Geronimo, Cherry May EC52FC1

CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION TO SEMICONDUCTORS 1. The forces between the opposite charges form an 2. What is the least accurate approximation of a diode that can be represented by a simple switch? 3. The best conductors are the _________ element materials 4. Occurs when a conduction-band electron loses energy and falls back into a hole in the valence band 5. Refers to the fact that the region near the pn junction is depleted of charge carriers due to diffusion across the junction. 6. The condition that essentially prevents current through the diode 7. The absence of an electron in the valence band of an atom 8. The removal or addition of an electron from or to a neutral atom so that the resulting atom has a net positive or negative charge. 9. The resistance of a forward-biased diode is called the 10. One that has no impurities 11. Most good insulators are ________ rather than the singleelement materials 12. To increase the number of conduction-band electrons in intrinsic silicon, ___________ impurity atoms are added. 13. To increase the number of holes in intrinsic silicon, __________ impurity atoms are needed. 14. A ___________ material consists of silicon atom and trivalent impurity atoms such as boron 15. A silicon material that consists of silicon atoms and pentavalent impurity atoms such as antimony. 16. What is the value of the reverse current of practical diode model? 17. Semiconductor atoms bond together in a symmetrical pattern to form a solid material called ___________. Electric field The Ideal diode model Single Recombination Depletion Reverse bias Hole Ionization Dynamic or ac resistance Intrinsic crystal Compounds Pentavalent Trivalent p-type N- type 0 crystal

Geronimo, Cherry May EC52FC1

CHAPTER 2
DIODE APPLICATIONS 1. An open primary or secondary winding of a power supply transformer results in 2. The output frequency of a half-wave rectifier is _________to/of the input frequency 3. What is the average value of the half-wave rectified voltage given 25 V as its peak amplitude? 4. The PIV rating of the bridge diodes is __________to/than that required for the centertapped configuration. 5. Diode circuits used to clip off portions of signal voltages above or below certain levels, 6. The output frequency of a full-wave rectifier is ________ the input frequency 7. A transformer is generally specified based on _____________rather than the turns ratio, 8. The period of a full-wave rectified voltage is ____________ that of a half-wave rectified voltage 9. The indication of the effectiveness of the filter is called 10. Eliminates the fluctuations in the rectified voltage and produces a relatively smooth dc voltage 11. Circuit that maintains a constant dc voltage for variations in the input line voltage or in the load 12. A type of full-wave rectifier that uses two diodes connected to the secondary of a center-tapped transformer 13. Use clamping action to increase peak rectified voltages without the necessity of increasing the transformers voltage rating 14. Maximum voltage appearing across the diode in reverse bias 15. Caused by the charging and discharging of the filter capacitor 16. A systematic process of isolating, identifying, and correcting a fault in a circuit or system 17. Allows unidirectional current through the load during the entire 360 of the input cycle 18. Allows current through the load only during one-half of the cycle. 19. Generally used because of the surge current that initially occur s when power is first turned on 20. A figure of merit used to specify the performance of a voltage regulator 0V Equal 7.95 V Less

Clippers Twice Secondary voltage Half Ripple factor Filter Regulator Center-tapped rectifier

Voltage multipliers PIV Ripple voltage Troubleshooting Full-wave rectifier Half-wave rectifier Slow-blow type fuse regulation

Geronimo, Cherry May EC52FC1

CHAPTER 3
SPECIAL- PURPOSE DIODES 1. Diodes that were designed to operate in reverse breakdown 2. A device that operates in reverse bias 3. A zener diode operating in breakdown acts as a 4. A positive temperature means that the zener voltage 5. A diode that always operates in reverse-bias and is doped to maximize the inherent capacitance of the depletion region is 6. When the light-emitting diode (LED) is forwardbiased, __________pass the pn junction and recombine with____________ in the _________material. 7. The first visible red LEDs were produced using 8. The normalized output of the visible red, yellow, green and blue LED peaks at __________________ (nm) respectively. 9. Organic LEDs and LEDs produce light through the process of __________ and ___________ respectively. 10. An increase in the amount of light intensity produces an increase in 11. A diode that can be used as a variableresistance device controlled by light intensity. 12. A diode that operates only with majority carriers 13. A diode that takes advantage of the variable forward resistance characteristic. 14. No reverse leakage current 15. Diode used in VHF and fast switching applications 16. When a PIN diode is forward-biased, it acts like a 17. If a tunnel diode is placed in series with the tank circuit and biased at the center of the negativeresistance portion of its characteristic curve, a _________ will result in the output. 18. The tunnel diode is only used at 19. In a varactor diode, what happens to the capacitance if the reverse-bias voltage decreases? 20. The varactor capacitance ratio is also known as Zener diode photodiode Voltage regulator Increases with an increase in temperature on decreases with decrease in temperature. Laser

