INTERNET FUNDAMENTALS

Skill Based Practical Elective II B. Sc Computer Science

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INTERNET FUNDAMENTALS

Introduction
The Internet is a global system of interconnected computer networks that use the standard Internet protocol suite (TCP/IP) to serve several billion users worldwide. It is a network of networks that consists of millions of private, public, academic, business, and government networks, of local to global scope, that are linked by a broad array of electronic, wireless and optical networking technologies. The Internet carries an extensive range of information resources and services, such as inter- linked hypertext documents of the World Wide Web (WWW) and the infrastructure to support email.

Origin & History

The origins of the Internet reach back to research commissioned by the United States government in the 1960s to build robust, fault-tolerant communication via computer networks. The funding of a new U.S. National Science Foundation in the 1980s, as well as private funding, led to worldwide participation in the development of new networking technologies, and the merger of many networks. Though the Internet has been widely used by academia since the 1980s, the commercialization of what was by the 1990s an international network resulted in its popularization and incorporation into virtually every aspect of modern human life. As of June 2012, more than 2.4 billion peopleover a third of the world's human populationhave used the services of the Internet; approximately 100 times more people than were using it in 1995. The Internet has no centralized governance in either technological implementation or policies for access and usage; each constituent network sets its own policies. Only the overreaching definitions of the two principal name spaces in the Internet, the Internet Protocol address space and the Domain Name System, are directed by a maintainer organization, the Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers (ICANN). The technical underpinning and standardization of the core protocols (IPv4 and IPv6) is an activity of the Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF), a non-profit organization of loosely affiliated international participants that anyone may associate with by contributing technical expertise.

Internet & World Wide Web

The terms Internet and World Wide Web are often used interchangeably in everyday speech; it is common to speak of "going on the Internet" when invoking a web browser to view web pages. However, the Internet is a particular global computer network connecting millions of computing devices; the World Wide Web is just one of sathishlathus@outlook.com INTERNET FUNDAMENTALS

many services running on the Internet. The Web is a collection of interconnected documents (web pages) and other web resources, linked by hyperlinks and URLs.[6] In addition to the Web, a multitude of other services are implemented over the Internet, including e-mail, file transfer, remote computer control, newsgroups, and online games. Web (and other) services can be implemented on any intranet, accessible to network users.

Internet Protocols
The Internet standards describe a framework known as the Internet protocol suite. This is a model architecture that divides methods into a layered system of protocols. The layers correspond to the environment or scope in which their services operate. The most prominent component of the Internet model is the Internet Protocol (IP), which provides addressing systems (IP addresses) for computers on the Internet. IP enables internetworking and in essence establishes the Internet itself. IP Version 4 (IPv4) is the initial version used on the first generation of today's Internet and is still in dominant use. It was designed to address up to ~4.3 billion (109) Internet hosts. However, the explosive growth of the Internet has led to IPv4 address exhaustion, which entered its final stage in 2011, when the global address allocation pool was exhausted. A new protocol version, IPv6, was developed in the mid-1990s, which provides vastly larger addressing capabilities and more efficient routing of Internet traffic. IPv6 is currently in growing deployment around the world.

Internet Uses
The Internet allows greater flexibility in working hours and location, especially with the spread of un-metered high-speed connections. The Internet can be accessed almost anywhere by numerous means, including through mobile Internet devices. Mobile phones, data cards, handheld Internet wirelessly. Educational material at all levels from pre-school to post-doctoral is available from websites. The low cost and nearly instantaneous sharing of ideas, knowledge, and skills has made collaborative work dramatically easier, with the help of collaborative software. Content management systems allow collaborating teams to work on shared sets of documents simultaneously without accidentally destroying each other's work. sathishlathus@outlook.com INTERNET FUNDAMENTALS game consoles and cellular routers allow users to connect to the

The Internet allows computer users to remotely access other computers and information stores easily, wherever they may be.

