International Journal of Emerging Trends & Technology in Computer Science (IJETTCS)

Web Site: www.ijettcs.org Email: editor@ijettcs.org, editorijettcs@gmail.com Volume 2, Issue 3, May June 2013 ISSN 2278-6856

Performance Improvement of 2DPCA Algorithm for Face and Facial Expression Recognition
Prof Priti Subramanium1, Sapana A Fegade2
1,2

Dept of Computer and Science Engineering, S S G B C O E T, Bhusawal.

ABSRACT: Face recognition system is a complex imageprocessing problem in real world applications with complex effects of illumination, occlusion, and imaging condition on the live images. It is a combination of face detection and recognition techniques in image analyzes. Detection application is used to find position of the faces in a given image. Recognition algorithm is used to classify given images with known structured properties, which are used commonly in most of the computer vision applications. More recently, a technique called Two Dimensional Principal Component Analysis (2DPCA) was proposed to reduce the computational cost of PCA. Unlike PCA treats images as vectors, 2DPCA views an image as a matrix. To analysis the effectiveness of the PCA and 2DPCA, a number of Eigenvalues were obtained and then compared. And then results have been presented in graphical form to show the effectiveness and accuracy. This 2DPCA algorithm can be easily implemented in any programming language on a digital computer. 2DPCA algorithm is found to be very accurate and more effective.

step is person identity as a result of recognition part. An illustration of the steps for the face recognition system is given in Fig 1.1.

Keywords: Illumination, Occlusion, Principal Component Analysis, Two Dimensional Principal Component Analysis, Eigenvalues, Effectiveness and Accuracy.

I INTRODUCTION
1.1 INTRODUCTION Face plays significant role in social communication. This is a 'window' to human personality, emotions and thoughts. According to the psychological research conducted by Mehrabian, nonverbal part is the most informative channel in social communication. Verbal part contributes about 7% of the message, vocal 34% and facial expression about 55%. Due to that, face is a subject of study in many areas of science such as psychology, behavioral science, medicine and finally computer science. In the field of computer science much effort is put to explore the ways of automation the process of face detection and segmentation. Several approaches addressing the problem of facial feature extraction have been proposed. The main issue is to provide appropriate face representation, which remains robust with respect to diversity of facial appearances. The first step for face recognition system is to acquire an image from a camera. Second step is face detection from the acquired image. As a third step, face recognition that takes the face images from output of detection part. Final Volume 2, Issue 3 May June 2013

Fig.1.1 Steps of Face Recognition System Applications Methods for face detection and recognition systems can be affected by pose, presence or absence of structural components, facial expression, occlusion, image orientation, imaging conditions, and time delay (for recognition). Available applications developed by researchers can usually handle one or two effects only; therefore they have limited capabilities with focus on some well-structured application. A robust face recognition system is difficult to develop which works under all conditions with a wide scope of effect.[1] Information and Communication Technologies (ICT) are increasingly entering in all aspects of our life and in all sectors, opening a world of unprecedented scenario where people interact with electronic devices, embedded in environments that are sensitive and responsive to the presence of users. Image analysis is a process of discovering, identifying, and understanding patterns that are relevant to the performance of an image-based task. Face recognition has recently received significant attention. It plays an important role in many application areas, such as human-machine interaction, authentication and surveillance. However, the wide-range variations of human face, due to pose, illumination, and expression, result in a highly complex distribution and deteriorate the recognition performance. In addition, the problem of machine recognition of human faces continues to attract researchers from disciplines such as image processing, pattern recognition, neural networks, computer vision, computer graphics, and psychology. In identification problems, the input to the system is an unknown face, and the system reports back the determined identity from a database of known individuals, whereas in verification problems, the system needs to confirm or reject the claimed identity of the input face. The solution to the problem involves segmentation of faces (face detection) from cluttered scenes, feature extraction from the face regions, recognition or verification. Robust and reliable face representation is crucial for the effective performance of face recognition system and still a challenging problem. Feature extraction is realized through some linear or nonlinear transform of Page 164

International Journal of Emerging Trends & Technology in Computer Science (IJETTCS)