Electrons, holes, p-type

GaAsp 660,590,540, and 460 Electrophophorescence and electroluminescence Reverse current Photodiode Schottky diode PIN diode Schottky diode Step- Recovery diode Current-controlled variable resistance Constant sinusoidal voltage

VHF a. Increases a. Tuning ratio

Geronimo, Cherry May EC52FC1

CHAPTER 4
BIPOLAR JUNCTION TRANSISTORS 1. Which is the least of the three transistor currents? 2. The ratio of the dc collector current to the dc base current of the transistor is, 3. the ratio of the dc collector current to the dc emitter current 4. Determine the base current given dc beta=100 , dc alpha=0.85, and IC= 3.70mA 5. Nonconducting state of a transistor 6. State of a BJT in which the collector current has reached maximum and is dependent of the base current 7. Neither the base-emitter nor the base-collector junctions are forward-biased 8. dc beta varies with 9. hFE varies with which transistor current/s? 10. Converts light energy to electrical signal 11. Devices used to electrically isolate circuits 12. A key parameter in optocouplers is the CTR. CTR stands for 13. Indication of how efficiently a signal is coupled from input to output 14. RF transistors are designed to operate at 15. What transistor category/ies uses plastic or metal packages? 16. To operate as an amplifier, BE junction must be forward-biased and the BC junction must be reverse-biased. This is called 17. In a phototransistor, what transistor current/s is produced and controlled by light? 18. Two basic package types 19. The process of increasing the power, voltage, or current by electronic means. Base dc beta/dc current gain dc alpha 0.037mA Cutoff Saturation cutoff collector current and temperature Collector only Phototransistor Optocouplers Current transfer ratio CTR EHF General-purpose transistors Forward-reverse bias Base Through-hole and surface mount Amplification

Geronimo, Cherry May EC52FC1

CHAPTER 5
TRANSISTOR BIAS CIRCUITS 1. What biasing method is common in switching circuits? 2. A Base bias in linear region shows that it is 3. In an emitter-feedback bias, if the collector current increases, the emitter voltage 4. What happens to the base voltage in no. 10? 5. In an emitter-feedback, the increase in base voltage _________ the base current. 6. For collector-feedback bias, what provides the bias for the base-emitter junction? 7. As temperature goes up in a collector-feedback circuit, DC and VBE goes _______ and __________, respectively. 8. Collector-feedback bias provides good stability using negative feedback from 9. Innovations in technology would allow a doubling of the number of transistors in a given space every year and that the speed of those transistors would increase. This prediction is widely known as 10. If an amplifier is not biased with correct dc voltages on the input and output, it can go ___________ when an input signal is applied. 11. Given a voltage-divider biased BJT, determine IC given VCC, R1, R2, RC, and RE which are 10V, 10kohms, 4.7kohms, 1kohm, and 470ohms respectively. Use DC= 100. 12. What is the value of VCE in no.20? 13. If an emitter resistor is added to a base bias circuit, what is the value of the emitter current given VCC, RE, RC, and RB as 10V, 1k, 470, and 180k, respectively. Use DC=100. 14. Calculate for VCE in no. 22 15. If the dc beta in the preceding drops half of its original value, find the percent change in IC. 16. What is the percent change in VCE? 17. The region along the load line including all points between saturation and cutoff 18. A voltage divider for which loading effects can be neglected 19. The base bias circuit arrangement has poor stability because its Q-point varies widely with 20. The purpose of biasing a circuit is to establish a proper stable ________. 21. The process of returning a portion of a circuits Base bias Directly dependent on dc beta Increases Increases Reduces Collector voltage Up and down

Collector to base Moores law

Saturation or cutoff

5.31mA

2.19 V 3.32mA

5.12 V 39.16% 27.17% Linear region Stiff voltage divider Dc beta Q-point Feedback

Geronimo, Cherry May EC52FC1 output back to the input in such a way as to oppose or aid a change in the output