Internet Services: World Wide Web

Many people use the terms Internet and World Wide Web, or just the Web, interchangeably, but the two terms are not synonymous. The World Wide Web is a global set of documents, images and other resources, logically interrelated by hyperlinks and referenced with Uniform Resource Identifiers (URIs). URIs symbolically identify services, servers, and other databases, and the documents and resources that they can provide. Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP) is the main access protocol of the World Wide Web, but it is only one of the hundreds of communication protocols used on the Internet. Web services also use HTTP to allow software systems to communicate in order to share and exchange business logic and data. World Wide Web browser software, such as Microsoft's Internet Explorer, Mozilla Firefox, Opera, Apple's Safari, and Google Chrome, lets users navigate from one web page to another via hyperlinks embedded in the documents. These documents may also contain any combination of computer data, including graphics, sounds, text, video, multimedia and interactive content that runs while the user is interacting with the page. Client-side software can include animations, games, office applications and scientific demonstrations.

Internet Services: Communication

Email is an important communications service available on the Internet. The concept of sending electronic text messages between parties in a way analogous to mailing letters or memos predates the creation of the Internet. Pictures, documents and other files are sent as email attachments. Emails can be cc-ed to multiple email addresses. Internet telephony is another common communications service made possible by the creation of the Internet. VoIP stands for Voice-over-Internet Protocol, referring to the protocol that underlies all Internet communication. VoIP is maturing into a competitive alternative to traditional telephone service. Interoperability between different providers has improved and the ability to call or receive a call from a traditional telephone is available. Simple, inexpensive VoIP network adapters are available that eliminate the need for a personal computer.

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INTERNET FUNDAMENTALS

Internet Services: Communication

File sharing is an example of transferring large amounts of data across the Internet. A computer file can be emailed to customers, colleagues and friends as an attachment. It can be uploaded to a website or FTP server for easy download by others. It can be put into a "shared location" or onto a file server for instant use by colleagues. The load of bulk downloads too many users can be eased by the use of "mirror" servers or peer-to-peer networks. Streaming media is the real-time delivery of digital media for the immediate consumption or enjoyment by end users. Many radio and television broadcasters provide Internet feeds of their live audio and video productions.

Internet Services: Access

Common methods of Internet cable, fiber access in optic or homes include dial-up, wires), and land-line Wibroadband (over coaxial copper

Fi, satellite and 3G/4G technology cell phones. Public places to use the Internet include libraries and Internet cafes, where computers with Internet connections are available. There are also Internet access points in many public places such as airport halls and coffee shops, in some cases just for brief use while standing.

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INTERNET FUNDAMENTALS

PRACITCAL NO: 1

FINDING IP ADDRESS OF A SYSTEM ------------------------------------------------------------------------------AIM:

To find the IP Address of a system using DOS and Windows operating systems.

PROCEDURE:
An Internet Protocol address (IP address) is a numerical label assigned to each device (e.g., computer, printer) participating in a computer network that uses the Internet Protocol for communication. An IP address serves two principal functions: host or network interface identification and location addressing. The designers of the Internet Protocol defined an IP address as a 32-bit number and this system, known as Internet Protocol Version 4 (IPv4), is still in use today. However, due to the enormous growth of the Internet and the predicted depletion of available addresses, a new version of IP (IPv6), using 128 bits for the address, was developed in 1995. IPv6 was standardized in 1998, and its deployment has been ongoing since the mid-2000s. The Internet Assigned Numbers Authority (IANA) manages the IP address space allocations globally and delegates five regional Internet registries (RIRs) to allocate IP address blocks to local Internet registries (Internet service providers) and other entities.

IPv4 addresses
In IPv4 an address consists of 32 bits which limits the address space to 232 possible unique addresses. IPv4 reserves some addresses for special purposes such as private or multicast. IPv4 addresses are canonically represented in dot-decimal notation, which consists of four decimal numbers, each ranging from 0 to 255, separated by dots, e.g., 172.16.254.1. Each part represents a group of 8 bits (octet) of the address IPv4 Sub-netting In the early stages of development of the Internet Protocol, network administrators interpreted an IP address in two parts: network number portion and host number portion. The highest order octet (most significant eight bits) in an address was designated as the network sathishlathus@outlook.com INTERNET FUNDAMENTALS

number and the remaining bits were called the rest field or host identifier and were used for host numbering within a network. IP Address: Binary Representation: Subnet Mask: Binary Representation: 172. 16. 254. 1 10101100.00010000.11111110.00000001 255.255.255.0 11111111. 11111111. 11111111.00000000