Web Site: www.ijettcs.org Email: editor@ijettcs.org, editorijettcs@gmail.com Volume 2, Issue 3, May June 2013 ISSN 2278-6856
the data with subsequent feature selection for reducing the dimensionality of facial image so that the extracted feature is as representative as possible. [1] Face recognition system can help in many ways: Checking for criminal records. Enhancement of security by using surveillance cameras in conjunction with face recognition system. Finding lost children's by using the images received from the cameras fitted at some public places. Knowing in advance if some VIP is entering the hotel. Detection of a criminal at public place. Can be used in different areas of science for comparing a entity with a set of entities. 1.2 PCA VERSUS 2DPCA In the PCA-based face-recognition technique, the 2D face-image matrices must be previously transformed into 1D image vectors. The resulting image vectors usually lead to a high dimensional image vector space in which its difficult to evaluate the covariance matrix accurately due to its large size and relatively few training samples. Fortunately, we can calculate the eigenvectors (eigenfaces) efficiently using single value decomposition (SVD) techniques, which avoid the process of generating the covariance matrix.Unlike conventional PCA, 2DPCA is based on 2D matrices rather than 1D vector. That is, the image matrix doesnt need to be previously transformed into a vector. Instead, an image covariance matrix can be constructed directly using the original image matrices. In contrast to PCAs covariance matrix, the image covariance matrixs size using 2DPCA is much smaller. [1] As a result, 2DPCA has two important advantages over PCA.First; its easier to evaluate the covariance matrix accurately. Second, less time is required to determine the corresponding eigenvectors. We extract the features from the 2DPCA matrix using the optimal projection vector axes. The vectors size is given by the images size and the number of coefficients. If the image size is 112 92, for example, then the number of coefficients is 112 d. Researchers have demonstrated experimentally that d should be set to no less than 5 to satisfy accuracy.4 This leads us to numerous coefficients[1].

Fig. 2.1: Automatic Facial Expression Recognition System Figure .1 shows a block diagram of an automatic facial expression recognition system. The two main stages in the system are: (i) feature extraction and (ii) feature classification. The feature extraction stage involves preprocessing stages such as face localization in the scene and scaling in addition to extraction of a feature of some kind for the region-of-interest (ROI). The feature classification process involves comparing the generated feature vector with vectors selected to represent a set of expressions.[2] 2.1 2DPCA Face Recognition Model Normally, the PCA-based face recognition methods, the 2D face image samples usually have been transformed into 1D image vectors by some technique like concatenation. 2DPCA model is a method that uses the 2D features, which are features obtained directly from original vector space of a face image rather than from a vectorized 1D space. The steps of 2DPCA face recognition model are given below. Acquire face images to form a training set (X1, X2, ..XN) Extract features using 2DPCA for each training sample and each testing sample. Classify and recognize the image using Volume measure (VM) Give the result of recognition.[2] 2.2 Algorithm For 2DPCA Algorithm: Training Input: Finger spelling training images Output: Finger spelling image features, eigenvector matrix, feature matrix Method: a) Applying pre-processing techniques to the training images. b) Obtain the average image A of all training samples: c) Estimate the image covariance (scatter) matrix G: d) Compute d orthonormal vectorsX1;X2; : : : ;Xd corresponding to the d largest eigenvalues of G. X1;X2; : : : ;Xd construct a ddimensional projection subspace. Yang et al. have showed that X1;X2; : : : ;Xd are the d optimal projection axes,

II PROPOSED METHODOLOGY The goal of this project is to design and implement the facial expression recognition system. On a basis of the extensive study of different approaches to the problem of face action representation, appropriate algorithms are selected for each stage of a system.

Volume 2, Issue 3 May June 2013

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International Journal of Emerging Trends & Technology in Computer Science (IJETTCS)