CHAPTER 6
BJT AMPLIFIERS 1. Amplifiers designed to handle small __________ signals are referred to as small-signal amplifiers. 2. Which of the r parameters is the most important? 3. Determine the ac emitter resistance that is operating with a dc emitter current of 5mA. 4. If ac=hfe, ac=? 5. Which of the three amplifier configurations exhibit high voltage gain and high current gain? 6. An amplifier configuration which has a voltage gain of approximately 1, a high input resistance and current gain, 7. An amplifier configuration which provides high voltage gain with a maximum current gain of 1. 8. Which of the amplifier configurations is the most appropriate for certain applications where sources tend to have low-resistance outputs? 9. In a common-emitter amplifier, any change in input signal voltage results in 10. The ac voltage gain is the ratio of ac only re 5.0 hfb Common-emitter Common-collector Common-base Common-base Opposite change in collector signal voltage ac output voltage at the collector to ac input voltage at the base attenuation reciprocal of the attenuation It decreases the ac voltage gain Stability ac emitter resistance

11. the reduction in signal voltage as it passes through a circuit 12. the overall voltage gain of the common-emitter amplifier is the product of the voltage gain from base to collector and 13. Without the bypass capacitor, the CE amplifiers emitter is no longer at ac ground. How does this affect the amplifier? 14. The measure of how well an amplifier maintains its design values over changes in temperature, 15. Swamping is a method used to minimize the effect of the ____________without reducing the voltage gain to its minimum value. 16. ___________ contains two transistors. The collectors of two transistors are connected and the emitter of the first drives the base of the second. 17. _____________ consists of two types of transistors, npn and a pnp.

Darlington pair Complementary Darlington

Geronimo, Cherry May EC52FC1 18. An amplifier configuration in which the input signal is capacitively coupled to the emitter and the output is capacitively coupled from the collector, 19. Which of the amplifier configurations is/are useful at high frequencies when impedance matching is required? 20. The power gain of a common-base amplifier is approximately equal to 21. BJT amplifier that produces output that are a function of the difference between two input voltages, 22. Ideally, a diff-amp provides a very high gain for singleended or differential signals and _____________ gain for common-mode signals. 23. Input signals are out of phase Common-base

Common-base Voltage gain Differential amplifier 0 Differential amplifier

POWER AMPLIFIERS 1. It is the product of Q-point current and voltage of a transistor with no signal input 2. The ____________ of an amplifier is the ratio of the output signal power supplied to a load to the total power from the dc supply. 3. Which amplifier operates in the linear region for 180 deg. Of the input cycle when biased in cutoff and is in cutoff for 180 deg? 4. These amplifiers are biased to conduct for slightly more than 180 deg. 5. An amplifier that is generally used in Radio Frequency applications 6. Implemented with a laser diode 7. An amplifier that is biased below cutoff and is normally operated with resonant circuit load 8. The four classes of power amplifiers are classified based on the percentage of the ____________which the amplifier operates in its ________region 9. It is the ratio of the output power to the input power 10. Product of the rms load current and the rms load voltage 11. A type of class B amplifier with two transistors in which one transistor conducts for one half-cycle and the other conducts for the other half-cycle 12. Amplifiers that are generally used in Radio Frequency Applications. 13. Another term for complementary Darlington Power dissipation Efficiency

CHAPTER 7

Class B Class AB Class C Current mirror Class C Input cycle, linear

Power gain Output power Push-pull Class C amplifiers Sziklai pair

Geronimo, Cherry May EC52FC1 14. An advantage of push-pull class B and class AB amplifiers over class A 15. The Q-point is at _________ at class B operation 16. Operates in the linear region where the output signal is an amplified replica of the input signal 17. Amplifiers that have the objective of delivering power to a load 18. When the Q-point is at the center of the ac load line, a maximum class ________ signal can be obtained. 19. The maximum efficiency of capacitively coupled class A amplifier cannot be higher than 20. The low efficiency of class A amplifiers limits their usefulness to small power applications that require usually less than ________. Efficiency Cutoff Class A Power amplifers A 25% 1W

CHAPTER 8
FIELD EFFECT TRANSISTORS 1. FETs are preferred device in low-voltage switching applications; while______ transistor is generally used in high-voltage switching applications. 2. What type of JFET operates with a reverse-biased pn junction to control current in the channel? 3. An n-channel universal transfer characteristic curve is also known as 4. The change in drain current for a given change in gateto-source voltage with the drain-to-source voltage constant 5. What is the most common type of JFET bias? 6. It is a method for increasing the Q-point stability of a selfbiased JFET by making the drain current essentially independent of gate-to-source voltage 7. What JFET bias uses a BJT as a constant-current source? 8. For increased Q-point stability, the value of RS in the selfbias circuit is increased and connected to a negative supply voltage. This sometimes called 9. VGS varies quite a bit for JFET self-bias and voltage-divider bias but ID is much more stable with 10. ____________ is sometimes called depletion/enhancement MOSFET. 11. LDMOSFET has a lateral channel structure and is a type of 12. It is an example of the conventional E-MOSFET designed to achieve higher power capability 13. Following are the three ways to bias a MOSFET except 14. The insulated-gate bipolar transistor combines which two IGBT

