What is Non-Specific (Innate) Immunity?

Infection by a Pathogen Tissue Injury (trauma) + +

T-lymphocyte, Monocyte

Eliminate Infection Tissue Repair

Biol. 118 Lecture 5, Exam 3, Fall 2011

http://www2.bc.cc.ca.us/bio16/15_innate_immune.htm http://www.uic.edu/classes/bios/bios100/lecturesf04am/lect23.htm

How do skin & mucous membranes block infections?

Keratinized: skin Chem: keratin, sebum (oil); sweat acid, lysozyme Physical: thick layer

Mucous: airways, gut Chem: mucous, lysozyme Physical: thick layer in mouth, cilia in airways

What is Interferon (IFN)?

Other Sources of IFN: Many WBCs

http://highered.mcgraw-hill.com/sites/0072556781/student_view0/chapter31/animation_quiz_2.html

How does complement promote inflammation?

Made by liver; found in plasma. Lyse bacterial cells by drilling holes.

http://www.microbio.uab.edu/faculty/barnum/complement/index.html & http://highered.mcgraw-hill.com/sites/0072556781/student_view0/chapter31/animation_quiz_1.html

What is inflammation?

Red: vasodilation Heat: stimulates WBCs Edema: hi capillary permeability Positive chemotaxis: attract WBCs

What promotes inflammation & the arrival of WBCs at an infection?

http://www.wisc-online.com/objects/index_tj.asp?objID=AP12304 http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=eVBqMXMIFnM http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=KiLJl3NwmpU

Chemical signals to phagocytes!

Thurmond, RL, EW Gelfand & PJ Dunford. 2008. The role of histamine H1 and H4 receptors in allergic inflammation: the search for new antihistamines. Nature Reviews Drug Discovery 7:41-53.

Neutrophil = Microphage, early; 70% of WBCs

Which WBCs are phagocytic?

Monocyte (inactive) = Macrophage (active)

http://www.biochemweb.org/neutrophil.shtml http://www.microbelibrary.org/images/tterry/anim/phago053.html

What are the functions of Natural Killer (NK) cells?

Normal cell (blue) Chemical signal (red) NK cell (orange)

Cancer cell (purple)

Perforin causes apoptosis (cell death) of abnormal/infected cells. Perforins action is similar to what other substance?

What do Eosinophils do?

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MWh-zig8liE

Eosinophils (green with red nucleus) expel mitochondrial DNA to form tangles that traps (red) foreign bacteria.
Yousefi, S., et al. 2008. Catapult-like release of mitochondrial DNA by eosinophils contributes to antibacterial defense. Nature Medicine 14:949-953.

Weak phagocyte

Promote or inhibit inflammation Attack worm parasites

Lee, JJ, et al. 2010. Eosinophils in health and disease: the LIAR hypothesis. Clinical & Experimental Allergy, 40:563575.

What are its benefits? Inhibits bacterial growth Increases interferon activation Increases antibody production Speeds WBC production & repair

What are its risks? Increases CO2 & lactic acid --> acidosis Brain damage from high heat Faster heart rate (10 beats/deg. C), stress Dehydration - also speeds heart rate

When is a fever a beneficial response to a systemic Infection?

How could some anti-inflammatory treatments slow recovery from infection? When are they necessary?
Corticosteroids inhibit lysosome activity, slow WBC phagocytosis Anti-histamines block histamine effect
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ywdk3BTjK2s&NR=1

Aspirin, NSAIDs, Tylenol, Ibuprofen block prostaglandins

http://firstaid.webmd.com/fever-in-adults-treatment http://firstaid.webmd.com/fever-in-children-treatment

Ice locally inhibits WBC actions

Things to know or review from today todays lecture:

1. Describe the role of positive & negative feedback in the regulation of the immune response. Can the presence of non-pathogenic bacteria on our skin or mucous membranes reduce our infections with pathogens? Compare the defenses used by keratinized membranes such as our skin with mucous membranes (lining the mouth, airways, etc.): what chemicals & what physical methods are used by each to block pathogens? What event may trigger the release of interferon from cells? Describe the effects of interferon. Where are complement proteins made? Where are they found prior to activation? What signal(s) activate complement proteins? Describe how complement can kill bacteria & how it activates other parts of the immune system. Where are non-specific leucocytes (WBCs) produced? What stem cell develops into WBCs? Compare the 3 types of phagocytic cells: which is strongest, which is common, etc. What other effects do each of these phagocytes have on the immune responses? Describe the process of phagocytosis. What happens if pathogens can evade phagocytosis? Describe the actions of basophils & mast cells. How do they fight an infection? What type of antibody often activates basophils? Describe the actions of natural killer (NK) cells. What substance do they release to kill cancerous or virally infected cells? Describe the symptoms of inflammation & what changes in the blood flow at an infection cause those symptoms. Describe how positive chemotaxis attracts WBCs to an infection. Describe the symptoms of a fever vs recovery phase. What are the risks & benefits of a fever? Compare these anti-inflammatory/anti-fever treatments: aspirin, anti-histamines, ice, corticosteroids. Explain how each works. Do they help you fight infections?

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