Darcy Friction Factor Formulae

Darcy friction factor formulae - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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Darcy friction factor formulae

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
In fluid dynamics, the Darcy friction factor formulae are equations based on experimental data and theory for the Darcy friction factor. The Darcy friction factor is a dimensionless quantity used in the DarcyWeisbach equation, for the description of friction losses in pipe flow as well as open channel flow. It is also known as the DarcyWeisbach friction factor or Moody friction factor and is four times larger than the Fanning friction factor.[1]
Contents
1 Flow regime 1.1 Laminar flow 1.2 Transition flow 1.3 Turbulent flow in smooth conduits 1.4 Turbulent flow in rough conduits 1.5 Free surface flow 2 Choosing a formula 3 Colebrook equation 3.1 Compact forms 3.2 Solving 3.3 Expanded forms 3.4 Free surface flow 4 Approximations of the Colebrook equation 4.1 Haaland equation 4.2 SwameeJain equation 4.3 Serghides's solution 4.4 GoudarSonnad equation 4.5 Brki solution 4.6 Blasius correlations 4.7 Table of Approximations 5 References 6 Further reading 7 External links
Flow regime
Which friction factor formula may be applicable depends upon the type of flow that exists: Laminar flow Transition between laminar and turbulent flow Fully turbulent flow in smooth conduits Fully turbulent flow in rough conduits Free surface flow.
Laminar flow
The Darcy friction factor for laminar flow (Reynolds number less than 2300) is given by the following formula:
where: is the Darcy friction factor is the Reynolds number.
Transition flow
Transition (neither fully laminar nor fully turbulent) flow occurs in the range of Reynolds numbers between 2300 and 4000. The value of the Darcy friction factor may be subject to large uncertainties in this flow regime.
Turbulent flow in smooth conduits

Empirical correlations exist for this flow regime. Such correlations are included in the ASHRAE Handbook of Fundamentals.
Turbulent flow in rough conduits
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The Darcy friction factor for fully turbulent flow (Reynolds number greater than 4000) in rough conduits is given by the Colebrook equation.
Free surface flow

The last formula in the Colebrook equation section of this article is for free surface flow. The approximations elsewhere in this article are not applicable for this type of flow.
Choosing a formula
Before choosing a formula it is worth knowing that in the paper on the Moody chart, Moody stated the accuracy is about 5% for smooth pipes and 10% for rough pipes. If more than one formula is applicable in the flow regime under consideration, the choice of formula may be influenced by one or more of the following: Required precision Speed of computation required Available computational technology: calculator (minimize keystrokes) spreadsheet (single-cell formula) programming/scripting language (subroutine).
Colebrook equation
Compact forms
The Colebrook equation is an implicit equation that combines experimental results of studies of turbulent flow in smooth and rough pipes. It was developed in 1939 by C. F. Colebrook.[2] The 1937 paper by C. F. Colebrook and C. M. White[3] is often erroneously cited as the source of the equation. This is partly because Colebrook in a footnote (from his 1939 paper) acknowledges his debt to White for suggesting the mathematical method by which the smooth and rough pipe correlations could be combined. The equation is used to iteratively solve for the DarcyWeisbach friction factor f. This equation is also known as the ColebrookWhite equation. For conduits that are flowing completely full of fluid at Reynolds numbers greater than 4000, it is defined as:
or
where: is the Darcy friction factor Roughness height, (m, ft) Hydraulic diameter, (m, ft) For fluid-filled, circular conduits, = D = inside diameter Hydraulic radius, (m, ft) For fluid-filled, circular conduits, = D/4 = (inside diameter)/4 is the Reynolds number.
Solving
The Colebrook equation used to be solved numerically due to its apparent implicit nature. Recently, the Lambert W function has been employed to obtain explicit reformulation of the Colebrook equation.[4]
Expanded forms
Additional, mathematically equivalent forms of the Colebrook equation are:
where: 1.7384... = 2 log (2 3.7) = 2 log (7.4) 18.574 = 2.51 3.7 2 and
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or
where: 1.1364... = 1.7384... 2 log (2) = 2 log (7.4) 2 log (2) = 2 log (3.7) 9.287 = 18.574 / 2 = 2.51 3.7. The additional equivalent forms above assume that the constants 3.7 and 2.51 in the formula at the top of this section are exact. The constants are probably values which were rounded by Colebrook during his curve fitting; but they are effectively treated as exact when comparing (to several decimal places) results from explicit formulae (such as those found elsewhere in this article) to the friction factor computed via Colebrook's implicit equation. Equations similar to the additional forms above (with the constants rounded to fewer decimal placesor perhaps shifted slightly to minimize overall rounding errors) may be found in various references. It may be helpful to note that they are essentially the same equation.
Free surface flow

