Glossary

Action-research. An iterative process of diagnosis, planning, action, evaluation, and reflection. Adaptive management. A structured, iterative process of optimal decision making in the face of uncertainty, with an aim to reducing uncertainty over time via system monitoring (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adaptive_ management). Adaptive management functions as a tool for learning as well as change within a system: As new information emerges, the system uses it (actively or passively) to change its operations and improve outcomes over the long term. The management process includes present and future stakeholders, bases iterative decision making on the results of monitoring (learning), and regards uncertainty as a means of improving understanding. Advisory services. Agricultural advisory services can be defined as the entire set of organizations that support and facilitate people engaged in agricultural production to solve problems and to obtain information, skills, and technologies to improve their livelihoods and well-being. See also agricultural extension. Agricultural education and learning (AEL). A variation on agricultural education and training that reflects a more student-centered approach to formal programs. Agricultural education and training (AET). Organized programs and activities that serve the need for information, knowledge, and skills among those who work in various parts of the agriculture sector and the broader rural space. An AET system typically consists of tertiary educational institutions (agricultural universities or faculties and col-

leges of agriculture within comprehensive universities) in addition to the polytechnics, institutes, or colleges that prepare technicians at the diploma level (postsecondary, subdegree level). This second category of education, often termed agricultural technicalvocational education and training (ATVET), technicalvocational education and training (TVET), or vocational education and training (VET), prepares technicians in a variety of specializations in agriculture subsectors. Some secondary schools offer agriculture as an elective. Agricultural training, frequently in training centers or training institutes, is offered to public employees as in-service training and/or to farmers as farmer training. Although the various elements in the AET delivery chain are often referred to collectively as a system, they do not necessarily form a robust system in which communication and feedback flow between institutions and allow for continuous improvements. Many countries divide responsibility for AET between the ministries of agriculture and education. Agricultural extension. The entire set of organizations that support and facilitate people engaged in agricultural production to solve problems and to obtain information, skills, and technologies to improve their livelihoods and well-being. Agricultural knowledge and information system (AKIS). A system that links people and institutions to promote mutual learning and generate, share, and utilize agriculturerelated technology, knowledge, and information. The system integrates farmers, agricultural educators, researchers,

629

and extensionists to harness knowledge and information from various sources for improved livelihoods. Farmers are at the heart of this knowledge triangle. Agricultural innovation system (AIS). A network of organizations, enterprises, and individuals focused on bringing new products, new processes, and new forms of organization into economic use, together with the institutions and policies that affect their behavior and performance. Agricultural technicalvocational education and training (ATVET). See agricultural education and training. Business development services (BDS). A range of nonfinancial services provided by public and private suppliers to entrepreneurs, who use them to operate more efficiently and expand their businesses. BDSs can include training, consultancy, and advisory services, marketing assistance, information, technology development and transfer, and business linkage promotion. Business incubators. Programs designed to accelerate the successful development of entrepreneurial activities through an array of business support resources and services, developed and orchestrated by incubator management and offered both in the incubator and through its network of contacts. Incubators vary in the way they deliver their services, in their organizational structure, and in the types of clients they serve. Central nodes. In the terminology of social network analysis, well-connected partners who pull promising new entrants into networks and collaborate with a wide assortment of partners, exposing them to more experiences, different competencies, and added opportunities. By linking clusters of network actors, the central nodes facilitate flows of information and resources. Innovation brokers are particularly prepared to become central nodes. Change agent. See innovation broker. Commercialization or commercial services. A focus in the agricultural research and extension system on commercial crops or the provision of services for specific cash crops such as tobacco or cotton. Commodity extension. An extension system focused on one cash crop, for which advice and inputs are provided by one institution. Competitive research grants (CRGs). Grants that fund research based on national competition and scientific peer review. Transparent procedures are used to select the proposals that will receive funding, based on rigorous criteria. Well-designed grants can bring greater contestability to the innovation process; the funding may not necessarily flow to the traditional recipients. Grants can promote research partnerships, leverage research resources, and help to develop a more efficient, demanddriven, and pluralistic research system by involving

clients in setting priorities and financing, executing, and evaluating research. See matching grants. Contracting. When one organization contracts with another to perform a function or service. Contracting in occurs when research, extension, and other government agricultural services provide services for an external group, such as a nongovernmental organization or a private organization. Contracting out is when government hires an external organization to perform services. Cooperative extension. An extension model developed in the U.S. university system, in which universities, linked to the extension system, produce research results that are disseminated to farmers. Cost sharing. When users of services pay at least a partial amount of the cost. Decentralization. Moving responsibility and/or funding of public governmental services to local administrative levels such as districts. Decentralization can take many forms, such as deconcentration (accountability remains within the Department of Agriculture), devolution to local governments (accountability is transferred from central to locally elected governments), or delegation to semiautonomous services. Demand articulation. Identifying the needs of different user groups for the knowledge and information produced by agricultural research organizations or the services (credit, advice) provided by other types of organizations. Downstream research. Usually refers to research that adapts a technology (agronomic practice, new variety) to a particular countrys or localitys needs. Sometimes called applied or adaptive research. Economies of scale. In agricultural research, economies of scale occur when the cost per unit of research output falls with the number of units of output produced, usually through better use of major fixed investment or specialized skills. Economies of scope. In agricultural research, economies of scope occur when the cost of a desired output falls with an increase in the number of different research outputs being produced. These gains occur when there is crosscommodity or cross-disciplinary learning as an external economy. Embedded services. Companies provide information with the inputs they sell or other products they market. Enabling environment. The environment (political, regulatory, institutional, economic, and social) that supports, promotes, and sustains a given outcome. For agricultural innovation, an enabling environment comprises those factors that influence agricultural innovation positively but are controlled by policy domains other than agricultural innovation policy itself.

630

GLOSSARY

Farm business schools. Schools that facilitate learning on production, management, business finance, and marketing skills. Farm business schools and cooperatives have an important learning role in promoting entrepreneurship among farmers, but initially they require external facilitation. Farmer organization or producer organization. An organization constituted by farmers who seek solutions to production or commercial problems. Some agricultural services focus on providing extension, conducting research, or offering other services through these organizations. Farmer field school. A participatory method of learning, technology development, and dissemination based on adult-learning principles such as experiential learning. Typically groups of 2025 farmers meet weekly in an informal setting on their farms with a facilitator. The defining characteristics of farmer field schools include discovery learning, farmer experimentation, and group action. This interactive, practical training method empowers farmers to be their own technical experts on major aspects of their farming systems. Farmers are facilitated to conduct their own research, diagnose and test problems, devise solutions, and disseminate their learning to others. Farmer field school networks. Networks of informal or formal groupings with a common interest that draw their membership from all the farmer field schools within a given geographic or administrative boundary. Farming systems research and extension (FSRE). System of research and extension that is focused on understanding the farming systems of small-scale farmers through applied, multidisciplinary, on-farm, farmer-centered research. Fee for service. The provision of services for a cost by government, nongovernmental, or private organizations. Genetically engineered. A genetically engineered or modified organism in which the genetic material has been transformed using the techniques of genetic engineering. These techniques combine DNA molecules from different sources into one molecule to create a new set of genes. This recombined DNA is then transferred into an organism, giving it modified or novel genes. Transgenic organisms, a subset of genetically modified organisms, carry DNA that originated in a different species. Examples include cotton that has been genetically transformed to resist a particular herbicide. Many countries strictly control the production, use, export, and import of genetically modified plants and animals. (Based on http://en.wiki pedia.org/wiki/Genetically_modified_organism.) Going concern. An enterprise that is expected to generate sufficient revenues and manage its resources in a manner

that will allow it to remain in business for an indefinite period. Governance. The systems and practices that governments use to set priorities and agendas, design and implement policies, and obtain knowledge about their impacts. Also refers to any systems and practices performing the same function at the subnational level (provincial research institutes, input subsidy programs) and in smaller institutions (farmer organizations, irrigation schemes). Green revolution. The enormous increases in cereal production resulting from the adoption of high-yielding wheat, maize, and rice varieties, grown under irrigation with fertilizer and other inputs, across large areas of Asia and Latin America from the 1960s to 1980s. Group-based approach. Extension programs that work with farmer groups or other common interest groups. Industry clusters. Agglomerations of strongly interdependent firms (including specialized suppliers) linked to each other in a value-adding production chain, service providers, and associated institutions in a particular field. Some clusters encompass strategic alliances with universities, research institutes, knowledge-intensive business services, bridging institutions (brokers, consultants), and customers. Cluster-based approaches for business development and innovation have increased agricultural productivity, innovation, and business formation. Information and communications technology (ICT). The wide and growing array of modern communications technology such as the Internet, e-mail, electronic databases, mobile phones and telephones, computers, personal digital devices, radio-frequency infrared devices, and the related infrastructure to support it (wireless networks, fiber-optic cable, and so on). Innovation. An invention that is used for the first time in a product that reaches the market or produces a change in a social process. An innovation that is well known elsewhere may still be regarded as an innovation if it is new locally. Innovation brokers. Teams of specialists that combine a strong background in science with knowledge of business and commercialization and/or the creation of innovation networks. Innovation brokers are also known as change agents or technology brokers. Innovation capabilities. The skills to build and integrate internal and external resources to address problems or take advantage of opportunities. Innovation capabilities depend not only on innovative individuals but also on internal features of an organization, especially incentives, cultures, organizational spaces for experimentation, coordinating structures, and collective action.