JFET Transconductance curve Forward transconductance Self-bias Current-source bias

Current-source bias Dual-supply bias

Voltage-divider bias D-MOSFET Enhancement MOSFET VMOSFET Current-source bias BJT and MOSFET

Geronimo, Cherry May EC52FC1 transistors that make it useful in high-voltage and highcurrent switching applications? 15. What are the three terminals of IGBT? 16. In terms of switching speed, __________ switch fastest and _____________ switch slowest. 17. In a MOSFET, the process of removing or depleting the channel of charge carriers and thus decreasing the channel conductivity 18. The ratio of change in drain current to a change in gateto source voltage in a FET 19. A FET is called a ______________ because of the relationship of the drain current to the square of a term containing gate-to-source voltage 20. Combines features from both the MOSFET and the BJT that make it useful in high-voltage and high-current switching applications. 21. Has a lateral channel structure and is a type of enhancement MOSFET designed for power applications.

Gate, collector, emitter MOSFETs, BJTs Depletion Transconductance Square-law device IGBT

LDMOSFET

CHAPTER 9 FET AMPLIFIERS AND SWITCHING CIRCUITS 1. An amplifier that primarily uses only MOSFETs. 2. A process in which an input signal is converted to a series of pulses with widths that varies proportionally to the amplitude of the input signal. 3. It removes the modulating frequency and harmonics and passes only the original signal to the output. 4. The voltage gain of a common-drain amplifier is always 5. The load resistance connected to the drain of a common-source amplifier reduces ____________ 6. What is the relationship between the input resistance of a common-gate amplifier to its transconductance? 7. The efficiency of a class D amplifier approaches 8. The input signal is applied to the gate and the output is taken from source 9. A nonlinear amplifier in which the transistors are operated as switches 10. A device that switches an analog signal on and off 11. Consists of two or more analog switches that connect sample portions of their analog input signals to single output in a time sequence 12. Used in low-power digital switching circuits 13. Amplifier commonly used as frequency multiplier 14. The least efficient amplifier Class D PWM Low-Pass Filter Slightly less than 1 Voltage gain They are inversely proportional 100% Common-drain Class D Analog switch Analog multiplexer

CMOS Class C Class A

Geronimo, Cherry May EC52FC1 15. An amplifier that is biased below cutoff 16. A class of amplifier that operates in the linear region for only a small part of the input cycle Class c Class C Thermal runaway

17. In a class AB amplifier, if the VBE drops are not matched to the diode drops or if the diodes are not in thermal equilibrium with the transistors, this can result in
CHAPTER 10 AMPLIFIER FREQUENCY RESPONSE 1. The frequency at which the output power drops to one-half of its midrange value 2. At the critical frequencies the output voltage is 70.7% of its midrange value. What is the value of voltage gain in dB? 3. What is the other term for lower critical frequency? 4. The condition where the gain is down 3 dB is logically called _________ of the amplifier response 5. The upper and lower dominant critical frequencies are sometimes called 6. A characteristic of an amplifier in which the product of the voltage gain and the bandwidth is always constant when the roll-off is -20 dB/ decade. 7. Critical frequencies are values of frequency at which the RC circuits reduce the voltage gain to ____________ of its midrange value. 8. An octave of frequency change is a ________ -times change 9. Which of the following has no effect on the lowfrequency response? 10. What is the gain that occurs for the range of frequencies between the lower and upper critical frequencies? 11. Which of the following is not a method in frequency response measurement? 12. If the voltage gain is less than one, what is the value of the dB gain? 13. A plot of dB voltage gain versus frequency on semilog graph paper 14. The critical frequency at which the curve breaks into a -20dB/decade drop 15. The change in gain or phase shift over a specified range of input signal frequencies 16. A unit of logarithmic gain measurement and is commonly used to express amplifier response

Corner frequency -3 dB All of the above -3 dB point Half-power frequencies Gain-bandwidth product

70.7% 2 Internal transistor capacitances Midrange gain Roll-off measurement Negative Bode plot Lower break frequency Frequency response Decibel