Web Site: www.ijettcs.org Email: editor@ijettcs.org, editorijettcs@gmail.com Volume 2, Issue 3, May June 2013 ISSN 2278-6856
such that when projecting the sample images on each axis Xi, the total scatter of the projected images is maximum. e) Project A1; : : : ;AM on each vector X1; : : : ;Xd to obtain the principal component vectors: Training ends. Following is the algorithm designed for recognition. Algorithm: Recognition a) Apply the respective pre-processing technique on B b) When a testing image with 2D intensity matrix B arrives, compute the principal component vectors of the new image: YBi = BXi; i = 1; : : : ; d c) Compute the Euclidean distance between (YB1 ; : : : ; YBd ) and (Yj1 ; : : : ; Yjd ) (j = 1; : : : ;M): Where || YiB Yij ||2 is the Euclidean distance between YiB and Yij d) Use dist(B;Aj ) (j = 1; : : : ;M) and a threshold value to decide the label of the testing image. Recognition ends. The fig 3.2 shows Face and Facial Expression Recognition using 2DPCA .In this system the input image is taken from the test database.Then this input image is recognized using two face recognition systems, PCA and 2DPCA algorithms. The feature projection vectors obtained through the PCA and 2DPCA methods and these vectors are applied to test image. PCA and 2DPCA face recognition systems that use Euclidean Distance based classifier. Additionally, the recognition performance of 2DPCA is higher than the PCA.

III. EXPERIMENT & RESULT ANALYSIS

The PCA and 2DPCA methods was used for face recognition and tested on face image database. The database was used to evaluate the performance of PCA and 2DPCA under conditions where the system will recognize faces which are invariant to expression and developing a new feature set to detect mixed emotions such as happiness and surprise. The results were analyzed in comparison to the PCA model and the 2DPCA model. Fig. 3.3 Top recognition accuracy of 2DPCA and PCA Fig. 3.3 illustrates the top recognition accuracy of PCA and 2DPCA from each test. This figure indicates that the performance of 2DPCA is much better than PCA under conditions recognize faces which are invariant to expression and developing a new feature set to detect mixed emotionssuch as happiness and surprise.

VI. CONCLUSION
Figure 3.1 shows examples from the Japanese Female Facial Expression (Jaffe) database. JAFFE Dataset: The database contains 213 images of 7 facial expressions (6 basic facial expressions + 1 neutral) posed by 10 Japanese female models. Each image has been rated on 6 emotion adjectives by 60 Japanese subjects. The database was planned and assembled by Michael Lyons, Miyuki Kamachi, and Jiro Gyoba. In this paper, a new technique for image feature extraction and representationtwo-dimensional principal component analysis (2DPCA)was developed. 2DPCA has many advantages over conventional PCA (Eigenfaces). In the first place, since 2DPCA is based on the image matrix, it is simpler and more straightforward to use for image feature extraction. Second, 2DPCA is better than PCA in terms of recognition accuracy in all experiments. Although this trend seems to be consistent for different databases and conditions, in some experiments the differences in performance were not statistically significant. Third, 2DPCA is computationally more efficient than PCA and it can improve the speed of image feature extraction significantly. However, it should be pointed out that 2DPCA-based image representation was not as efficient as PCA in terms of storage requirements, since 2DPCA requires more coefficients for image representation than PCA[4].

REFERENCES
[1] Luiz S. O liveira, Alessandro L. Koerich, and Marcelo Mansano, 2D Principal Component Analysis for Face and Facial-Expression Recognition. [2] Dhiraj K. Das ,Comparative Analysis of PCA and 2DPCA in Face Recognition International Journal Page 166

Fig 3.2 Recognised image using PCA & 2DPCA Volume 2, Issue 3 May June 2013

International Journal of Emerging Trends & Technology in Computer Science (IJETTCS)

Web Site: www.ijettcs.org Email: editor@ijettcs.org, editorijettcs@gmail.com Volume 2, Issue 3, May June 2013 ISSN 2278-6856
of Emerging Technology and Advanced Engineering, ISSN 2250-2459, Volume 2, Issue 1, January 2012. [3] Jian Yang, David Zhang,Alejandro F. Frangi, and Jing-yu Yang, Two-Dimensional PCA:A New Approach to Appearance-Based Face Representation and Recognition IEEE Transactions On Pattern Analysis And Machine Intelligence, Vol. 26, No. 1, January 2004 [4] Ambika.D ,Arathy.B ,Srinivasa Perumal.R , Comparison of PCA and MPCA with Different Databases for Face Recognition International Journal of Computer Applications (0975 8887) Volume 43 No.17, April 2012 [5] C.L. Huang and Y.M. Huang, "Facial Expression Recognition Using Model-Based eature Extraction and Action Parameters Classification," J. Visual Comm. and Image Representation, Vol. 8, No. 3, p. 278-290,1997.

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