GLOSSARY

631

Innovation-led growth. Growth based on innovative technologies, processes, products, markets, or organizational arrangements rather than on large additional uses of natural resources. Innovation network. A diverse group of actors that voluntarily contribute knowledge and other resources (such as money, equipment, and land) to develop jointly or improve a social or economic process or product. Innovation networks are a special form of organization with a nonhierarchical structure, a collaboration-based culture, consensus-based coordination (because members are free to leave the network at any time), usually no legal personality (especially in their early stages), and often relatively fuzzy objectives (such as improving the management of natural resources). They evolve with market opportunities and the technologies they develop. Innovation networks differ from farmer organizations in that farmer organizations have a homogeneous membership and more formal, stable relations. Innovation networks differ from value chains in that the latter are more stable, are focused on delivering a product or service, and are coordinated by a central actor. Innovation networks are also known as innovation platforms. Innovation platform. See innovation network. Intellectual property rights (IPRs). Intellectual property law grants owners of intellectual property (creations of the mind) certain exclusive rights to a variety of intangible assets, such as musical, literary, and artistic works; discoveries and inventions; and words, phrases, symbols, and designs. Common types of intellectual property include copyrights, trademarks, patents, industrial design rights, and trade secrets. See tangible property rights. (Based on http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intellectual_property.) Intervention logic. The underlying assumptions in an intervention that link intervention inputs with expected outcomes. Invention. The creation of knowledge. An invention becomes an innovation only when it is first used in a product that reaches the market or produces a change in a social process. Learning alliance. A process-driven approach that facilitates the development of shared knowledge among different actors. Learning alliances contribute to improved development outcomes because lessons are more quickly identified and learned and because stronger links among research organizations and other actors in the AIS improve the focus on research and development practices. Local agribusiness development services. Services that improve the performance of a small-scale enterprise oriented to agricultural production, be it individual or cooperative, in accessing markets, financial services, and enhanced agribusiness environments. Examples of these services include training and advisory services, market

information services, technology, and business linkage information. Also referred to as value-chain oriented services, market-oriented agricultural advisory services, and marketing extension. Marketing chain. Modern marketing chains for agricultural crops have many features of buyer-driven value chains: an actor close to consumers (usually a supermarket or broker) dominates, organizing many producers and intermediaries, deciding who participates in the chain, overseeing all the links from the farm to the shelf, defining the nature of the interactions and commercial conditions, and setting quality and safety standards. Other important features of modern marketing chains are that they focus on marketing specific products (such as vegetables, fruits, meat), access to the chain is highly restricted, verbal contracts based on trust are common but informal transactions rare, and technologies are generated mostly in developed countries and imposed by the leading agent. Only farmers with strong capabilities for innovation (especially entrepreneurship, physical and financial resources, and social capital) can survive in the highly competitive environment of modern marketing chains. Matching grants. The matching of funds from the granting organization (usually a public agency) with funds from the beneficiary. Matching grants increasingly promote near-market technology generation, technology transfer and adoption, private economic activity, and overall innovation, often by including multiple stakeholders. By focusing greater attention on demand and use from the very beginning, basically by attracting users of technologies and knowledge in partnerships (and requiring a matching commitment), matching grants may be more effective than competitive research grants at enhancing the use of technology and knowledge by farmers and other entrepreneurs. National agricultural research system (NARS). The entities responsible within a given country for organizing, coordinating, or executing research that contributes explicitly to the development of the countrys agriculture and maintenance of its natural resource base. National innovation policy. Overarching policies coordinating a wide spectrum of policy domainsscience and technology policy, education policy, economic policy, industrial policy, infrastructure policy, taxation policy, and justice policy, among othersin such a way that together they create an environment that enables and stimulates innovation. Sector-specific innovation policies (such as a policy for agricultural innovation) replicate the national innovation policys overarching and coordinating nature but have considerably less political clout to influence policies outside their domains.

632

GLOSSARY

Niche markets. A small, specific, and well-defined subset of the market on which a particular product focuses. Examples include markets for fair trade, organic, or other products certified to have particular qualities; small-scale growers of particular kinds of produce purchased directly by consumers in a nearby city; a new market for a traditional product (quinoa, amaranth, and acai are three of many kinds), or a new product derived from a traditional crop. Some niches have more demanding quality and commercial requirements than others, and farmers participation in these markets depends on whether they can meet those requirements. Although niche markets have had important impacts on local communities, they cannot expand beyond a certain size without becoming commoditized. For this reason, they can make only a limited contribution to alleviating poverty. Niche markets can be considered a form of innovation network. Nongovernmental organization (NGO) extension. Extension systems run by NGOs, often in a project mode and focused on participatory methods. No-till agriculture. An agronomic practice in which crops are planted in previously unprepared soil by opening a narrow slot or trench of the smallest width and depth needed to obtain proper coverage of the seed. Conventional tillage practices involve multiple tractor passes to accomplish plowing, harrowing, planking, and seeding operations; no-till requires only one or two passes for spraying herbicide and seeding. In addition to reducing the number of operations, no-till requires less-powerful tractors and reduces equipment depreciation. While no-till principles are the same everywhereentailing minimal soil disturbance, keeping soil covered, and using crop rotationsthe actual packages differ greatly by location. Organization. A group of actors that collaborate over a sustained period. An organization can be either formal or informal. Collaboration may take different forms, including frequent exchanges of information, joint priority setting for policies and programs, and joint implementation of innovation projects. Organizational capabilities for innovation. The abilities of the organizations members and the organizations key characteristics. Organizational abilities for innovation include maintaining specialized knowledge, creativity, and commitment to the organization; developing a long-term vision for the organization; absorbing information generated by other agents (also called the absorptive capacity); creating new knowledge; and using this knowledge to develop innovations that address commercial, social, organizational, or technological needs or opportunities. An organizations key characteristics include its culture, governance, and communications routines (whether

they are hierarchical or allow individual exploration of opportunities and horizontal communication); learning routines (the heuristics and methods used for collectively accepting new ideas and procedures); the propensity to interact and cooperate with other actors in the AIS; and the availability of resources for the development of innovations (capital and specialized assets). Organizational interface. Modalities that help to transform knowledge and information produced by research organizations into socially and economically relevant goods and services. Examples include innovation platforms, value-chain approaches, and public-private partnerships. Outgrower. A farmer operating under a formal or informal agreement (often a contract) to grow produce for a commercial agricultural enterprise (for example, a sugarcane processor) or a large-scale farmer. Outgrowers may receive credit and advice from the processor. Participatory or demand-driven approaches. Method of research and/or extension focused on bottom-up approaches and empowerment of clientele. These approaches include methods such as farmer field schools and farmer research groups. Pluralistic extension. Extension system based on multiple service providers, including public, private, and civil society organizations, in which the focus is often on demand-driven, participatory approaches. Privatization. Full transfer of ownership (usually by sale) from government to a private entity. Privatized research or extension services. Services run for profit, not necessarily for cash crops only. Producer organizations. See farmer organization. Public-private partnerships. At least one public and one private organization share resources, knowledge, and risks to achieve a match of interests and jointly deliver products and services. In agricultural research, PPPs bring together partners with different skills and knowledge to contribute jointly to the generation, adaptation, and/or diffusion of an innovation. Usually the partnership agreement is in the form of a contract that establishes each partners commitments and the distribution of benefits. PPPs in agricultural research can be set up not only to generate knowledge via research but also to foster the diffusion and application of knowledge among private actors (agribusiness, farmers) and public actors (universities, research institutes, and extension agencies). Qualitative growth. Growth associated with a range of additional public goods that especially reduce extreme poverty, provide food security, narrow structural inequalities, protect the environment, or sustain the growth process itself.

GLOSSARY

633

Risk capital. Money explicitly available for investment into a high-risk business or a security of some typetypically those that are not publicly traded on any national stock exchange. In this sourcebook, risk capital refers to investment in a company or project at an early or high-risk stage. Private investors are the major sources of risk capital; public investment cannot meet the needs, although it can stimulate and leverage private investment in the sector. See venture capital. Rural productive alliance. An economic agreement between formally organized producers and at least one buyer, which specifies product characteristics (such as size and varieties to be produced); quantity to be produced or bought; production modalities (such as how a product will be delivered, by whom, and when, as well as grading and packing requirements); payment modalities and price determination criteria; and the buyers contribution (such as technical assistance, specific inputs, and arrangements for input reimbursementfor example, at the time of sale). Sanitary and phytosanitary (SPS) protection. Measures, including regulations and agreements, to protect: (1) human or animal health from risk arising from additives, contaminants, toxins, or disease organisms in food, drink, and feedstuffs; (2) human life from risks associated with diseases carried by plants or animals; (3) animal or plant life from pests, diseases, and disease-causing organisms; and (4) a country from other damage caused by the entry, establishment, or spread of pests. Such measures include national control of contaminants, pests, and diseases (vaccination programs, limits on pesticide residues in food) as well as international controls to prevent their inadvertent spread (for example, the rejection of insectinfested food shipments that pose a risk to domestic food production). See standards and technical regulations. Social capital. The institutions, relationships, and norms that shape the quality and quantity of a societys social interactions. Increasing evidence shows that social cohesion is critical for societies to prosper economically and for development to be sustainable. A narrow view of social capital regards it as a set of horizontal associations between people, consisting of social networks and associated norms that have an effect on community productivity and wellbeing. Social networks can increase productivity by reducing the costs of doing business. Social capital facilitates coordination and cooperation. This quality is strong within mature groups with strong internal institutions, intragroup trust, altruistic behavior, membership in other groups, and ties to external service providers. Standard. A document approved by a recognized body that provides, for common and repeated use, rules, guidelines, or characteristics for products or related processes and production methods, with which compliance is not mandatory. See technical regulations.
634 GLOSSARY

Strategic alliances. Partnerships that usually involve longterm cooperation (10 or more years), multinational companies, or groups of companies. Examples include the development and introduction of minimum social and environmental standards for agricultural or forestry products, fair trade arrangements, and similar ambitious programs. Tangible property rights. The set of rights defined by law that relate to a physical object, for example plasmids or vectors. See intellectual property rights. Technical regulations. Regulations that specify product characteristics or their related processes and production methods, including the applicable administrative provisions, with which compliance is mandatory. Technical regulations include import bans (total or partial), technical specifications (process and product standards), packaging standards, information requirements, and requirements for labeling and claims. See standards. Technology broker. See innovation broker. Theory of change. The underlying assumptions in an intervention that link intervention inputs with expected outcomes. Traditional extension system (general extension). Extension focused on increasing agricultural productivity, run by central government, using a top-down approach and often emphasizing the transfer of technology. Training and visit (T&V). A system of extension management with a focus on improving technical knowledge of extension agents and regular visits to farms. Transfer of technology (TOT). Programs focused on disseminating information and new technologies. Such programs often include an integrated approach in which technology is pushed as a package deal with the requisite institutional support, such as credit and fertilizer facilities. Value chain. The set of linked activities pursued by the different actors that a firm organizes to produce and market a product. See also marketing chain. Value-chain approach. Attention to improving efficiency along the value chain for a particular agricultural commodity, often through applied agricultural research integrated with institutional innovations in farmer organization and marketing. Venture capital. Venture capital is a form of private equity provided for early-stage and more mature companies with substantial market potential. Returns on venture capital investment are from a trade sale (sale to, or merger with, another company) or an initial public offering in which the company becomes authorized to sell its stock to the general public on a stock exchange. Venture capital funds will not only provide money but will mentor their investee firms. See risk capital. Vocational education and training (VET). See agricultural education and training.

A U T H O R S A N D T H E I R A F F I L I AT I O N S

Nuria Ackermann, United Nations Industrial Development Organization (UNIDO) John Allgood, International Fertilizer Development Center (IFDC) S. Aravazhi, International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics (ICRISAT) Seth Ayers, World Bank Institute, and formerly with infoDev Peter Ballantyne, International Livestock Research Institute (ILRI) Alan B. Bennett, University of California, Davis Rupert Best, Catholic Relief Services (CRS) Regina Birner, University of Hohenheim Sara Boettiger, Public Intellectual Property Resource for Agriculture (PIPRA), University of California, Berkeley Arnoud R. Braun, Farmer Field School Foundation, Wageningen University Alistair Brett, Consultant Judy Chambers, Program for Biosafety Systems, International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI) Anthony Clayton, University of the West Indies, Jamaica Marie-Hlne Collion, Latin America and Caribbean Region, Agriculture and Rural Development, World Bank Kristin Davis, International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI) and Global Forum for Rural Advisory Services (GFRAS) Luz Diaz Rios, Consultant Kumuda Dorai, Programme Officer, LINK Ltd. (Link Ltd. started as a UNU-MERIT/FAO initiative in 2005) Deborah Duveskog, Consultant Javier Ekboir, Institutional Learning and Change Initiative (ILAC, www.cgiar-ilac.org) Howard Elliott, Consultant Wyn Ellis, Consultant Josef Ernstberger, Consultant

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Michelle Friedman, World Bank Josef Geoola, GALVmed Peter Gildemacher, Royal Tropical Institute (KIT) Mara Vernica Gottret, Tropical Agriculture Research and Education Center (CATIE) Andy Hall, LINK Ltd. (Link Ltd. started as a UNU-MERIT/FAO initiative in 2005) Helen Hambly Odame, Assistant Professor, University of Guelph Frank Hartwich, United Nations Industrial Development Organization (UNIDO) Willem Heemskerk, Royal Tropical Institute (KIT) Douglas Horton, Consultant Indira Ekanayake, Africa Agriculture and Development, World Bank Steen Joffee, Director, Innodev U.K. Adolphus J. Johnson, Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Food Security, Sierra Leone Trish Kammili, French National Institute for Agricultural Research (INRA) S.M. Karuppanchetty, International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics (ICRISAT) Godrick Khisa, Farmer Field School Foundation Promotion Services, Wageningen University Laurens Klerkx, Communications and Innovation Studies, Wageningen University Stanley Kowalski, University of New Hampshire School of Law, Concord Patti Kristjanson, World Agroforestry Centre (CIFOR) Anton Krone, SaveAct, Prolinnova South Africa Gunnar Larson, Agriculture and Rural Development Department, World Bank Ninatubu Lema, NARS Tanzania Tarmo Lemola, ADVANSIS Ltd. David Lugg, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) Mark Lundy, Decision and Policy Analysis Program, CIAT John Lynam, Consultant Charles J. Maguire, Consultant Vijay Mahajan, BASIX Group, India Morven McLean, ILSI Research Foundation Mohinder S. Mudahar, Consultant Bernardo Ospina Patio, Latin American and Caribbean Consortium to Support Cassava Research and Development (CLAYUCA) Christopher Palmberg, ADVANSIS Ltd. Andrea Pape-Christiansen, Consultant Robert Potter, Robert Potter Consulting John Preissing, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) Ranjitha Puskur, International Livestock Research institute (ILRI)

636

AUTHORS AND THEIR AFFILIATIONS

Catherine Ragasa, International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI) Riikka Rajalahti, Agriculture and Rural Development Department, World Bank Johannes Roseboom, Innovation Policy Consultancy Silvia Sarapura, University of Guelph Eva Schiffer, Consultant Kiran K. Sharma, International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics (ICRISAT) David J. Spielman, International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI) David S. Suale, Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Food Security, Sierra Leone Rasheed Sulaiman V, Centre for Research on Innovation and Science Policy (CRISP), India Florian Theus, World Bank Institute Bernard Triomphe, Agricultural Research for Development, France (CIRAD) Klaus Urban, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) K. Vasumathi, BASIX Group, India Rodrigo Vega Alarcn, Consultant, formerly with FIA Laurens van Veldhuizen, Prolinnova International Secretariat, ETC Foundation Ann Waters-Bayer, Prolinnova International Secretariat, ETC Foundation Melissa Williams, South Asia Agriculture and Rural Development, World Bank Mariana Wongtschowski, Royal Tropical Institute (KIT) Douglas Zhihua Zeng, Africa Finance and Private Sector Development, World Bank

