Cloud Computing: The National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST), Information Technology Laboratory,provides the most comprehensive

definition of cloud computing thus far offered. Cloud computing is a payper-use model for enabling available, convenient, on-demand network access to a shared pool of configurablecomputing resources (e.g., networks, servers, storage, applications, services) that can be rapidly provisioned andreleased with minimal management effort or service provider interaction. This cloud model promotesavailability and comprises five key characteristics: On-demand self-service. A consumer can unilaterally provision computing capabilities, such as server timeand network storage, as needed without requiring human interaction with each services provider. Ubiquitous network access. Capabilities are available over the network and accessed through standardmechanisms that promote use by heterogeneous thin or thick client platforms (e.g., mobile phones,laptops, andPDAs). Location-independent resource pooling. The providers computing resources are pooled to serve allconsumers using a multitenant model, with different physical and virtual resources dynamically assigned andreassigned according to consumer demand. Rapid elasticity. Capabilities can be rapidly and elastically provisioned to quickly scale up, and rapidlyreleased to quickly scale down. Pay per use. Capabilities are charged using a metered, fee-for-service, or advertising-based billing model topromote optimization of resource use.

DATA MINING: Data mining or knowledge discovery, is the computer-assisted process of digging through and analyzing enormous sets of data and then extracting the meaning of the data. Data mining tools predict behaviors and future trends, allowing businesses to make proactive, knowledge-driven decisions. Data mining tools can answer business questions that traditionally were too time consuming to resolve. They scour databases for hidden patterns, finding predictive information that experts may miss because it lies outside their expectations. Data mining derives its name from the similarities between searching for valuable information in a large database and mining a mountain for a vein of valuable ore. Both processes require either sifting through an immense amount of material, or intelligently probing it to find where the value resides.

IMAGE PROCESSING: Image processing is a method to convert an image into digital form and perform some operations on it, in order to get an enhanced image or to extract some useful information from it. It is a type of signal dispensation in which input is image, like video frame or photograph and output may be image or characteristics associated with that image. Usually Image Processing system includes treating images as two dimensional signals while applying already set signal processing methods to them. It is among rapidly growing technologies today, with its applications in various aspects of a business. Image Processing forms core research area within engineering and computer science disciplines too. Image processing basically includes the following three steps. Importing the image with optical scanner or by digital photography. Analyzing and manipulating the image which includes data compression and image enhancement and spotting patterns that are not to human eyes like satellite photographs. Output is the last stage in which result can be altered image or report that is based on image analysis. Purpose of Image processing The purpose of image processing is divided into 5 groups. They are: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Visualization - Observe the objects that are not visible. Image sharpening and restoration - To create a better image. Image retrieval - Seek for the image of interest. Measurement of pattern Measures various objects in an image. Image Recognition Distinguish the objects in an image.

Types The two types of methods used for Image Processing are Analog and Digital Image Processing. Analog or visual techniques of image processing can be used for the hard copies like printouts and photographs. Image analysts use various fundamentals of interpretation while using these visual techniques. The image processing is not just confined to area that has to be studied but on knowledge of analyst. Association is another important tool in image processing through visual techniques. So analysts apply a combination of personal knowledge and collateral data to image processing. Digital Processing techniques help in manipulation of the digital images by using computers. As raw data from imaging sensors from satellite platform contains deficiencies. To get over such

flaws and to get originality of information, it has to undergo various phases of processing. The three general phases that all types of data have to undergo while using digital technique are Preprocessing, enhancement and display, information extraction.

ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE: Artificial Intelligence (A.I.) is the field of computer science focused on ensuring that the dream of these scientists becomes a reality. A.I. systems are currently capable of understanding speech, playing chess and performing household tasks. A.I. is set to play an important role in our lives. Researchers produce new products which duplicate intelligence, understand speech, beat the opponent chess player, and acting in complex conditions. The major problems of Artificial Intelligence include qualities such as knowledge, planning, learning, reasoning, communication, perception and capability to move and control the objects. The aim of Artificial Intelligence is to develop the machines to perform the tasks in a better way than the humans. Another aim of Artificial Intelligence is to understand the actions whether it occurs in humans, machines or animals. As a result, Artificial Intelligence is gaining Importance in science and engineering fields.