IPv6 addresses
The rapid exhaustion of IPv4 address space, despite conservation techniques, prompted the Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) to explore new technologies to expand the addressing capability in the Internet. The permanent solution was deemed to be a redesign of the Internet Protocol itself. This next generation of the Internet Protocol, intended to replace IPv4 on the Internet, was eventually named Internet (IPv6) in 1995. The address size was increased from 32 to 128 bits or 16 octets. This, even with a generous assignment of network blocks, is deemed sufficient for the foreseeable future. Mathematically, the new address space provides the potential for a maximum of 2128, or about 3.4031038 addresses. IP Address: In Binary: 2001:0DB8:AC10:FE01:0000:0000:0000:0000 1000000000000001:0000110110111000:1010110000010000:1111111000000001. 0000000000000000.0000000000000000.0000000000000000.0000000000000000

ALGORITHM:
A) To find IP Address in DOS Operating System(Command Mode) 1. Go to Start > All Programs (Programs) > Accessories > Command Prompt or go to Start > Run > type cmd. This open Command prompt window. 2. Type ipconfig and press ENTER. IP Address of your system will be displayed. B) To find IP Address in Windows Operating System(GUI Mode) 1. Go to Start > Control Panel. a. In Windows XP Operating System, go to Network and Internet Connections > Network Connections and Double Click on the Local Area Connection, click on Support Tab. IP Address of your system will be displayed. sathishlathus@outlook.com INTERNET FUNDAMENTALS

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INTERNET FUNDAMENTALS

OUTPUT:
1. In DOS Mode

2. In Windows XP Operating System

RESULT:
Thus the IP Address of a System is found using DOS and Windows Mode. sathishlathus@outlook.com INTERNET FUNDAMENTALS

PRACITCAL NO: 2

CREATING AN E-MAIL ------------------------------------------------------------------------------AIM:

To create an E-mail (Web-Based E-mail).

PROCEDURE:
Electronic mail, most commonly referred to as email or e-mail since approximately 1993, is a method of exchanging digital messages from an author to one or more recipients. Modern email operates across the Internet or other computer networks. Some early email systems required that the author and the recipient both be online at the same time, in common with instant messaging. Today's email systems are based on a store-and-forward model. Email servers accept, forward, deliver, and store messages. Neither the users nor their computers are required to be online simultaneously; they need connect only briefly, typically to an email server, for as long as it takes to send or receive messages.

Message Format
Internet email messages consist of two major sections: Header Structured into fields such as From, To, CC, Subject, Date, and other information about the email. Body The basic content, as unstructured text; sometimes containing a signature block at the end. This is exactly the same as the body of a regular letter.

E-mail Types
Web-based email (webmail)

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INTERNET FUNDAMENTALS

This is the type of email that most users are familiar with. Many free email providers host their serves as web-based email (e.g. Hotmail, Yahoo, Gmail, AOL). This allows users to log into the email account by using a web browser to send and receive their email POP3 email services POP3 is the acronym for Post Office Protocol 3. It is a leading email account type on the Internet. In a POP3 email account, email messages are downloaded to the client device (i.e. a computer) and then they are deleted from the mail server. IMAP email servers IMAP refers to Internet Message Access Protocol. It is an alternative to the POP3 email. With an IMAP account, a user's account has access to mail folders on the mail server and can use any compatible device to read messages, as long as such a device can access the server. MAPI email servers Messaging Application Programming Interface (MAPI) is a messaging architecture and a Component Object Model based API for Microsoft Windows.

ALGORITHM:
1. Go to Start > Programs > Internet Explorer. Type www.gmail.com and press ENTER. 2. Click on Create an Account, Account form will be displayed. 3. Enter the Details such as Name, Gender, and Date of Birth and choose the user name etc. 4. Enter the verification code, click agree the terms and click next step to proceed further. 5. Click proceed to the Gmail Inbox. Now an email is created.

OUTPUT:

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INTERNET FUNDAMENTALS

sathishlathus@outlook.com

INTERNET FUNDAMENTALS

sathishlathus@outlook.com

INTERNET FUNDAMENTALS

RESULT:
Thus a web-based email is created successfully.

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INTERNET FUNDAMENTALS