Another form of the Colebrook-White equation exists for free surfaces. Such a condition may exist in a pipe that is flowing partially full of fluid. For free surface flow:
Approximations of the Colebrook equation

Haaland equation
The Haaland equation was proposed by Norwegian Institute of Technology professor Haaland in 1984. It is used to solve directly for the DarcyWeisbach friction factor f for a full-flowing circular pipe. It is an approximation of the implicit ColebrookWhite equation, but the discrepancy from experimental data is well within the accuracy of the data. It was developed by S. E. Haaland in 1983. The Haaland equation is defined as:
where: is the Darcy friction factor is the relative roughness is the Reynolds number.
SwameeJain equation
The SwameeJain equation is used to solve directly for the DarcyWeisbach friction factor f for a full-flowing circular pipe. It is an approximation of the implicit ColebrookWhite equation.
where f is a function of: Roughness height, (m, ft) Pipe diameter, D (m, ft) Reynolds number, Re (unitless).
Serghides's solution
Serghides's solution is used to solve directly for the DarcyWeisbach friction factor f for a full-flowing circular pipe. It is an approximation of the implicit ColebrookWhite equation. It was derived using Steffensen's method.[5] The solution involves calculating three intermediate values and then substituting those values into a final equation.
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where f is a function of: Roughness height, (m, ft) Pipe diameter, D (m, ft) Reynolds number, Re (unitless). The equation was found to match the ColebrookWhite equation within 0.0023% for a test set with a 70-point matrix consisting of ten relative roughness values (in the range 0.00004 to 0.05) by seven Reynolds numbers (2500 to 108).
GoudarSonnad equation
Goudar equation is the most accurate approximation to solve directly for the DarcyWeisbach friction factor f for a full-flowing circular pipe. It is an approximation of the implicit ColebrookWhite equation. Equation has the following form[6]
where f is a function of: Roughness height, (m, ft) Pipe diameter, D (m, ft) Reynolds number, Re (unitless).
Brki solution
Brki shows one approximation of the Colebrook equation based on the Lambert W-function[7]
where Darcy friction factor f is a function of: Roughness height, (m, ft) Pipe diameter, D (m, ft) Reynolds number, Re (unitless). The equation was found to match the ColebrookWhite equation within 3.15%.
Blasius correlations
Early approximations by Blasius are given in terms of the Fanning friction factor in the Paul Richard Heinrich Blasius article.
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Table of Approximations
The following table lists historical approximations where:[8] Re, Reynolds number (unitless); , Darcy friction factor (dimensionless); , roughness of the inner surface of the pipe (dimension of length); D, inner pipe diameter; is the base-10 logarithm.
Note that the Churchill equation (1977) is the only one that returns a correct value for friction factor in the laminar flow region (Reynolds number < 2300). All of the others are for transitional and turbulent flow only.
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Table of Colebrook equation approximations
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Equation
Author Moody
Year 1947
Ref
where
Wood
1966
Eck
1973
Jain and Swamee
1976
Churchill
1973
Jain
1976
where
Churchill
1977
Chen
1979
Round
1980
Barr
1981
or
Zigrang and Sylvester
1982
Haaland
1983
Serghides
1984
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Equation
Author
Year
Ref
or
where
Manadilli
1997
Monzon, Romeo, Royo
2002
Goudar, Sonnad 2006 where:
where:
Vatankhah, Kouchakzadeh
2008
where
Buzzelli
2008
Avci, Kargoz
2009
Evangleids, Papaevangelou, 2010 Tzimopoulos
References