Geronimo, Cherry May EC52FC1 17. The lower and upper critical frequencies of an amplifier can be determined using the _____________ method by applying a voltage step to the input of the amplifier and measuring the rise and fall times of the resulting output voltage 18. The coupling an bypass capacitors of an amplifier affect the _________ frequency response: high or low 19. The internal transistor capacitances affect the _________ frequency response: high or low 20. Two frequency response measurement 21. The Miller input and output capacitances for a BJT inverting amplifier depends on 22. When dB is negative, it is usually called_______ CHAPTER 11 THYRISTORS 1. It is like the four-layer diode but with the added gate connection 2. This is the maximum continuous anode current that the device can withstand in the conduction state under specifies conditions. 3. What bilateral thyristor functions basically like two parallel SCRs turned in opposite directions with a common gate terminal? 4. ____________ does not belong to the thyristor family because it does not have a four-layer type of construction. 5. It can be used a trigger device for SCRs and triacs. 6. It is a type of three-terminal thyristor that is triggered into conduction when the voltage at the anode exceeds the voltage at the gate. 7. A region of forward bias in which the device has a very high forward resistance and is in the off state 8. A method for turning-off the SCR that basically requires momentarily forcing current through the SCR in the direction opposite to the forward conduction 9. The value of gate current necessary to switch the SCR from the forward-blocking region to the forwardconduction region under specified conditions. 10. A four-layer semiconductor device that operates essentially as does the conventional SCR except that it can also be light-triggered. 11. Functions basically like two parallel 4- layer diodes turned in opposite directions. SCR Average forward current Triac UJT Step-response method

Low High Frequency/amplitude and step Voltage gain Attenuation

UJT PUT

Forward-blocking region Forced commutation Gate Trigger Current LASCR

Diac

Geronimo, Cherry May EC52FC1 12. A diac with gate terminal Triac 13. A four-terminal thyristor that has two gate terminals Silicon Controlled Device that are used t trigger the device on and off (SCS) 14. A type of three-terminal thyristor that is triggered into Programmable Unijunction conduction when the voltage at the anode exceeds Transistor the voltage at the gate. (PUT) 15. The characteristic of a UJT that determines its turn-on Standoff-ratio point 16. The four-layer diode is also called Shockley diode 17. The region that corresponds to the on condition of the Forward_ conduction SCR where there is forward current from anode to region cathode through the very low resistance of the SCR 18. The SCR can only be turned on using its _________ Gate terminal 19. Acts as the trigger source in the LASCRs Light 20. A thyristor that conducts when the voltage across its 4-layer diode terminals exceeds the breakover potential 21. Basic methods of for turning off an SCR Anode current interruption and forced commutation CHAPTER 12 THE OPERATIONAL AMPLIFIER 1. The measure of an amplifiers ability to reject common-mode CMRR signals 2. It is the typical value of input offset voltage in the ideal case. 0V 3. It is the dc current required by the inputs of the amplifier to Input bias current properly operate the first stage. 4. It is the resistance viewed from the output terminal of the op- Output impedance amp 5. The total resistance between the inverting and noninverting Differential input inputs impedance 6. Differential impedance is measured by determining the Bias current change in ___________ for a given change in differential input voltage. 7. Common temperature coefficient for the offset current 0.5nA/C 8. Functions of negative feedback in an op-amp Stabilize gain and increase frequency response 9. The voltage gain of an op-amp with external feedback Closed-loop voltage gain 10. A special case of the noninverting amplifier where all of the Voltage-follower output voltage is fed back to the inverting input by a straight configuration connection 11. The value of the frequency at which the gain steadily Unity-gain decreases to a point where it is equal to unity frequency

Geronimo, Cherry May EC52FC1 Or unity gain bandwidth Gain-bandwidth product Phase shift Inverting input, noninverting input, and output Voltage-follower Bandwidth Differential mode and commonmode Ideal Infinite Zero Zero Inverting, noninverting, and voltage follower Less Decreases Discrete components 2 (positive and negative) Large-signal voltage gain

12. It is always equal to the frequency at which the op-amps open- loop gain is unity or 0 dB. 13. The relative angular displacement of a time-varying function relative to a reference. 14. The three terminals of the basic op-amp not including power and ground 15. It has the highest input impedance and the lowest output impedance of the three amplifier configurations 16. The _________ of an op-amp equals the upper critical frequency. 17. Two types of op-amp input operation.

18. A ____________ differentiator uses a capacitor in series with the inverting input. 19. An ideal op-amp has ___________ value for voltage gain, bandwidth, and input impedance. 20. What should be the output voltage of an op-amp when the differential input is zero 21. The ideal op-amp has __________ output impedance 22. The three basic op-amp configurations 23. The closed-loop voltage gain is _________ than the open-loop voltage gain. (more or less) 24. Does the gain of an op-amp decreases or increases as frequency increases above the critical frequency 25. Devices such as the diode and the transistor which are separate devices that are individually packaged and interconnected in a circuit with other devices to form a complete, functional unit. 26. Most op-amps operate with how many dc supply voltage? 27. Datasheets often refer to the open-loop voltage gain as the ______________

Geronimo, Cherry May EC52FC1 CHAPTER 13 BASIC OP-AMP CIRCUITS 1. A common interfacing process often used when a linear analog system must provide inputs to a digital system. 2. Method of A/D conversion that uses parallel comparators to compare the linear input signal with various reference voltages developed by a voltage divider 3. Produces an output that is proportional to the rate of change of the input voltage 4. The difference between the UTP and the LTP 5. Used to generate pulse waveform from the sine wave output of the audio generator. 6. When the output is at the maximum positive voltage and the input exceeds UTP, the output switches to the _________ negative voltage 7. Uses a capacitor in the feedback path which is open to dc. This implies that the gain at dc is the open-loop gain of the op-amp. 8. Gives an op-amp noise immunity 9. Used to detect positive and negative voltages by connecting a fixed reference voltage source to the inverting input of a zero-level detector. 10. A good example of hysteresis 11. A comparator with three trigger points 12. The output of Schmitt trigger is 13. In a comparator with output bounding, what type of diode is used in the feedback loop? 14. Necessary components for the design of a bounded comparator 15. Type of circuit that uses comparators 16. Variations of the basic summing amplifier 17. Differentiation of a ramp input produces a step output with an amplitude proportional to the _________ 18. Another term for flash 19. Integration of a step input produces a ramp output with the slope proportional to the _________ A/D conversion Flash

Differentiator Hysteresis voltage Voltage comparator Maximum Practical integrator Hysteresis Nonzero-Level detection Thermostat Schmitt Trigger Pulse waveform Zener Rectifier and zener diodes Nonzero-level detector Averaging and scaling amplifier Slope Simultaneous Amplitude

Geronimo, Cherry May EC52FC1 CHAPTER 14 SPECIAL PURPOSE OP-AMP CIRCUITS 1. 2. 3. 4. Provides dc isolation between input and output Ratio of the output current to the input voltage Transconductance is __________ of an OTA A comparator with hysteresis where the input voltage is large enough to drive the device into its saturated states 5. The ______________ of a number is the power to which the base must be raised to get that number. 6. An amplifier that produces an output that is proportional to the logarithm of the input. 7. Used in applications where it is necessary to have an output current that is controlled by an input voltage. 8. The circuit used to detect the peak of the input voltage and store that peak voltage on a capacitor. 9. The exponent to which the base e must be raised in order to equal a given quantity. 10. In an OTA, transconductance varies with _________. 11. Amplifiers that are often used in HF communication systems, including fiber optics, for processing wide dynamic range signals. 12. The key characterisctic of an instrumentation amplifier 13. The voltage gain of instrumentation amplifier is set by a 14. The log amplifier may use the ___________ junction of a BJT in the feedback loop 15. The main purpose of an instrumentation amplifier is to amplify _____ signals that are riding on _____ common-mode voltages. 16. The ___________ of an OTA is the input voltage times the transconductance 17. The operation of log and antilog amplifiers is based on the __________ characteristics of a pn junction 18. A log amplifier has a pn junction in the feedback loop, and an antilog amplifier has a pn junction in __________ with the input 19. In a peak detector, an op-amp is used as a __________ to charge a capacitor through a diode to the peak value of the input voltage. 20. A basic instrumentation amplifier is formed by three op-amps and ________ resistors, including the gain setting resistor. 21. An oscillator that can be either amplitude or pulse modulated by the signal from the input amplifier Isolation amplifier Transconductance Gain Schmitt trigger Logarithm Log amplifier Voltage-to-current converter Peak detector Natural logarithm Bias current Log and antilog amplifiers CMRR Resistor Base-emitter small, large Output current Nonlinear (logarithmic) Series Comparator Seven (7) High-frequency oscillator

Geronimo, Cherry May EC52FC1 CHAPTER 15 ACTIVE FILTERS 1. The ___________ of a band-pass filter is the ratio of the center frequency to the bandwidth. 2. An active filter category that rejects the frequencies within a certain bandwidth and passes frequencies outside the bandwidth 3. A filter response characteristic that provides a very flat amplitude response in the passband and a roll-off rate of -20dB/decade/pole 4. Each filter in a cascaded arrangement is called ___________. 5. It is one of the most common configurations for two-pole filter. It is also known as a voltage-controlled voltage source filter. 6. A filter required to get a third-order low-pass response. This is done by cascading a two-pole Sallen-key low-pass filter and a singlepole low-pass filter 7. Each additional filter in a cascaded arrangement adds _______dB to the roll-off rate 8. The rate of decrease in gain, below or above the critical frequencies of a filter. 9. Technology that enables the tracking and/or identification of objects. 10. Four categories of active filters Quality factor Band-stop filter Butterworth characteristic Stage or section Sallen-Key Three-pole filter -20 dB Roll-off Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) Low-pass, highpass, band-pass, and band-stop Cutoff frequency Pulse Multiple-feedback and state-variable RFID tags Passive RFID tag Active RFID tag Smart label Selectivity 1 True True Universal active filter Discrete point

