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Instantaneous Attributes

Taner et al. (1979) gave the initial formulation of seismic attributes as applied to seismic data interpretation. This theory considers the seismic trace recorded by a geophone as being the real part f(t) of a complex trace F(t). The imaginary part g(t) of this complex trace is computed via the Hilbert transform of the real part. Thus the complex trace can be expressed as F(t)=f(t)+ig(t). Trace Envelope The envelope E(t) represents the total instantaneous energy of the complex trace independent of the phase and is computed as the modulus of the complex trace:

Envelope Time Derivative The rate of change of the envelope over time shows the onset of reflected events and possible absorption effects. We use a specially designed time domain filter to perform the differentiation. The output is scaled with respect to the RMS value of the trace and it is given in rate of change of envelope amplitude (RMS amplitude equal to 1) per second. where * denotes convolution, and diff(t) is the differentiation operator. Envelope Second Derivative The second derivative of the envelope gives a measure of sharpness of the envelope peak, which may be more useful as a principal attribute display. It shows all peaks of the envelope, which corresponds to all of the reflecting interfaces detectable within the seismic bandwidth. Instantaneous Phase The argument of the analytic signal is the instantaneous phase:

The instantaneous phase is expressed in degrees. The phase information is independent of trace amplitudes. Instantaneous Frequency The rate of change of phase over time is the instantaneous frequency;

Since the phase function is multi-valued with

jumps, we actually compute instantaneous discontinuities;

frequency as the derivative of the arctan function, which avoids the

The computed output is given in Hz. Instantaneous phase represents the phase of the resultant vector of individual simple harmonic motions. While individual vectors may rotate in

clockwise motion, their resultant vector may at some instances form a cardioid pattern and appear to turn in the opposite direction. We interpret this as the effect of interference of two closely arriving wavelets. This is also caused by noise interference in low amplitude zones. Because of these reversals, instantaneous frequency will have unusual magnitudes and fluctuations. Instantaneous Frequency Envelope Weighted To suppress spurious values of instantaneous frequency in areas with poor signal quality the value of instantaneous frequency is multiplied by the normalized value of the instantaneous envelope and averaged over a short time window:

where T is the smoothing time window. Thin Bed Indicator The locations where instantaneous frequencies jump or become negative are of a particular interest. As we have discussed earlier these jumps are indicative of closely arriving reflections. The time derivative of the phase function therefore becomes an indicator for thin beds when the variations are large, whereas smooth variations will correspond to variations in bedding characteristics, which we will have to investigate further. The thin bed indicator is, therefore, computed as the difference between instantaneous and time averaged frequencies:

Acceleration of the Phase The time derivative of instantaneous frequency, by definition, gives the instantaneous acceleration. We can compute this both from instantaneous frequency and from time averaged instantaneous frequency. It is obvious that the time derivative of instantaneous frequency will accentuate the local frequency jumps, and hence will make the thin bed indicators more prominent. It should also indicate to some degree the effect of absorption by showing the frequency dispersion of seismic signals going through unconsolidated or quickly deposited layers: Band Width Barnes (1992) suggested that instantaneous bandwidth can be computed as where d[env(t)]/dt is the time derivative of the envelope. This equation measures the absolute value of the rate of change of envelope amplitude. The bandwidth is expressed in terms of octaves. Dominant Frequency RMS frequency of the amplitude spectrum represents a biased mean towards the dominant frequency band. This attribute will be computed if you select the DominantFrequency toggle on the interface. Instantaneous Q Barnes (1992) suggested that instantaneous quality factor q(t) can be defined by the

expression where decay(t) is the instantaneous decay rate, which is defined as the derivative of the instantaneous envelope divided by the envelope. Except for a factor of , decay(t) is similar to the instantaneous bandwidth.

Normalized Amplitude The normalized amplitude is computed as the cosine of instantaneous phase. This attribute has all of the details of instantaneous phase while avoiding the jumps inherent in it. The display of this attribute emphasizes the lateral continuity of seismic events. The attribute has no amplitude information and its values vary between 1 and +1. Envelope Modulated Phase Since instantaneous phase information is independent of amplitude information, all events, including those with very low amplitudes, are displayed with the same intensity. In order to show the instantaneous phase of the more significant events, we have combined envelope amplitude information with the phase information. Relative Acoustic Impedance This attribute is computed by continuous integration of the original seismic trace with the subsequent application of low cut filter. This attribute will be computed if you select the RelativeAcousticImpedance toggle on the interface.

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