17-Three Phase Transformers Part2

10/25/2012
Overview
Delta-Y Transformer Connection Delta-Y Transformer Analysis Transformer Phase Shifts Y-Delta Transformer Connection Y-Delta Transformer Analysis Practical Considerations
17-Three Phase Transformers Part 2
ECEGR 450 Electromechanical Energy Conversion
Dr. Louie
-Y Transformer
Secondary has a neutral connection Primary connected topto-bottom Line-line voltages appear on the coils on primary Phase voltages appear on the coils on the secondary Less insulation needed on HV winding
Ia Iab
Vab
+
-Y Transformer Analysis
Ia
Van
+
By Faradays Law:
Vab will be in-phase with Van Phase shift introduced
Ia Iab
Vab
+
Ia
Van
+
Ib Ibc
Vbc
+
By KCL:
Ia = Iab Ica
Ib
Vbn
+
By Amperes Law:
Iab will be in-phase with Ia Phase shift introduced
Ib
Ibc
Vbc
+
Ib
Vbn
+
Ic Ica
Vca
+
Ic
Vcn
+
Similar results for b, c phases
Ic
Ica
Vca
+
Ic
Vcn
+
Dr. Louie
Dr. Louie
-Y Transformer Analysis
Phasor Diagram for Ideal Delta-Y Connected Transformer
Delta-Y Transformer Analysis

Phasor Diagram for Ideal Delta-Y Connected Transformer
Vcn Vcn Vcn Vca Vbc Vab

30o
Van
Ia = Iab Ica
Ib = Ibc Iab Ic = Ica Ibc

Ia Ia Ica Ibc Ib Ic
Van Vbn
30o
Van Ic
30o phase shift from primary to secondary
Iab
30o 30o
Iab
30o
Ica
Ib Ibc
30o phase shift from primary to secondary
Vbn
Magnitudes shown assuming N1 < N2
Vbn
Dr. Louie
Dr. Louie
10/25/2012
Three-Phase Transformer Analysis: Delta-Y Let k be the transformer voltage gain For -Y transformers:
Va'n' nVab nVan 3e
j 6 j 6
Delta-Y Transformer Analysis

Voltage relationships
Va'n' Vb 'n' Vc 'n' kVan , Va'b ' kVbn , Vb 'c ' kVcn , Vc 'a' kVab kVbc kVca
c b c n b a a
kVan
Important result!
therefore k = n 3e Ia' Iab n Ia k Iae

j 6
Current relationships
Ia' Ib ' Ic '
7
3n
same phase shift as voltage
Ia k Ib k Ic k
primary
secondary
Dr. Louie
Dr. Louie
Question
Consider an ideal Delta-Y transformer, with 20 turns on each primary coil, and 80 turns on each secondary coil. If the primary side values are:
Vab Ia 208 0 V 10 5 A
Question
Consider an ideal Delta-Y transformer, with 20 turns on each primary coil, and 80 turns on each secondary coil. If the primary side values are:
Vab Ia 208 0 V 10 5 A
j j
Compute: Vab, Van and Ia
Compute: Vab, Van and Ia

k = n 3e 6 Va'b ' Va'n' Ia' k Vabk Vank Ia 4 3e 6 (120 6.92 30 30 )(6.92 30 ) 1.45 35 A 830.4 0 V 1436 30 V
10 5 6.92 30
Dr. Louie
Dr. Louie
10
Y- Transformer
No neutral point on secondary Van, Vab in phase Ian, Iba in phase
Similar results for b, c phase
Ia
Van
+
Three-Phase Transformer Analysis: YIba

Vab
+
Ia
Let k be the transformer voltage gain For Y- transformers: j

Va'b ' nVan nVab e 3 ne
j 6 6
Ib
Vbn
+
Icb
+ V -bc
Ib
kVab
Phase voltage across primary coils Line voltage across secondary coils
therefore k =
Important result
Ic
Vcn
+
Iac
V -ca
+
Ic
Note: phase shift is -300, whereas for Delta-Y transformer connection in previous slides it is +30o
n
11 12
Dr. Louie
Dr. Louie
10/25/2012
Question
Is there any concern in connecting a three phase Y-Delta transformer in parallel with a three phase Delta-Y transformer? Assume the transformers are appropriately rated.
Y-Delta Transformer
To achieve at +30o phase shift connect as shown Note the phasing on the secondary Van, Vac in phase Ian, Ica in phase
Ia
Van
+
Ica
Vac
+
Ia
Ib
Vbn
+
Ibc
V -cb
+
Ic
Ic
Vcn
+
Iab
V -ba
+
Ib
n
13 14
Dr. Louie
Dr. Louie
Y-Delta Transformer
A side note: Vbn
1 3 Vab e
j 6
Three-Phase Transformer Analysis: Y Voltage relationship