1. ^ Manning, Francis S.; Thompson, Richard E. (1991). Oilfield Processing of Petroleum. Vol. 1: Natural Gas. PennWell Books. ISBN 0-87814-343-2, 420 pages. See page 293. 2. ^ Colebrook, C.F. (February 1939). "Turbulent flow in pipes, with particular reference to the transition region between smooth and rough pipe laws". Journal of the Institution of Civil Engineers (London).
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3. ^ Colebrook, C. F. and White, C. M. (1937). "Experiments with Fluid Friction in Roughened Pipes". Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. Series A, Mathematical and Physical Sciences 161 (906): 367381. Bibcode:1937RSPSA.161..367C (http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1937RSPSA.161..367C). doi:10.1098/rspa.1937.0150 (http://dx.doi.org/10.1098%2Frspa.1937.0150). 4. ^ More, A. A. (2006). "Analytical solutions for the Colebrook and White equation and for pressure drop in ideal gas flow in pipes". Chemical Engineering Science 61 (16): 55155519. doi:10.1016/j.ces.2006.04.003 (http://dx.doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.ces.2006.04.003). 5. ^ Serghides, T.K (1984). "Estimate friction factor accurately". Chemical Engineering Journal 91(5): 6364. 6. ^ Goudar, C.T., Sonnad, J.R. (August 2008). "Comparison of the iterative approximations of the ColebrookWhite equation". Hydrocarbon Processing Fluid Flow and Rotating Equipment Special Report(August 2008): 7983. 7. ^ Brki, Dejan (2011). "An Explicit Approximation of Colebrooks equation for fluid flow friction factor". Petroleum Science and Technology 29 (15): 15961602. doi:10.1080/10916461003620453 (http://dx.doi.org/10.1080%2F10916461003620453). 8. ^ Beograd, Dejan Brki (March 2012). "Determining Friction Factors in Turbulent Pipe Flow" (http://www.che.com/processing_and_handling/liquid_gas_and_air_handling/9059.html). Chemical Engineering: 3439.(subscription required)
Further reading
Colebrook, C.F. (February 1939). "Turbulent flow in pipes, with particular reference to the transition region between smooth and rough pipe laws". Journal of the Institution of Civil Engineers (London). doi:10.1680/ijoti.1939.13150 (http://dx.doi.org/10.1680%2Fijoti.1939.13150). For the section which includes the free-surface form of the equation Computer Applications in Hydraulic Engineering (5th ed.). Haestad Press. 2002, p. 16. Haaland, SE (1983). "Simple and Explicit Formulas for the Friction Factor in Turbulent Flow". Journal of Fluids Engineering (ASME) 105 (1): 8990. doi:10.1115/1.3240948 (http://dx.doi.org/10.1115%2F1.3240948). Swamee, P.K.; Jain, A.K. (1976). "Explicit equations for pipe-flow problems". Journal of the Hydraulics Division (ASCE) 102 (5): 657664. Serghides, T.K (1984). "Estimate friction factor accurately". Chemical Engineering 91 (5): 6364. Serghides' solution is also mentioned here (http://www.cheresources.com/colebrook2.shtml). Moody, L.F. (1944). "Friction Factors for Pipe Flow". Transactions of the ASME 66 (8): 671684. Brki, Dejan (2011). "Review of explicit approximations to the Colebrook relation for flow friction". Journal of Petroleum Science and Engineering 77 (1): 3448. doi:10.1016/j.petrol.2011.02.006 (http://dx.doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.petrol.2011.02.006). Brki, Dejan (2011). "W solutions of the CW equation for flow friction". Applied Mathematics Letters 24 (8): 13791383. doi:10.1016/j.aml.2011.03.014 (http://dx.doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.aml.2011.03.014).
External links
Web-based calculator of Darcy friction factors by Serghides' solution. (http://www.calctool.org/CALC/eng/civil/friction_factor) Open source pipe friction calculator. (http://pfcalc.sourceforge.net) Retrieved from "http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Darcy_friction_factor_formulae&oldid=561436615" Categories: Equations of fluid dynamics Piping Fluid mechanics
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Darcy friction factor formulae - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia