT IS A BIOGAS?
ORIGIN OF BIOGAS
o First seen as flickering lights from decaying matter of swamps by Plinius in 17th century. century o In 1776 Volts confirmed the biogas production from the decaying organic matter. matter o Gas produced was a mixture of gases and in certain proportions was able to burn. burn o In 1804 Dalton, Henry and Davy identified the different gases that form biogas .
ORIGIN OF BIOGAS
a) b) c) d)
treatment of f organic i wastes and d wastewaters in i a broad b d range of organic loads and substrate concentrations; energy production d ti and d utilization; tili ti improvement of sanitation; reduction of odors; production d i of f high hi h quality li fertilizer. f ili
R & D has shifted from basic studies on anaerobic fermentation of quasi-homogeneous substrates, with contents of organic solids in the range of about 5 10%, to the digestion of more complex materials that need d modified difi d digester di t designs. d i The main fields of R & D activities are: fermentation f t ti at t high hi h organic i loadings; l di high rate digestion of diluted wastewater of agro-industries
g substrate separation p during g fermentation; ; including immobilization of the microorganisms
PRODUCTION OF BIOGAS
Materials for making biogas:
Biogas can be produced from any organic matter Commercially Commerciall viable iable materials are: Animal dung (cow dung and pig dung) Human H excreta t (sewage) ( ) Examples of other materials are: Straws and leaves Kitchen remains and poultry litter , as well as pig manure Clean water .
Temperature in the digester. Ideal is 25 35C. Type of feedstock used. The best feedstock is cow dung, pig dung and human excreta.
Ordinary pressure lamp been adapted to use biogas for security lighting
Use of U f bi biogas slurry l as f fertilizer tili The slurry from digester is very good fertilizer fertilizer. The digestion process frees the mineral elements in
the feedstock and makes them readily available. The freed mineral elements are immediately utilized by crops thus increasing their productivity. The farmer gains in time and utilizing all the important p minerals elements in the cow dung. g
A happy farmer proudly showing high yield of matoke due to slurry in Mukono district, Uganda
Matoke being grown on hard soils due to slurry in Kitezi, Wakiso district
Health benefits of biogas technology Use of biogas for cooking reduces incidences of
respiratory and other diseases associated with smoke.
Inlet
Biogas digester
Outlet
Cows convert biodegradable plants and water to milk, cow dung and urine and gases
Constructing C i a household h h ld fixed fi d dome d digester in Bwaise II, Kampala, March 2007
Front part
Behind part
x0
Excretaviewed aswaste:
or asa resource
Faeces Urine
Dry y org. g matter (DS) 90,000 , t/day y Nitrogen (N) 15,000 t/day Phosphorus (P2O5) 5,000 t/day Potassium (K2O) 3,000 t/day Carbon (C) 35,000 t/day Calcium (CaO) 5,000 t/day Potential biogas 50 mil m3 day
Biogas appliances
Fats
Stag ge 1
Chetons
ge 3 Stage 2 Stag
Formate Acetate
H2+CO2
Acetoclastic bacteria
CH4+CO2
Hydrogenofilic bacteria
CH4+H2O
Step2:
Acetogenesis
Step3:
Methanogenesis
Bacterial mass
Bacterial mass
Methan + CO2
Fermentative bacteria
Acetogenic bacteria
Methanogenic bacteria
Temperature Retention Time pH-level Carbon/Nitrogen g ratio (C/N ( ratio) ) Proportion of dry matter in substrate = suitable
viscosity
Substrate temperature p in the digester g Anaerobicfermentationcanworkinanambient t temperature t b between t 3oCand d70oCand, d ifcolder, ld the th reactorhastobeinsulatedand/orheated. Common temperature ranges for bacteria: Psychrophillic bacteria below 20oC Mesophillic bacteria 20 40oC Thermophillic bacteria above 40oC Methaneproductionis verysensitivetochanges in temperature
30
20
10
50
100
150
Hydraulicretentiontimeindays
A C
B D
Treatment Total solids (%) Volatile solids (%) pH value Density(g/L) Moisture content (%) Carbon content (%) Nitrogen content (%) C:N Ratio
0
CH4 conte ent (%)
20
40t (days)
60 50 40 30 20 10 0 0 A C 2 B D 4 t (week) 6
The biogas potential of cow dung (CD) alone and in The mixture at CD to FW of 3 to 1 gave the highest
Some findings
combination with food wastes (FW) at various ratios was evaluated at lab-scale, using anaerobic batch reactors operated under uncontrolled temperature for 45 days. cumulative biogas yield (730 mL) while the highest CH4 content (59 (59.2%) 2%) was attained for the FW alone. alone Therefore, Therefore to get high quantities and of good quality, CD should be mixed with FWs. A suitable mixture ratio should be investigated further. in order to get a high yields and good quality of biogas. The dung from zero grazing cows, which feed on food wastes, t e.g. banana b peelings li and d other th mixtures i t d does not t produce good quality biogas like that from cows which feed on grass.
pH value is crucial for a good result pH is a central parameter for controlling the anaerobic process
Optimal production when pH 7.0 7.2 Inhibition ( (due to acids) ) if pH < 6.2 p Inhibition (due to ammonia) if pH > 7.6
Deviationfromtheoptimumrangeresultsin: Lowerg gasy yield Inferiorgasquality
C/N ratio is important Microorganisms need N (nitrogen) and C (carbon) for their metabolism
Methanogenicorganismsprefera C/Nratioofbetween10:1and20:1
Nmustnotbetoolow,orelse shortageofnutrient
Recommendation: Mixdifferentsubstrates
Nitrogen inhibition
IfNconcentrationistoohigh (>1,700 >1 700mg/lofNH4N)andpH ishigh,then growthofbacteriaisinhibited dueto toxicitycausedbyhighlevelsof(uncharged) ammonia Methanogens,however,areableofadaptto 5,000 7,000mg/lofNH4Ngiventheprerequisitethat theunchargedammonia(NH3controlledbypH)leveldoes notexceed200300mg/l
Stirring the substrate Stirring improves the efficiency of digestion by: Removing R i metabolites t b lit (gas ( removal) l) Bringingfreshmaterialincontactwithbacteria Reducingscumformationandsedimentation Preventingtemperaturegradientsinthedigester Avoiding gtheformationofblindspots p ( (shortcuts) )
Actual kWh
Checklist ifgasproductionislowerthanexpected
Check
IspH>7.5? No IspH<6.8? Yes Addurineorash(kg/m3)and wait1day Trytoinsulatedigester,less feed,heatsubstrate.Wait oneday Addlime(acuteaction)and waitoneday Yes
Response
AddwaterandtakepHafter onehour
Temperaturefallen? No
Yes
Toomuchfeedorof skewedcomposition?
Yes
Continuousfeeding or batchfeeding
Gascollector: fixeddome,or floatingdome
3 4
Birds eyeview
4 1 2 slurry
filter mass
AnaerobicBaffledReactor
dge sedimentation inoculation of fresh wastewater with active sludge final settler
Publictoiletwithhiddentreatmentunit
wastewater anaerobic baffled reactor toilet section shower section
Design option
Single-stage reactor: all the phases in one reactor Double-stage reactors: 1st reactor : hydr.+ acedogen. 2nd reactor: fermentation
Anaerobic digester
Flow type: Batch /continuous/ sequencing batch reactor mixed or not Biomass (microorganism): suspended growth; attached growth D process (TS > 20%) Dry Solid content: Semi-dry process (8<TS<20%) process ( (5<TS<8%) ) Wet p SIZING CRITERIA: Organic Volumetric Load, kgTVS/(m3*d) (it varies as a function of the process)
Anaerobic digester
Food waste
T = 50-58C
Faeces
Urine
Rainwater
Faeces washwater Flush Ablution water Faeces Liquidurine Urine dryingbed Slurry Aerobic Pond Slurry
biogas
Toiletunits &showers
Biodigester g
Compost
Soilconditioner
Urinepowder
Liquidfertilizer
High cost! Management of slurry is a very big challenge. Not anything should be deposited in the digester: rugs, rugs
inorganic solid wastes, plastics, menstrual pads etc should be excluded.
When water content is low, the material may not flow, and
thus, there may be blockages. TS/DM should be only about 5%-10% of WW.
In Summary:.
Biogas technology is receiving increased attention from officials in Developing countries, due to its potential to bring an economically viable solution to the following problems: D Dependence d on i imported t d sources of f energy Deforestation, which leads to soil erosion and to a p in agricultural g productivity p y drop Providing inexpensive fertilizers to increase food production The disposal of sanitary wastes, which cause severe public health problems; The disposal of industrial wastes, which cause water pollution.