11. Low-pass bandwidth is equal to 12. Filters with the Bessel characteristic are used for filtering ________ waveforms 13. Two common types of band-stop filters. 14. Tiny, very thin microchips with memory and a coil antenna 15. This type of tag does not require batteries. The tag is inactive until powered by the energy from the electromagnetic field of an RFID reader 16. This type of tag is powered by a battery and is capable of communicating up to 100ft. Or more from the RFID reader. 17. Another type of tag that is a paper labelled with printing with the RF circuitry and antenna embedded in it. 18. The property of selecting signals with certain selected frequencies while rejecting signals with other frequencies. 19. A pole is simply a circuit with how many resistor or capacitor? 20. The damping factor affects the filter response by negative feedback action. True/false 21. The more poles a filter has , the faster its roll-off rate is 22. Another term for state-variable filter 23. Two methods of determining a filters response by measurement

Geronimo, Cherry May EC52FC1 measurement and swept frequency measurement Swept frequency generator 2 RC

24. Produces a constant amplitude output signal whose frequency increases linearly between two preset limits. 25. How many poles does a Sallen-Key high pass filter have? 26. The center frequency of a state variable resistor is set by the _______ circuits in both integrators,

CHAPTER 16 OSCILLATORS 1. A circuit that produces a periodic waveform on its output with only the dc supply voltage as an input 2. The two major classifications for oscillators are feedback oscillators and _______________. 3. Characterized by the condition wherein a portion of the output voltage of an amplifier is fed back to the input with no net phase shift resulting in a reinforcement of the output signal 4. An amplifier gain of greater than ________ will cause the oscillator to limit both peaks of the waveform 5. The most widely used type of RC feedback oscillator for frequencies up to about 1 MHz 6. Quarts is one type of crystalline substance found in nature that exhibits a property called ________ 7. This type of LC feedback oscillator uses transformer coupling to feed back a portion of the signal voltage. It is sometimes called a tickler oscillator 8. Devices that produce more than one output function 9. A relaxation oscillator whose frequency can be changed by a variable dc control voltage 10. ___________ oscillators include the Colpitts, Clapp, Hartley, Armstrong, and crystal-controlled 11. ___________ oscillators include the Wien-bridge, phase-shift, and twin-T 12. This type of oscillator used an LC circuit in the feedback loop to provide the necessary phase shift and to act as a resonant filter that passes only the desired frequency of oscillation 13. It is a variation of the Colpitts but with an additional capacitor in series with the inductor in the resonant feedback circuit 14. He invented the Hartley oscillator and the Hartley transform, a mathematical analysis method , which contributed to the foundations of information theory 15. Similar to Colpitts except that the feedback circuit consists of two Oscillator Relaxation oscillators Positive signal 100 Wien-bridge Piezolelectric effect Armstrong Oscillator Function generators Voltage-controlled oscillator (VCO) Sinusoidal LC Sinusoidal RC Colpitts Oscillator Clapp Oscillator Ralph Vinton Lyon Hartley Hartley oscillator

