TRANSMISSION LINE THEORY

(TEM Line)
A uniform transmission line is defined as the one
whose dimensions and electrical properties are
identical at all planes transverse to the direction of
propagation.

Circuit Representation of TLs
A uniform TL may be modeled by the following circuit
representation:





R: Series resistance per unit length of line (for both
conductors (ohm/m)).
L: Series inductance per unit length of line (Henry/m).
G: Shunt conductance per unit length of line (mho/m).
C: Shunt capacitance per unit length of line (Farad/m).
The line is pictured as a cascade of identical sections,
each of
z A
long.
Since
z A
can always be chosen small compared to the
operating wavelength, an individual section of line may
be analyzed using ordinary ac circuit theory. In the
following analysis, we let
0 z A
, so the results are
valid at all frequencies (hence for any physical time
variation).
Applying the Kirchhoffs voltage law to the line section
gives:
( , )
( , ) ( ) ( , ) ( ) ( , )
i z t
v z t R z i z t L z v z z t
t
c
= A + A + + A
c

Rearranging yields:
( , ) ( , ) ( , )
( , )
v z z t v z t i z t
R i z t L
z t
+ A c
=
A c

Letting
0 z A
, we get,
( , ) ( , )
( , )
v z t i z t
R i z t L
z t
c c
=
c c

Now applying Kirchhoffs current law to the line
section gives:
( ) ( ) ( )
( , )
( , ) , ( , )
v z z t
i z t G z v z z t C z i z z t
t
c + A
= A + A + A + + A
c

Rearranging yields:
( , ) ( , ) ( , )
( , )
i z z t i z t v z z t
G v z z t C
z t
+ A c + A
= + A
A c

Letting
0 z A

( , ) ( , )
( , )
i z t v z t
G v z t C
z t
c c
=
c c


Then the time domain TL or telegrapher equations are:
( , ) ( , )
( , )
v z t i z t
R i z t L
z t
c c
=
c c

( , ) ( , )
( , )
i z t v z t
G v z t C
z t
c c
=
c c

The solution of these equations, together with the
electrical properties of the generator and load, allow
us to determine the instantaneous voltage and current
at any time t and any place z along the uniform TL.
Lossless Line: For the case of perfect conductors (R=0)
and insulators (G=0), the telegrapher equations reduce
to the following form:
( , ) ( , ) v z t i z t
L
z t
c c
=
c c

( , ) ( , ) i z t v z t
C
z t
c c
=
c c

( , ) ( , ) v z t i z t
L
z z z t
c c c c
| | | |
=
| |
c c c c
\ . \ .


( , ) i z t v
L L C
t z t t
c c c c
| | | |
=
| |
c c c c
\ . \ .





Or,
2 2
2 2
2 2
2
( , ) ( , )
0
( , ) ( , )
0
v z t i z t
LC
z t
i z t i z t
LC
z t
c c
=
c c
c c
=
c c

Wave equations for voltage and current on a lossless
TL.
Although real lines are never lossless, lolessness
approximation for practical TLs is very usefull.


TRANSMISSION LINES WITH SINUSOIDAL EXCITATION
We will only consider the sinusoidal steady-state
solutions.
Transmission-Line Equations:
Under sinusoidal steady state conditions, the TL
equations take the form:

( )
( ) ( )
( )
( ) ( )
dV z
R j L I z
dz
dI z
G j C V z
dz
e
e
= +
= +

Where
( ) V z
and
( ) I z
are voltage and current phasors.
The real sinusoidal voltage and current waveforms are
obtained from:
( , ) Re ( )
( , ) Re ( )
j t
j t
v z t V z e
i z t I z e
e
e
( =

( =


Wave Propagation on a TL
The second order differential equations for
( ) V z
and
( ) I z
are:
2
2
2
2
2
2
( )
( ) 0
( )
( ) 0
d V z
V z
dz
d I z
I z
dz

=
=

where
( )( )
1/2
j R j L G j C o | e e = + = + + (

=
complex propagation constant.
o =
attenuation constant (Np/m).
| =
phase constant (rad/m).