AUTHORS AND THEIR AFFILIATIONS

637

INDEX

Boxes, figures, and tables are indicated by b, f, and t following the page number. A AACREA (Argentine Association of Regional Consortiums for Agricultural Experimentation), 49b, 63b Aakruthi Agricultural Associates of India, 423b ABI (Agri-Business Incubator@ICRISAT), 393b, 423b accountability. See also governance coordination and collective action, 21, 36 defined, 540b extension and advisory services, 188, 217, 219 innovation networks, 51 partnerships, 367b research organizations, 31719, 319b accreditation, 123 ACF (Asia Challenge Fund), 61415 Ackermann, Nuria, 430 Adaptable Program Loan (World Bank), 240b, 241 adaptive management, 19b additionality, 372b, 377 advisory committees for curriculum reform, 153 advisory services, 10. See also extension and advisory services aerial photography, 8b AERI (Agricultural Exports and Rural Income) Project, 151 AET (agricultural education and training). See education and training AFAAS (African Forum for Agricultural Advisory Services), 188, 189b affirmative action, 29, 65 Africa. See also specific countries and regions biosafety regulatory systems in, 52225 education and training in, 125 regional research coordination in, 299b, 301b regulatory frameworks in, 453b Africa Country Programmes (ACP), 615 African Agriculture Fund, 41718b, 418 African Forum for Agricultural Advisory Services (AFAAS), 188, 189b African Women in Agricultural Research and Development (AWARD), 109b agenda setting coordination and collective action, 32, 76 education and training, 11417, 114t agrarian economies, 265, 278b Agri-Business Incubator@ICRISAT (ABI) (India), 393b, 423b, See also business incubator Agrcola Cafetelera Buena Vista (Bolivia), 96 Agricultural Biorefinery Innovation Network for Green Energy, Fuels, and Chemicals (Canada), 46 agricultural business development, 388441 business incubators and, 38895 cluster-based approach, 396405, 43034, 43133b enabling environment for, 51215 innovative activity profiles, 42141 partnerships and, 362 risk capital for, 41420 technology transfer and, 40613, 42629 agricultural credit services, 24650, 247t, 24849b Agricultural Economics Institute, 163 agricultural education and training (AET). See education and training Agricultural Exports and Rural Income (AERI) Project, 151 agricultural innovation councils, 23 agricultural innovation systems defined, 4b education and training. See education and training evolution of, 1 examples, 3b functional assessments, 54849, 548t funding. See innovation funds initiatives to strengthen key components, 47 innovation brokers. See innovation brokers need for, 4b networks. See innovation networks overview, 34, 4f research in, 26469. See also research
639

Agricultural Research Council (ARC, South Africa), 401b agricultural research linkages, 27788 commercialization approaches, 28486 financing for, 286 in AIS, 27788 innovative activity profile, 34449, 345b, 346t, 348b investment context, 27778, 278b investment needs, 27886, 27980t lessons learned, 28788 policy issues, 28687 potential benefits, 286 technology transfer and, 28486, 285b Agricultural Risk Management Team (ARMT), 347 Agricultural Sector Development Program (Tanzania), 200 Agricultural Services and Producer Organizations Project (PASAOP, Senegal), 28182b agricultural technical-vocational education and training (ATVET), 109, 13640 Agricultural Technology Consortium model (Chile), 33843, 339b, 34243b Agriculture and Rural Development Council (Australia), 23 Agriculture Education Council (India), 146 Agriculture Investment Sourcebook (World Bank), 190 Agriculture Technology Fund (Peru), 241, 24243b Agriculture Technology Management Agency (ATMA) (India), 85 Agri Science Park (India), 421 agrodealer development, 192, 23135, 232b knowledge transfer and, 232, 233b, 235b lessons learned, 23435 support systems, 23334, 234b Ahmadu Bello University (Nigeria), 156 aid-for-trade, 188 Albania, innovation funds in, 438b, 440 Alemaya University of Agriculture (Ethiopia), 156 All-China Womens Federation, 428 Allgood, John, 231 Alliance for a Green Revolution in Africa, 299b Andhra Pradesh Dairy Development Cooperative Federation, 248b Andhra Pradesh, India agricultural credit services in, 248b community organizations in, 8489 coordination organizations in, 8489, 85b, 8687f, 8788b financial services in, 52629 innovative activity profiles, 8489, 52629 Self help groups (SHGs) in, 8489 angel investment, 415 APEMEP (Association of Small and Medium Agro-producers of Panama), 92b Aravazhi, S., 421 ARC (Agricultural Research Council, South Africa), 401b Argentina farmer organizations in, 63b innovation networks in, 49b national innovation policy in, 465b no-till agriculture in, 70, 72t, 73t public-private research partnerships in, 274b, 292b, 294 Argentine Association of Regional Consortiums for Agricultural Experimentation (AACREA), 49b, 63b

Armenia, competitive grant funding in, 436 ARMT (Agricultural Risk Management Team), 347 ASARECA, 306b Asia Challenge Fund (ACF), 61415 Asociacin Argentina de Consorcios Regionales de Experimentacin Agricola (AACREA), 49b, 63b ASOSID (Mexico), 312b assessment, 54652 benchmarking and, 54950, 549t of biosafety risk, 492500, 50111, 52225 defined, 540b of environmental risk, 52225 foresighting investments, 56268, 56364b, 566t gender issues and, 598602 of innovation systems, 541602 of innovation system functions, 54849, 548t innovative activity profiles, 589609, 598602 investment context, 541, 54647 investment needs, 54345, 544t lessons learned, 55152 methods, 54750, 547b, 59397, 6036 organizational, 55361. See also organizational assessment policy issues, 54143, 542t, 55051 potential benefits, 550 public sector role, 55051 recommendations, 55152 theory of change, 54748, 547b Association of Public and Land-Grant Universities (U.S.), 12728 Association of Small and Medium Agro-producers of Panama (APEMEP), 92b ATMA (Agriculture Technology Management Agency), 85 ATVET (agricultural technical-vocational education and training), 109, 13640 Australia agricultural innovation council in, 23 biosafety regulatory systems in, 499b coordination organizations in, 36, 37b national agricultural innovation system in, 284b no-till agriculture in, 70, 73t research and development in, 284 research councils in, 21 technical human resources development in, 137b AWARD (African Women in Agricultural Research and Development), 109b Ayers, Seth, 388 Azerbaijan, competitive grant funding in, 436 B BACET (Building Agribusiness Capacity in East Timor) project, 16568 backward integration, 56b BAIF Development and Research Foundation, 216b Ballantyne, Peter, 326 Banana Producers Association in Riva (Nicaragua), 433b Bangladesh agricultural innovation systems in, 3b agrodealer development in, 234, 234b biosafety regulatory systems in, 498b

640

INDEX

extension and advisory services in, 214, 233b, 235b no-till agriculture in, 47b, 70, 72 public-private partnerships in, 375b rural road networks in, 455b technical knowledge transfer in, 233b, 235b Bangladesh Fertilizer Association (BFA), 234b BASIX Group, 192, 24650, 247t, 24849b Bayero University (Nigeria), 156 BecA-Hub, 299b benchmarking assessment and, 54950, 549t cluster-based development and, 402 national innovation systems and policies, 466, 46768b organizational assessment and, 554 Bennett, Alan B., 406 Best, Rupert, 344 Best Bet technologies, 615 BFA (Bangladesh Fertilizer Association), 234b Bhabha Atomic Research Centre (India), 38b Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation, 109b, 133b Bioconnect (Netherlands), 4041, 43b biosafety regulatory systems, 492500 capacity building for, 493b innovative activity profiles, 52225 interministerial coordination for, 49798, 498b investment context, 492 investment needs, 49394 lessons learned, 49599 policy issues, 49495 potential benefits, 494, 494b recommendations, 49599 Bioseed Research India, 424b BIOTEC program (Thailand), 266 Birner, Regina, 553 block grants, 38182, 382t Boettiger, Sara, 480, 516 Bogor Agricultural University (Indonesia), 127b, 133 Bolivia education and training in, 117b farmer organizations in, 67 innovation networks in, 45b no-till agriculture in, 70, 73t public-private research partnerships in, 385b research and development in, 283 rural productive alliances in, 96, 97 Botswana business development services in, 207 intellectual property management in, 483b Botswana Technology Centre (BOTEC), 483b BRAC, 214, 21516b Braun, Arnoud R., 236 Brazil coordination and collective action in, 34 education and training in, 112b, 129 farmer organizations in, 67 Brazilian Agricultural Research Coooperation (EMBRAPA), 112b, 292b national innovation policy in, 463b

no-till agriculture in, 70, 72t, 73t public-private research partnerships in, 292b, 385b research councils in, 21 technology transfers in, 411b Brazilian Agricultural Research Corporation, 70, 112b Brett, Alistair, 414 British American Tobacco, 181b broad cluster mapping, 402 brokers. See innovation brokers Building Agribusiness Capacity in East Timor (BACET) project, 16568 Bukalasa Agricultural College (Uganda), 163 Bunda College of Agriculture (Malawi), 156 Burkina Faso, biosafety regulatory systems in, 500b business development. See agricultural business development; local business development services (LBDSs) business incubators, 366, 38895. See also agri-business incubators financing, 39495 in Mali, 209b in India, 393b, 423b innovation networks and, 46 innovative activity profiles, 42125 investment context, 38889, 389b investment needs, 38991 lessons learned, 39195, 424 local business development and, 209b policy issues, 391 potential benefits, 391 recommendations, 39195 revenue models for, 390b services of, 388b sustainability, 424 typology, 389t business linkage development, 233, 234b Business Minds Africa: Professionals for Agricultural Entrepreneurship in East-Africa, 207 C CAADP (Comprehensive African Agriculture Development Programme), 182 CAF PER, 242b Cambodia innovation funds in, 440, 440b intellectual property rights in, 486b public-private partnerships in, 404 Cambodian Center for Study and Development in Agriculture (CEDAC), 440b Canada International Development Agency, 299b no-till agriculture in, 70, 73t capacity building, 910 for biosafety regulatory systems, 493b cluster-based business development and, 431, 43334 coordination and collective action and, 9, 2628, 27b, 3132, 5969 education and training and, 910 evaluation and, 580

INDEX

641

capacity building (continued) extension and advisory services, 10 farmer organizations and, 61, 64 for governance, 47376 higher education students and, 133b innovation brokers and, 226 innovation systems and, 910 for intellectual property (IP) management, 518b local business development services and, 21112 for national coordination, 35, 36b organizational change and, 31617, 318b for pluralistic extension systems, 198200 for public-private partnerships, 379 Casas Agrrias (Mozambique), 208b Cassava research networks, 9094, 92b. See also CLAYUCA catalytic agents, 46, 50. See also business incubators; innovation brokers Catholic Relief Services (CRS), 347, 348b CATIE, 34449. See also Learning Alliances CBR (community-based research), 15759, 159b CCARDESA (Center for Coordination of Agricultural Research and Development in Southern Africa), 307b CEDAC (Cambodian Center for Study and Development in Agriculture), 440b CEGE (Center for Entrepreneurial Management) (Nicaragua), 432b CENICAA (Colombian Sugarcane Research Center), 66 Center for Community-Based Research (Thailand), 158 Center for Coordination of Agricultural Research and Development in Southern Africa (CCARDESA), 307b Center for Entrepreneurial Management (CEGE) (Nicaragua), 432b Central Africa, regional research coordination in, 299b. See also specific countries Central American Learning Alliance, 283, 344, 347 CFC (Common Fund for Commodities, Kenya), 222b CGIAR. See Consultative Group on International Agricultural Research Cheetah Network (Mali), 209b Chiang Mai University (Thailand), 126, 133, 15759, 159b Chile agricultural innovation council in, 23 Agricultural Technology Consortium model in, 33843, 339b, 34243b assessment in, 6079, 6089b, 609f coordination organizations in, 36, 8083 intellectual property management in, 484b national innovation policy in, 461b no-till agriculture in, 72 olive oil industry in, 82b research and development tax incentives in, 365b China business incubators in, 392b education and training in, 129, 138 higher education reform in, 15759, 159b intellectual property management in, 409b, 42629 no-till agriculture in, 70, 72, 73t public-private partnerships in, 362, 375b, 377b, 380b

public-private research partnerships in, 90 tertiary education reform in, 12425b value chains in, 54b Chinese University of Technology, 409b CIAT (International Center for Tropical Agriculture), 17b, 9193, 347, 348b CLAYUCA, 9094 Learning Alliances, 34449 CIMMYT (International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center), 47b, 50 CIP (International Potato Center), 45b, 222b civil society. See also nongovernmental organizations (NGOs); specific organizations cluster-based business development and, 431b coordination and collective action role, 28, 31 education and, 138 innovation networks and, 48, 51 marketing chains, 57 research and, 273, 371b Clayton, Anthony, 562 CLAYUCA (Latin American and Caribbean Consortium to Support Cassava Research and Development), 9094, 92b Client-Oriented Research and Development Management Approach (CORDEMA), 318b, 322 climate change, 12b, 188. See also environmental issues cluster-based business development, 368, 396405 capacity building and, 431, 43334 infrastructure and, 397 innovative activity profile, 43034, 43133b institutional framework and, 39899, 398f investment needs, 39799 investment rationale, 39697 lessons learned, 4025, 434 policy issues, 400 potential benefits, 399400, 43134 public-private partnerships and, 404b recommendations, 4025 regulatory environment and, 39798 value chains vs., 397 CMSA (community-managed sustainable agriculture), 85, 8689, 8788b codesigned innovations, 30815 investment context, 3089, 309t investment needs, 30913, 310b, 310t, 312b lessons learned, 31415 partnerships for, 28283, 295 policy issues, 314 potential benefits, 314 COFUPRO (Coordinadora Nacional de las Fundaciones Produce, Mexico), 7577, 78b collective action. See coordination and collective action colleges and universities. See tertiary education and training Collion, Marie-Hlne, 95 Colombia agricultural innovation systems in, 3b business incubators in, 395b farmer organizations in, 67 intellectual property rights in, 485b

642

INDEX

matching grant schemes in, 385b no-till agriculture in, 72 public-private research partnerships in, 90, 93, 274b, 385b rural productive alliances in, 96, 97 Colombian Coffee Growers Federation, 23, 24, 53, 60 Colombian Sugarcane Research Center (CENICAA), 66 Colombia Productive Partnerships Project, 385b commodity boards, 2324 Common Fund for Commodities (CFC, Kenya), 222b community-based research (CBR), 15759, 159b community-managed sustainable agriculture (CMSA), 85, 8689, 8788b competency-led partnerships, 295 competitive position analysis, 402 competitive research grants (CRGs), 6b, 41b, 286, 368, 38182, 382t, 386b, 43738b. See also matching grants, and innovation funds defined, 632 Comprehensive African Agriculture Development Programme (CAADP), 182 CONDESAN, 298b Consorcio Papa Chile SA, 342b consortium approaches, 28384 Consultative Group on International Agricultural Research (CGIAR) extension and advisory services, 180, 183b, 222 Gender and Diversity Program, 109b research centers, 262, 274b, 306b role of, 7 contracting intellectual property (IP) management and, 519 for partnerships, 37879 performance-based, 514 for public-private partnerships, 37879 Cooperative Research Centres (CRCs), 284b, 338 Coordinadora Nacional de las Fundaciones Produce (COFUPRO, Mexico), 7577, 78b coordination and collective action, 9, 15106 agenda setting, 32 in biosafety regulatory systems, 49798, 498b capacity building for, 2628, 27b, 3132, 5969 economic growth and, 1617 environmental outcomes and, 18 equity issues, 29 of extension and advisory services, 189b factors essential to, 18, 19b Farmer Field Schools (FFSs), 23639 gender issues, 29 governance and, 30, 478 innovation brokers and, 3031 innovation networks and, 30, 4451 innovative activity profiles, 7099 instruments and incentives for, 20 investment rationale, 1618 monitoring and evaluation, 3233 on national level, 21, 3443 organizations for, 2026, 22t, 2325b, 27b overview, 1533

policy issues, 2829 poverty reduction and, 1718 public and private sector role, 28 public goods production and, 17 research and educational organizations role, 2829, 270, 27788, 278b, 297307 sustainability issues, 29 value chains and, 31, 5258 Copperbelt College of Education (Zambia), 117b Coprokazan (Mali), 62b CORAF/WECARD, 307b CORDEMA (Client-Oriented Research and Development Management Approach), 318b, 322 core (block) funding, 38182, 382t Corporation to Promote Production (CORFO, Chile), 81 Costa Rica cassava market in, 94b education and training in, 128, 133 higher education reform in, 16062 public-private research partnerships in, 90 cost-sharing, 18990, 233 Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (India), 38b Council of Social Science Research (India), 38b Council on Agricultural Research (India), 47b counterfactuals, 582, 583b CRCs (Cooperative Research Centres), 284b, 338 credit markets, 24650, 247t, 24849b. See also financial services CRGs. See competitive research grants Crops Research Institute (Ghana), 71b curriculum reform, 13135 investment context, 13132 investment needs, 132 lessons learned, 13435 policy issues, 134 potential benefits, 13233, 133b recommendations, 135 cyber-extension, 183b D DAE (Department of Agricultural Extension, Bangladesh), 233b, 235b Dairy Cooperative Societies (India), 25b, 60 DAPEP (Dryland Agriculture Productivity Enhancement Program), 246 Davis, Kristin, 179, 180, 194, 236 decentralization coordination and collective action, 77 education and training, 12425b extension and advisory services, 6b, 184, 19798, 202 research, 6b, 26263, 270 DEEPA Industries Ltd., 222b democratization, 270 Department for International Development (UK), 327b Department of Agricultural Extension (DAE, Bangladesh), 233b, 235b Department of Education, Employment, and Workplace Relations (Australia), 137b Department of Primary Industries (DPI, Australia), 137b

INDEX

643

Department of Science and Technology (DST, India), 421 Dharampur Uththan Vahini (DHRUVA, India), 216b Diaz Rios, Luz, 501 diffusion of technology, 39b, 47, 7071 Dijkman, J., 273 District Services for Economic Activities (Mozambique), 206b Doing Business (World Bank), 391 Dorai, Kumuda, 539, 569, 580 downward accountability, 188 DPI (Department of Primary Industries, Australia), 137b Dryland Agriculture Productivity Enhancement Program (DAPEP), 246 DST (Department of Science and Technology, India), 421 due diligence, 519 Duveskog, Deborah, 236 E EARTH University (Costa Rica), 133, 16062 East Africa Farmer Field Schools in, 236, 238 regional research coordination in, 299b East Africa Agricultural Productivity Project, 264 East Africa Dairy Development Project, 327b Eastern and Southern Africa Seed Alliance, 285b Economic Development Programme (BRAC), 21516b Ecuador innovation networks in, 45b public-private research partnerships in, 90, 291b research and development in, 283 education and training, 910, 10777, 117b curriculum reform, 12526, 126b, 13135, 15153 financing trends, 5b formal, 11011 gender and, 109b ICT and, 8b, 117b informal, 111 initiatives to strengthen, 57, 6b, 7 innovative activity profiles, 14571 in-service training and development, 111, 14144, 15456 for intellectual property (IP) management, 4078, 408t, 48990, 490b investment context, 108, 11112 investment needs, 11417 monitoring and evaluation of investments in, 11920, 12021t overview, 10721 policy issues, 11213 reform priorities and directions, 11319, 114t structure of systems, 10811 technician development, 13640, 16364, 16971, 170b for Technology Transfer Offices (TTOs), 4078 tertiary level, 12230, 14553, 15762. See also tertiary education and training e-extension, 183b Egypt education and training in, 132 higher education reform in, 15153 technical skills development in, 16971, 170b vocational training in, 16971, 170b

Ekanayake, Indira, 512 Ekboir, Javier, 15, 44, 52, 59, 70, 75 Elliott, Howard, 297 El Salvador, learning alliances in, 17b Elsenburg Training Institute, 401b Empresa Brasileira de Pesquisa Agropecuria (EMBRAPA), 34, 70, 112b, 292b enabling environment for innovation, 1011, 449537. See also standards, biosafety environmental issues, 456 financial services, 52629 governance and, 452, 45657, 46979 infrastructure 51214 innovative activity profiles, 51229 intellectual property management, 48091, 51621 investment context, 45255 investment needs, 45658 investment rationale, 45052, 450f monitoring and evaluation for, 45859t national innovation policy, 46068 policy issues, 45052, 450f, 45556, 457 poverty reduction and, 456 public-private partnerships, 93, 456 regulatory frameworks and, 45253, 457, 492511, 52225 rural areas, 45455, 455b, 45758 environmental issues enabling environment for innovation and, 449, 456 intellectual property (IP) management and, 488 local business development services and, 210, 210b national innovation policy and, 464 pluralistic extension systems and, 201 Envirotrade project, 210b Equity Bank of Kenya, 327b equity issues. See also gender issues coordination and collective action, 29 extension and advisory services, 18891, 244 organizational change, 324 partnerships, 370 pluralistic extension systems, 201 regional research, 302 research, 270 ERAP (External Resource Person Advisory Program), 24647 Ernstberger, Josef, 361, 381, 426 Estamos (NGO), 208b Ethiopia business development services in, 201, 205 education and training in, 126, 138 extension and advisory services in, 181b, 184, 187b gender-inclusive education in, 109b innovation funds in, 437, 438b net-mapping in, 596b research and development in, 327b technical skill development in, 16364 Eurasia Group, 234b European Foundation for Quality Management, 164 evaluation, 58088. See also monitoring and evaluation (M&E) capacity building and, 580 counterfactuals and, 582, 583b

644

INDEX

defined, 540b investment context, 58081 investment needs, 58185 lessons learned, 58588 methods, 58384b, 58385, 58687t policy issues, 585 potential benefits, 585 principles, 58183, 582b recommendations, 58588 exit strategies for public-private partnerships, 369b, 379 extension and advisory services, 17993, 194250 agricultural credit and, 24650, 247t, 24849b agrodealer development, 23135, 232b coordination of, 189b defined, 17980, 180b development principles, 18387, 18586t equity issues, 188, 19091, 244 evolution of, 18083, 181b extension-plus approach, 191, 21320 Farmer Field Schools, 185b, 23639 gender issues, 19091 ICT and, 183b, 185b initiatives to strengthen, 6b, 7 innovation brokers and, 191, 22130 innovation networks and, 46 in-service training, 15456 investment levels in, 18182, 181b local business development services, 191, 20412 monitoring and evaluation of, 19293, 192b pluralistic extension systems, 191, 194203 policy issues, 18791 public and private sector roles, 180, 187, 189, 190t roles and impacts of, 180 sustainability, 18990 extension-plus approach, 191, 21320 human resource issues, 218 institutional framework and, 21618 investment context, 21314, 214t investment needs, 21416, 21516b, 215t lessons learned, 21820 monitoring and evaluation of, 21618, 217t policy issues, 21618 potential benefits, 216 public and private sector roles, 218 recommendations, 21920, 220t sustainability, 218 External Resource Person Advisory Program (ERAP), 24647 F facilitation, 3b, 1533, 283, 288, 305t, 306, 30815, 31625, 34449, 52021. See also broker, and innovation broker business, 422 direct, 404 facilitating cooperation, 403 network membership and, 591 public sector, 427 Fair Trade movement, 53 FAO (Food and Agriculture Organization), 111

FARM-Africa (NGO), 185b Farm Business Schools, 207, 211 Farmer and Nature Net (FNN), 440b Farmer Field Schools (FFSs) coordination networks for, 23639 defined, 26 extension and advisory services, 180, 181b, 192, 206b gender issues, 237b lessons learned, 239 participatory group learning in, 185b potential benefits, 237 sustainability, 238 farmer interest groups (FIGs), 184b farmer-managed foundations, 23 farmer organizations, 2426. See also producer organizations defined, 16b extension and advisory services, 202 financing of, 63b, 67 information technology use by, 62b innovation networks and, 46 marketing chains and, 52 poverty reduction and, 17 farmer-to-farmer (F2F) extension, 182 farmer training centers (FTCs), 187b Farm Radio International, 62b FDSE (Fondo para el Desarrollo de Servicios Estratgicos, Peru), 24243 fee-for-service extension, 188b fertilizer deep placement technology, 235b FFA (Future Farmers of America), 109, 110b, 111 FFSs. See Farmer Field Schools FIA (Fundacin para la Innovacin Agraria, Chile), 23, 30, 36, 8083, 81b finance partnerships, 295 financial services agricultural credit, 24650, 247t, 24849b cluster-based development and, 402 enabling environment for innovation and, 52629 extension services and, 24650, 247t, 24849b instruments, 369b, 417t savings and credit cooperatives, 183 financing. See also matching grants and research grants of agricultural research linkages, 286 of business incubators, 39495 extension and advisory services, 18990 of farmer organizations, 63b, 67 investments for innovation, 414420 partnerships, 36869 of research, 5b, 270, 271b sustainability of, 19b technology transfer, 5b Finland response to challenges of globalization, 472b governance of innovation systems in, 469479, 472b, 475b policy coordination organizations in, 474b research and innovation council, 474b strategic intelligence capabilities in, 476b Finnish Funding Agency for Technology and Innovation (Tekes), 473b
INDEX 645

first-round funding, 416 FLAR (Latin American Fund for Irrigated Rice), 298b FNN (Farmer and Nature Net), 440b Fodder Innovation Project, 327b, 329b, 61013, 613t Fondo de Tecnologa Agraria (FTA, Peru), 241, 24243b Fondo para el Desarrollo de Servicios Estratgicos (FDSE, Peru), 24243 Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO), 111, 181b, 211 Ford Foundation, 301b foreign direct investment, 482 foresighting investment, 56268 lessons learned, 568 policy issues, 56768 potential benefits, 567 process, 56365 recommendations, 568 sustainability and, 56768 tools and applications, 56267, 566t formal organizations, 21 Foundation for Agricultural Innovation (Chile), 23, 30, 36, 8083, 81b fourth-round funding, 416 Framework for African Agricultural Productivity, 182 France, no-till agriculture in, 72 Fresh Produce Exporters Association of Kenya (FPEAK), 23, 24b Friedman, Michelle, 95 FTA (Fondo de Tecnologa Agraria, Peru), 241, 24243b FTCs (farmer training centers), 187b Fundacin Chile, 399 Fundacin para la Innovacin Agraria (FIA, Chile), 23, 30, 36, 8083, 81b Future Farmers of America (FFA), 109, 110b, 111 G GALVmed (Global Alliance for Livestock Veterinary Medicines), 327b, 51621, 51718b Gender in Agriculture Sourcebook (World Bank), 324 gender analysis, 539, 544t, 598602 gender issues in assessments, 598602, 600t in coordination and collective action, 29 as cross-cutting theme, 12b education and training, 113 in education and training, 109b in extension and advisory services, 19091 in Farmer Field Schools, 237b organizational change, 324 partnerships, 370 pluralistic extension systems, 201 Gene Technology Act (Australia), 499b genetically engineered foods, 49596b, 500b. See also biosafety regulatory systems genetic resources intellectual property management and, 481b public-private partnerships, 274b Geoola, Josef, 516 GFRAS (Global Forum for Rural Advisory Services), 182, 189b, 192b

Ghana agricultural innovation systems in, 3b agricultural research linkages in, 280b education and training in, 155 gender-inclusive education in, 109b innovation funds in, 437 in-service training for extension staff, 15556 net-mapping in, 596b no-till agriculture in, 70, 71b, 72 organizational assessment in, 560b public-private research partnerships in, 90 research councils in, 21 Ghana Cocoa Board, 24 Gildemacher, Peter, 221 Global Alliance for Livestock Veterinary Medicines (GALVmed), 327b, 51621, 51718b Global Development Alliance, 234b Global Forum for Rural Advisory Services (GFRAS), 182, 189b, 192b GlobalGAP, 405 Golden Rice, 50 Gottret, Mara Vernica, 344 governance, 46979, 472f capacity building for, 47376 competitive research funding and, 41b coordination and collective action, 30, 36b, 478 enabling environment for innovation and, 452, 45657, 46979 farmer organizations, 61 innovation funds and, 383, 384t innovation networks, 51 of innovation systems, 46979 of innovation systems in Finland, Republic of Korea, South Africa, 46979 intellectual property (IP) management and, 4089 investment context, 46971 investment needs, 47177 lessons learned, 47779 local business development services and, 209 national innovation policy and, 21, 464 organizational change, 31719, 319b potential benefits, 477 project-based funding and, 40, 41b, 42t public-private partnerships, 375 recommendations, 479 Technology Transfer Offices and, 4089 transparency and, 479 Granovetter, M., 221 Guatemala farmer organizations in, 67 learning alliances in, 17b public-private research partnerships in, 385b rural productive alliances in, 97 Guyana, public-private research partnerships in, 90 H Hagar Soya Co. (Cambodia), 486b Haiti, public-private research partnerships in, 90 Hall, Andy, 273, 539, 569, 580, 610

646

INDEX

Hambly Odame, Helen, 539, 546 Hartwich, Frank, 294 Hawassa University (Ethiopia), 156 Heemskerk, Willem, 179, 194 higher education. See tertiary education and training Honduras education and training in, 128 learning alliances in, 17b public-private research partnerships in, 385b honest broker role, 404 HoneyBee Network, 224b HORIZONT3000, 431b Horton, Douglas, 316 household surveys, 559 humanitarian licensing models, 489 human resource development (HRD), 14144, 146 I IBEX (Inter Borrower Exchange Program), 246 ICAR. See Indian Council of Agricultural Research ICICI Bank, 248b ICRISAT. See International Crops Research Institute for Semi-Arid Tropics ICT. See information and communication technology IDE (International Development Enterprises), 224b IDESI (Institute for Development of the Informal SectorArequipa), 242 IDRC (International Development Research Centre), 17b, 344 IFDC (International Fertilizer Development Center), 23233, 233b IIRR (International Institute of Rural Reconstruction), 207 ILAC (Institutional Learning and Change Initiative), 559b, 628 ILO (International Labour Organization), 111, 375b ILRI. See International Livestock Research Institute Imperial Chemical Industries (ICI), 70 INCAGRO. See Innovation and Competitiveness Program for Peruvian Agriculture INCOPA Project (Peru), 45b incubator. See business incubator India. See also Andhra Pradesh Agricultural business incubator at ICRISAT, 393b, 42125 agricultural innovation systems in, 3b agrodealer development in, 231 BASIX, 24650 biosafety regulatory systems in, 49596b business incubators in, 392b, 42125, 422f, 42324b, 425t coordination organizations in, 25b, 38b, 8489, 85b, 8687f, 8788b education and training in, 129, 138 extension and advisory services in, 184b, 224b farmer organizations in, 62b, 63b higher education reform in, 14548 innovation brokers in, 222, 224b National Agricultural Innovation Project (NAIP), 38, 266, 269, 33137, 333t, 33436b no-till agriculture in, 47b, 70, 72, 72t research organizations in, 21, 323b scenario planning in, 6036, 604t, 605f, 606b

technology development and transfer in, 33137, 333t, 33436b Indian Council of Agricultural Research (ICAR), 38, 38b, 145, 323b, 33137 Indonesia education and training in, 129 public-private research partnerships in, 274b tertiary education reform in, 125, 127b Industry Skills Training Councils (Australia), 137b infoDev, xv, 364, 390b, 392b infomediaries, 224b informal organizations, 21 Information and Communication Technologies for Agriculture e-Sourcebook (World Bank), 183b information and communication technology (ICT) education and, 8b, 115, 117b extension and advisory services and, 7, 183b, 185b farmer organizations and, 62b innovation brokers and, 224b knowledge exchange role of, 8b research and, 27273, 272b training and, 8b, 117b information gathering defined, 540b market intelligence, 58, 27273, 413 for organizational assessment, 55556 research and, 27273 infrastructure for cluster-based business development, 397, 431b for education and training, 168 INIA (Instituto Nacional de Investigacin Agropecuaria, Uruguay), 39b, 32021b INIAP (Ecuador), 45b INIAP (Instituto Nacional Autnomo de Investigaciones Agropecuarias, Ecuador), 291b Innova-Chile, 81 Innovation Acquisition Service (Thailand), 23b Innovation and Competitiveness Program for Peruvian Agriculture (INCAGRO), 24045, 240b, 24243b, 244t, 32021b, 322 innovation brokers brokering role, 179259 capacity building and, 27b coordination role of, 3031 defined, 16b extension and advisory services role of, 191, 22130 innovation networks and, 46 innovative activity profiles, 23150 investment context, 22122 investment needs, 22223b, 22526 lessons learned, 22728 monitoring and evaluation of, 228 policy issues, 226 potential benefits, 22425 recommendations, 22830 typology of, 22224, 225t innovation funds, 38187 governance and, 383, 384t