NETWORK SECURITY: A specialized field in computer networking that involves securing a computer network infrastructure. Network security is typically handled by a network administrator or system administrator who implements the security policy,network software and hardware needed to protect a network and the resources accessed through the network from unauthorized access and also ensure that employees have adequate access to the network and resources to work. A network security system typically relies on layers of protection and consists of multiple components including networking monitoring and security software in addition to hardware and appliances. All components work together to increase the overall security of the computer network.

INFORMATION SECURITY: Information security, sometimes shortened to InfoSec, is the practice of defending information from unauthorized access, use, disclosure, disruption, modification, perusal, inspection, recording or destruction. It is a general term that can be used regardless of the form the data may take. Two major aspects of information security are:

IT security: Sometimes referred to as computer security, Information Technology Security is information security applied to technology (most often some form of computer system). It is worthwhile to note that a computer does not necessarily mean a home desktop. A computer is any device with a processor and some memory (even a calculator). IT security specialists are almost always found in any major enterprise/establishment due to the nature and value of the data within larger businesses. They are responsible for keeping all of the technology within the company secure from malicious cyber-attacks that often attempt to breach into critical private information or gain control of the internal systems. Information assurance: The act of ensuring that data is not lost when critical issues arise. These issues include but are not limited to; natural disasters, computer/server malfunction, physical theft, or any other instance where data has the potential of being lost. Since most information is stored on computers in our modern era, information assurance is typically dealt with by IT security specialists. One of the most common methods of providing information assurance is to have an off-site backup of the data in case one of the mentioned issues arise.

MOBILE COMPUTING: Mobile Computing is a technology that allows transmission of data, voice and video via a computer or any other wireless enabled device without having to be connected to a fixed physical link. The main concept involves: i. ii. iii. I. Mobile communication Mobile hardware Mobile software Mobile Communication The mobile communication in this case, refers to the infrastructure put in place to ensure that seamless and reliable communication goes on. These would include devices such as Protocols, Services, Bandwidth, and Portals necessary to facilitate and support of the stated services. The data format is also defined at this stage. This ensures that there is no collision with other existing systems which offer the same service.

Since the media is unguided/unbounded, the overlaying infrastructure is more of radio wave oriented. That is, the signals are carried over the air to intended devices that are capable of receiving and sending similar kinds of signals. II. Mobile Hardware Mobile hardware includes mobile devices or device components that receive or access the service of mobility. They would range from Portable laptops, Smartphones, Tablet Pc's, Personal Digital Assistants.

These devices will have receptor medium that are capable of sensing and receiving signals. These devices are configured to operate in full- duplex, whereby they are capable of sending and receiving signals at the same time. They don't have to wait until one device has finished communicating for the other device to initiate communications. Above mentioned devices use an existing and established network to operate on. In most cases, it would be a wireless network. III. Mobile Software Mobile software is the actual program that run on the mobile hardware. It deals with the characteristics and requirements of mobile applications. This is the engine of that mobile device. In other terms, it is the operating system of that appliance. It's the essential component that makes the mobile device operate.

Since portability is the main factor, this type of computing ensures that users are not tied or pinned to a single physical location, but are able to operate from anywhere. It will incorporate all aspects of wireless communications.

PARALLEL AND DISTRIBUTED SYSTEM Both parallel and distributed systems can be defined as a collection of processing elements that communicate and cooperate to achieve a common goal. Advances in processor technology have resulted in today's computer systems using parallelism at all levels: within each CPU by executing multiple instructions from the same thread of control simultaneously (superscalar architectures/instruction-level parallelism); by executing multiple instructions from different threads of control simultaneously (simultaneous multithreading); by introducing multiple cores in a single chip (chip multiprocessors); by using multiple chips to form multiprocessors; or via multiple networked nodes to form a cluster; making parallel systems increasingly ubiquitous. Simultaneously, advances in networking technology have created an explosion of distributed applications, making distributed computing an inherent fabric in our day-to-day lives. This course will focus on the principles of parallel and distributed systems and the implementation and performance issues associated with them. We will examine programming models/interfaces to parallel and distributed computing, inter process communication, synchronization and consistency models, fault tolerance and reliability, distributed process management, parallel machine architectures, parallel program optimization, and the interaction of the compiler, runtime, and machine architecture.