Geronimo, Cherry May EC52FC1 series inductors and a parallel capacitor 16. The most stable and accurate type of feedback oscillator uses a piezoelectric _________ in the feedback loop to control frequency. 17. The lowest frequency at which a crystal is naturally resonant. 18. For higher frequencies, the crystal must be operated in this mode 19. A type of relaxation oscillator because its operation is based on the charging and discharging of a capacitor 20. A two-state device whose output can be at either a high voltage or a low voltage level 21. For initial start-up, the voltage gain around the feedback loop must be greater that 22. The feedback signal in an Armstrong oscillator is derived by ________ coupling 23. A type of RC feedback oscillator which used two T-type RC filters used in the feedback loop, one has a low-pass response and the other has high-pass response 24. A loop is created in which the signal sustains itself and a continuous sinusoidal output is produces 25. The phase shift around the feedback loop must be effectively ________ degrees to sustain the state of oscillation 26. The voltage gain around the closed feedback loop must be equal to _________ to sustain state of oscillation. 27. The product of the amplifier gain and the attenuation of the feedback circuit 28. He was involved in the development of oscillators and vacuum tube push-pull amplifiers at Western Electric in the early 1900 29. The frequency in a VCO can be varied with a _______ controlled voltage CHAPTER 17 VOLTAGE REGULATORS 1. The percentage change in the output voltage for a given change in the input voltage 2. The percentage change in output voltage for a given change in load current 3. Occurs when the internal power dissipation becomes excessive and the temperature of the device exceeds a certain value 4. An electronic circuit that maintains an essentially constant output voltage with a changing input voltage or load current 5. Typical of three-terminal IC regulators that provide a fixed negative output voltage. 6. An example of a three-terminal positive regulator with an Line regulation Load regulation Thermal Overload Regulator 79XX LM317 Crystal Fundamental frequency Overtone mode Square-Wave oscillator Flip-flop 1 (one) Transformer Twin-T oscillator

Oscillation 0 1 (unity) Voltage gain Edwin H. Colpitts Dc

Geronimo, Cherry May EC52FC1 adjustable output voltage. 7. Negative output counterpart of the LM317 8. A universal device that can be used with external components to provide step-up, step-down, and inverting operation 9. A voltage regulator in which the control element operate as a switch 10. Two basic types of linear regulators are 11. In linear series regulator, the control element is a transistor in _______ with the load 12. In linear shunt regulator, the control element is a transistor in _______ with the load. 13. A change in input voltage does not significantly affect the output voltage of a regulator. (true/false) 14. Can be used as a current source when an application requires that a constant current be supplied to a variable load. 15. Amplitude modulation is a ____________________process 16. is one method used to overcome the bandwidth limitation of the telephone system so that digital data can be sent over the phone lines. LM337 78S40 Switching regulator Series and shunt Series Parallel True Three-terminal regulator Multiplication FSK

CHAPTER 18 COMMUNICATIONS 1. The circuit that recovers the modulating signal form 455 kHz intermediate frequency. 2. Picks up all the radiated signals and feeds them into the RF amplifier. 3. Provides a dc level out of the detector that is proportional to the strength of the received signal 4. It brings the high frequency audio signals back to the proper amplitude relationship with the lower frequencies 5. Removes any unwanted variations in the amplitude of the FM signal as it comes out of the IF amplifier and produces a constant amplitude FM output at the 10.7 MHz intermediate frequency 6. A feedback circuit consisting of a phase detector, a low pass filter, and a VCO 7. The range of frequencies over which the PLL can acquire lock with an incoming signal 8. The angle that defines whether a light ray will be reflected or refracted as it strikes a surface. 9. A linear device that produces an output voltage proportional to the product of two input voltages 10. An optical characteristic of a material that determines the critical angle. 11. A device for down-converting frequencies in a receiver system

Detector Antenna Automatic Gain Control (AGC) De-emphasis Network Limiter

PLL Capture range Critical Angle Four-quadrant Multiplier Index of refraction Mixer

Geronimo, Cherry May EC52FC1 12. The RF amplifier, mixer, and local oscillator are tuned simultaneously so that the LO frequency is always 455 kHz above the incoming RF signal frequency. 13. A special case of the multiplier that is realized by simply applying the same voltage to both inputs by connecting the inputs together. 14. Reverse modulation 15. The process of varying a parameter of a carrier signal with an information signal. 16. Most VCOs employed in PLLs operate in the principle of ____________ using the varactor diode as a voltage-variable capacitor. 17. The range of frequencies over which the PLL can maintain lock 18. Independent of the bandwidth of the low-pass filter because when the PLL is in lock, the difference in frequency is zero or a very low instantaneous value the falls well within the bandwidth. 19. Uses light pulses to transmit information through fiber-optic cables. 20. Fiber optic cable in which the diameter of the core is fairly large relative to the diameter of the cladding. 21. Fiber optic cable in which the diameter core is very small relative to the diameter of the cladding. 22. Fiber optic cable in which the diameter of the core is fairly large relative to the diameter of the cladding. 23. A linear multiplier can be used as a _________ detector 24. The output of a linear multiplier is the ________ of the inputs and a scale factor 25. The IF in a standard AM receiver is 26. A form of amplitude modulation in which the carrier is suppressed 27. Another term for balanced modulation Gang tuning

Squaring circuit Demodulation Modulation Variable reactance

Lock range or tracking range Hold-in range Fiber optics Multimode step index Single-mode step index Multimode graded index Phase Product 455 kHz Balanced modulation Suppresses-carrier modulation