Va'b ' nVbn n Vabe 6 3 n 6 e 3
j 6 j j
kVab
+ Vab
n
Vcn
-Vbn
30o 30o
therefore k
Vab
Va'n'
j 6
Van
Va'b ' e 3
nVan e 3
kVan
Vbn +
For the other phases

Va 'n ' kVan kVbn kVcn
Dr. Louie
primary
secondary
Vbn
Vb 'n ' Vc 'n '

15
Phase shift is now +30o
Dr. Louie
16
Three-Phase Transformer Analysis

It can be shown:
Ia ' Ib ' Ic ' Ia k Ib k Ic k
a a

What about power?
S
' Va 'n ' Ia
kVan
Ia k
VanIa
for all configurations
same phase-shift as voltages

c
n b
For ideal three-phase xfmrs, power is conserved, as in the single phase case
primary
secondary
Dr. Louie
17
Dr. Louie
18
10/25/2012

What about impedances? For all transformer connections:
secondary impedance referred to the primary
Transformer Phase Shifts

Various winding connections of -Y, and Y- xfmrs lead to different phase shifts Standard is to have phase-neutral voltages advance by 30 degrees when going from low voltage to high voltage Previous slides have followed this convention Note: convention is most critical in interconnected power systems. Some homework problems do not follow this convention
1 k
2
ZL
Dr. Louie
19
Dr. Louie
20

a a

a a
Which Y- is correct? Check Van for each

c
n b
Which Y- is correct? Check Van for each case:

top
Va'n ' n Van 3
c
n b
low
a
high
30
bottom
Va 'n ' n Van 3 30
low
a
high
n b c b c
n b c b c
low
Dr. Louie
high
21
Dr. Louie
low
high
22

a a a

a a a
n c b
b c
n b
b c
n b b c
low
Van
high
Vac Van Vba
low
Van
high
Vac Van Vba
high
Van Vca
low
Vab Van
Vcb Vcn Vbn
Vcn
Vbn
Vcb
Vcn
Vbn
Vbc
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Dr. Louie
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Example
Draw the connections, polarity markers and label the primary and secondary phases for a Delta-Wye step down transformer (assume left side is the high side)
Example
Need secondary (right) side to be regressed in phase by 30 degrees (per convention)
Vca Vcn
Vcn
Vab
30o
Van
Vbn
30o
Van
Vbn Vbc
Which line-line voltages are in phase with Van or -Van ?
Dr. Louie
25
Dr. Louie
26
Example
-Vca must be connected to Van winding -Vab must be connected to Vbn winding -Vbc must be connected to Vcn winding
Ia
Vab
+
Per-Phase Analysis ( -Y)

Ib
Vbn
+ -
Per-phase equivalent of a non-ideal -Y transformer Complex ideal transformer with gain k or k*

k 3ne
j 6
Ib
Vbc
+
+30o
Ic
Vcn
+ -
shift when primary is lower voltage and secondary is higher voltage

Zha/3 + Ia N1 N2 Z La I a + Van -
Ic
Vca
+
Ia
Van
+ -
Van -
Rc/3
jXm/3 +
e1
-
complex ideal + e2 xfmr

-
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Dr. Louie
28
Per-Phase Analysis (Y- )

Per-phase equivalent of a Y- transformer Complex ideal transformer with gain k or k*
k ne
j 6
Example
Consider three, single-phase transformers. The transformers have the following specifications:
720VA, 360/120V, RH = 18.9 , XH = 21.6 , RL = 2.1 , XL = 2.4 , RcH = 8.64k , XmH = 6.84k
+30o shift when primary is lower voltage and secondary is higher voltage
Zha + Van Rc jXm
+
Ia
N1
N2 Z /3 la I
Draw the per-phase equivalent circuit if the transformers are connected as Delta-Y What are the nominal line voltages on each side of the transformer?
e1
-
complex ideal + e2 xfmr

