Foundations of Engineering

Foundations
of
Engineering
An Introduction to
the Practice of
Engineering:
Modeling, Analysis,
and Measurement
Analogies Among
Engineering Systems
Foundations of Engineering
Electrical Mechanical Analogies
A signal, element, or system which exhibits
mathematical behavior identical to that of another,
but physically different, signal, element, or system is
called an analogous quantity or analog.
Analogous quantities:
force voltage
velocity current
displacement charge
damper resistor
spring capacitor
mass inductor

Foundations of Engineering
Force causes velocity, just as voltage causes current.
A damper dissipates mechanical energy into heat, just as a
resistor dissipates electrical energy into heat.
Springs and masses store energy in two different ways
(potential energy and kinetic energy), just as capacitors and
inductors store energy in two different ways (electric field and
magnetic field).
The product (f)(v) represents instantaneous mechanical power,
just as (e)(i) represents instantaneous electrical power.
( )
2
2 2
2 2
2 2
Kx
1 1 1 f 1 1 q
Kx Ce
2 2 K 2 K 2 2 C
1 1
Mv Li
2 2
= = =

Spring
Potential Energy
Mass
Kinetic Energy
Capacitor
Electric Field
Energy
Inductor
Magnetic Field
Energy
Foundations of Engineering
C
q
e
|
L
i
R
}
}
General Model Structure for Electrical Systems
( )
e dt | =
}
( )
q i dt =
}
Li | =
q
e
C
=
e iR =
Foundations of Engineering
K
x
f
p
M
v
B
}
}
General Model Structure for Mechanical Systems
( )
p f dt =
}
( )
x v dt =
}
p Mv = f Kx =
f Bv =
Foundations of Engineering
force f voltage e
velocity v current i
damper B resistor R
spring K capacitor 1/C
mass M inductor L

Resistor e Ri Damper f Bv
di dv
Inductor e L Mass f M
dt dt
1
Capacitor e i dt Spring f K vdt
C

= =
= =
= =
} }
Electrical Mechanical
Analogies
Foundations of Engineering
RC Electrical System
Spring-Damper Mechanical System
K
f
i
B
+v
f
o
C
e
in
e
out
i
i
R
in R C
in out
out
in out
out
out in
out
in
e e e 0
e iR e 0
de
e C R e 0
dt
de
RC e e
dt
e 1
e RCD 1
=
=
| |
=
|
\ .
+ =
=
+
i B K
i
i o
o
i o
o o i
o
i
f f f 0
f Bv Kx 0
f Bv f 0
f
f B f 0
K
B
f f f
K
f 1
B
f
D 1
K
=
=
=
| |
|
=
|
\ .
+ =
=
+
RC t =
B
K
t =
Foundations of Engineering
R
e
in
e
out
i
L
i
in L R
in out
out
in out
out
out in
out
in
e e e 0
di
e L e 0
dt
e d
e L e 0
dt R
de L
e e
R dt
e 1
L
e
D 1
R
=
=
| |
=
|
\ .
+ =
=
+
LR Electrical System
Mass-Damper Mechanical System
f
i
B
+v
f
o
M
i B M
i
o
i o
o o i
o
i
f f f 0
f Bv Mv 0
f
f f M 0
B
M
f f f
B
f 1
M
f
D 1
B
=
=
| |
|
=
|
\ .
+ =
=
+
L
R
t =
M
B
t =
Foundations of Engineering
in L R C
in out
out out
in out
2
out out
out in
2
out S
2
2
in
2
n n
e e e e 0
di
e L Ri e 0
dt
de de d
e L C R C e 0
dt dt dt
d e de
LC RCdt e e
dt dt
e K 1
=
1 2
e LCD RCD 1
D D 1
=
=
| | | |
=
| |
\ . \ .
+ + =
=
,
+ +
+ +
e e
f
i
B
+v
M
K
f
o
LRC Electrical System
Mass-Spring-Damper
Mechanical System
C
e
in
i
L
R
e
out
i K B M
i
o o
i o
o o o i
o S
2 2
i
2
n n
f f f f 0
f Kx Bv Mv 0
f f
f f B M 0
K K
M B
f f f f
K K
f K 1
=
M B 1 2
f
D D 1 D D 1
K K
=
=
| | | |
| |
=
| |
\ . \ .
+ + =
=
,
+ + + +
e e
n S
1 R C
K 1
LC 2 L
e = , = =
n S
K B 1
K 1
M 2 KM
e = , = =
Foundations of Engineering
Inductor-Capacitor (LC) Mass-Spring (MK)
Oscillations
e
L
i
e
C
C L
e
L
i = 0
e
C
C L
e
L
i
e
C
C L
i = 0
e
C
C L
e
L
e
L
i
e
C
C L
i
max
e
C
= 0
C L
e
L
= 0
e
L
i
e
C
C L
i
max
e
C
= 0
C L
e
L
= 0
M
K
v = 0
x = +max
M
K
v = max
x = 0
M
K
v = max
x = 0
M
K
v = 0
x = -max
Foundations of Engineering
e
L
i
e
C
C L
e
L
i = 0
e
C
C L
e
L
i
e
C
C L
i = 0
e
C
C L
e
L
e
L
i
e
C
C L
i
max
e
C
= 0
C L
e
L
= 0
e
L
i
e
C
C L
i
max
e
C
= 0
C L
e
L
= 0
Foundations of Engineering
M
K
F
B
+v
Resonance
Foundations of Engineering