-
+ Van -
Dr. Louie
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Dr. Louie
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10/25/2012
Example
Nominal per-phase voltage on primary is 360V and 208V on secondary
Nominal primary line voltage: 360V Nominal secondary line voltage: 208V
6.3 + j7.2
Example
Consider three, single-phase transformers. The transformers have the following specifications:
720VA, 360/120V, RH = 18.9 , XH = 21.6 , RL = 2.1 , XL = 2.4 , RcH = 8.64k , XmH = 6.84k
I a
Ia complex ideal xfmr

1.732
2.1+ j2.4
+ Van 2.88k
j2.28k
e1
-
e2
-
+ Van -
Draw the per-phase equivalent circuit if the transformers are connected as Y-Delta What are the nominal line voltages on each side of the transformer?
30
Dr. Louie
31
Dr. Louie
32
Example
Nominal per-phase voltage on primary is 360V and 69V on secondary
Nominal primary line voltage: 624V Nominal secondary line voltage: 120V
18.9 + j21.6
Practical Considerations
Medium-voltage industrial facilities often use -Y incoming transformers Y-side is grounded through a resistor
Reduces ground current during fault Reduces voltage dip during fault
I a
a a
Ia complex ideal xfmr e1

+ -
0.7+ j0.8
+ Van 8.64k
j6.84k
e2
-
+ Van c b c
n b
5.196
30
primary
Dr. Louie
secondary
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34
Source: Mozina, C.J.; , "Protection and Commissioning of Digital Transformer Relays: Improvements in Medium-Voltage Industrial Transformer Protection," Industry Applications Magazine, IEEE , vol.18, no.6, pp.63-73, Nov.-Dec. 2012
Source: Wang, M.; Vandermaar, A.J.; Srivastava, K.D.; , "Review of condition assessment of power transformers in service," Electrical Insulation Magazine, IEEE , vol.18, no.6, pp.12-25, Nov.-Dec. 2002
Dr. Louie
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Dr. Louie
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10/25/2012
Condition assessment of transformers:
Wang, M.; Vandermaar, A.J.; Srivastava, K.D.; , "Review of condition assessment of power transformers in service," Electrical Insulation Magazine, IEEE , vol.18, no.6, pp.12-25, Nov.-Dec. 2002 [available online in IEEE Xplore through SU library]
Summary
There is a complex gain associated with Y-Delta and Delta-Y transformers Connection of transformer coils allows for different phase shifts to be achieved Convention: phase-neutral voltages advance by 30 degrees from lower voltage to higher voltage side Power in ideal three phase transformers is conserved Impedances are transferred from secondary to 1 ZL primary by: 2
k
Dr. Louie
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Dr. Louie
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17-Three Phase Transformers Part2

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10/25/2012

17-Three Phase Transformers Part 2

ECEGR 450 Electromechanical Energy Conversion

Similar results for b, c phases

Delta-Y Transformer Analysis

Vcn Vcn Vcn Vca Vbc Vab

Ib = Ibc Iab Ic = Ica Ibc

Magnitudes shown assuming N1 < N2

Delta-Y Transformer Analysis

therefore k = n 3e Ia' Iab n Ia k Iae

same phase shift as voltage

Compute: Vab, Van and Ia

Compute: Vab, Van and Ia

Three-Phase Transformer Analysis: YIba

Let k be the transformer voltage gain For Y- transformers: j

Three-Phase Transformer Analysis: Y Voltage relationship

For the other phases

Vb 'n ' Vc 'n '

Phase shift is now +30o

Three-Phase Transformer Analysis

Three-Phase Transformer Analysis

for all configurations

same phase-shift as voltages

Three-Phase Transformer Analysis

Transformer Phase Shifts

Transformer Phase Shifts

Transformer Phase Shifts

Which Y- is correct? Check Van for each

Which Y- is correct? Check Van for each case:

Transformer Phase Shifts

Transformer Phase Shifts

Vcb Vcn Vbn

Which line-line voltages are in phase with Van or -Van ?

Per-Phase Analysis ( -Y)

Per-phase equivalent of a non-ideal -Y transformer Complex ideal transformer with gain k or k*

shift when primary is lower voltage and secondary is higher voltage

complex ideal + e2 xfmr

Per-Phase Analysis (Y- )

complex ideal + e2 xfmr

Ia complex ideal xfmr

Ia complex ideal xfmr e1

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