INDEX

647

innovation funds (continued) innovative activity profile, 43541, 43738b, 437t, 440b investment context, 38182 investment needs, 383 lessons learned, 38687, 387b policy issues, 38485 potential benefits, 38384 sustainability, 44041 InnovationNetwork (Netherlands), 46 innovation networks, 30, 4451 capacity building and, 27b coordination and collective action role of, 30, 4451 incentives for, 51 investment context, 4445 investment needs, 4546 lessons learned, 4951 policy issues, 4749 potential benefits, 4647, 47b public and private sector roles, 4849, 49b recommendations, 51 research role, 48 social capital issues, 48 sustainability and, 4748 innovation platforms, 26869, 283 innovative activity profiles advisory services models, 23150 agricultural business development, 42141 agricultural research linkages, 34449, 345b, 346t, 348b assessment, 589609 biosafety regulatory systems, 52225 business incubators, 42125 cluster-based business development, 43034, 43133b coordination and collective action, 7099 education and training, 14571 enabling environment for innovation, 51229 innovation brokers, 23150 innovation funds, 43541, 43738b, 437t, 440b innovation partnerships and business development, 42141 in-service training/learning, 15456 intellectual property (IP) management, 51621, 51718b Mexico produce foundation, 7579 monitoring and evaluation (M&E), 61019 no-till networks, 7074 organizational change, 32630, 327b, 329b prioritization, 593 public-private research partnerships, 9094 rural productive alliances, 9599 regulatory frameworks, 52225 research, 32649 technician development, 16364, 16971, 170b tertiary education and training, 14553, 15762 Inova, 411b in-service training/learning, 14144 implementation issues, 144 innovative activity profile, 146, 15456 investment context, 141 investment needs, 14243

lessons learned, 144 potential benefits, 14344 Institute for Development of the Informal SectorArequipa (IDESI, Peru), 242 Institute of Peruvian Amazon Research, 243b institutional framework cluster-based business development and, 39899, 398f, 431b extension-plus approach and, 21618 intellectual property (IP) management and, 410 pluralistic extension systems and, 201 research and, 5 Technology Transfer Offices and, 410, 48586 tertiary education and, 147 Institutional History monitoring method, 577b, 61013, 613t institutional learning, 559b Institutional Linkage Project, 151 Instituto Nacional Autnomo de Investigaciones Agropecuarias (INIAP, Ecuador), 291b Instituto Nacional de Investigacin Agropecuaria (INIA), 39b, 32021b Instituto Nacional Tecnologa Agropecuaria (INTA, Argentina), 292b Institut Pertanian Bogor (IPB, Indonesia), 127b, 133 INTA (Instituto Nacional Tecnologa Agropecuaria, Argentina), 292b intellectual property (IP) management, 48091 capacity building for, 518b contracting and, 519 due diligence, 519 enabling environment for innovation, 48091, 51621 environmental issues, 488 foreign direct investment and, 482 genetic resources and, 481b governance and, 4089 humanitarian licensing models, 489 innovative activity profile, 51621, 51718b institutional framework and, 410 investment context, 4067, 407t, 48082 investment needs, 4079, 48487 legal framework and, 48788 lessons learned, 41013, 48889 national innovation policy and, 482 policy issues, 410, 41112, 48788 potential benefits, 40910, 487 public and private sector roles, 48384, 488, 517b public-private partnerships and, 293, 295 recommendations, 41213, 413b, 48991 research councils and, 38 Technology Licensing Office (Thailand), 23b technology transfer and, 48283 trade and, 482 training for, 4078, 408t, 48990, 490b Inter Borrower Exchange Program (IBEX), 246 Interchurch Organization for Development Corporation, 431b interest groups, 40, 184b internal rate of return (IRR), 418 International Center for Tropical Agriculture (CIAT), 17b, 9193, 347, 348b

648

INDEX

International Crops Research Institute for Semi-Arid Tropics (ICRISAT), 285b, 393b, 42125, 422f, 42324b, 425t International Development Agency (Canada), 299b International Development Enterprises (IDE), 224b International Development Research Centre (IDRC), 17b, 344 International Fertilizer Development Center (IFDC), 23233, 233b International Food Policy Research Institute, 181b International Institute of Rural Reconstruction (IIRR), 207 International Institute of Tropical AgricultureFOODNET, 348b International Labour Organization (ILO), 111, 375b International Livestock Research Institute (ILRI), 44, 223b, 299b, 32630, 327b International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center (CIMMYT), 47b, 50 International Potato Center (CIP), 45b, 222b International Service for National Agricultural Research (ISNAR), 78b internship programs, 153, 161 intervention logic, defined, 540b IP. See intellectual property management iPark (business incubator), 392 IPB (Institut Pertanian Bogor, Indonesia), 127b, 133 Ireland education and training in, 126 foresighting investments in, 563b scenarios, 563b Teagasc, 536b IRR (internal rate of return), 418 ISNAR (International Service for National Agricultural Research), 78b J Jamaica foresighting investments in, 564b public-private research partnerships in, 385b Janssen, Willem, 607 Jimma University College of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine (Ethiopia), 163 Joffe, Steen, 589 Johnson, Adolphus, 589 joint experimentation, 311 joint venture, 79b, 81b, 14142, 195, 286, 341 K Kammili, Trish, 569, 580 KAPP (Kenya Agricultural Productivity Project), 238b, 269 KARI (Kenya Agricultural Research Institute), 222b, 269 Karuppanchetty, S. M., 421 Kazakhstan, competitive grant funding in, 436 KDGCBP (Kenya Dairy Goat and Capacity Building Project), 185b Kelemework, D., 275 Kellogg Commission on the Future of State and Land-Grant Universities, 12728 Kenya agrodealer development in, 234b business development services in, 201, 207

cluster-based business development in, 401b coordination organizations in, 24b, 64b extension and advisory services in, 222b, 238b Farmer Field Schools in, 236, 238, 238b farmer organizations in, 62b gender-inclusive education in, 109b innovation brokers in, 222, 222b, 225 research and development in, 271b, 327b value chains in, 54b Kenya Agricultural Productivity Project (KAPP), 238b, 269 Kenya Agricultural Research Institute (KARI), 222b, 269 Kenya Dairy Goat and Capacity Building Project (KDGCBP), 185b Kenya Flower Council, 24b Kenya Good Agricultural Practices (Kenya-GAP), 24b Kenya Horticulture Council, 24b Kenya Tea Board, 24, 64b Kenya Tea Development Agency (KTDA), 53, 60, 64b, 6667 Kerala Horticultural Development Programme (KHDP, India), 215b, 217b, 219b Khisa, Godrick, 236 Klerkx, Laurens, 221 Kline, S. J., 268 knowledge transfer, 232, 233b, 235b. See also education and training; technology transfer Korea, Republic of governance of innovation systems in, 47071, 473b policy coordination organizations in, 474b strategic intelligence capabilities in, 476b Kowalski, Stanley, 480 Kristjanson, Patti, 326 Krone, Anton, 435 KTDA. See Kenya Tea Development Agency Kwadaso Agricultural College (Ghana), 156 L Labor standards, 375b Lake Victoria Environmental Management Program, 404b Lambayeque Institute for Agricultural Development (Peru), 242 Land Care movement (Philippines), 270 Land OLakes, 165, 166, 167 Larson, Gunnar, 84, 526 Latin America and the Caribbean. See also specific countries competitive research grants in, 386b farmer organizations in, 6566 public-private research partnerships in, 9094, 294 regional research coordination in, 29798, 298b research and development in, 263 science and technology funds in, 40 Latin American and Caribbean Consortium to Support Cassava Research and Development (CLAYUCA), 9094, 92b Latin American Fund for Irrigated Rice (FLAR), 298b LBDSs. See local business development services learning alliances, 17b, 273, 34449, 345b, 346t, 348b learning organizations, 559b LEED (Local Economic and Employment Development) Project, 551b

INDEX

649

legal framework for intellectual property, 48788. See also regulatory frameworks Lemola, Tarmo, 469 limited partnership investments, 416 LISFs (Local Innovation Support Funds), 43541, 438b, 440b Livelihoods Diversification and Enterprise Development Fund, 238b livestock, 51621, 51718b biosciences, 299b Fodder innovations project, 61013 Global Alliance for Livestock Veterinary Medicines (GALVmed), 51621 intellectual property management, 51621 ILRI, 44, 223b, 299b, 32630, 327b research within AIS, 32630 role of ICT for, 8 Livestock, Livelihoods, and Markets Project (LiLi), 327b local business development services (LBDSs), 191, 20412 capacity building and, 21112 environmental issues, 210, 210b governance and, 209 implementation of, 212 investment context, 2045 investment needs, 2058, 206b lessons learned, 21012 policy issues, 20810 potential benefits, 208 public and private sector roles, 2057, 205f, 20910 social targeting of, 209 sustainability, 210 Local Economic and Employment Development (LEED) Project, 551b Local Economic Development Projects (Mozambique), 206b Local Innovation Support Funds (LISFs), 43541, 438b, 440b locavore movement, 53 Los Lagos University (Chile), 342b Lugg, David, 435 Lundy, Mark, 344 Lynam, John, 261 M Maguire, Charles J., 107, 122, 131, 136, 141, 145, 149, 151, 154, 163 Mahajan, Vijay, 246 Makerere University (Uganda), 156 Malawi business development services in, 207 gender-inclusive education in, 109b Mali business development services in, 208 extension and advisory services in, 187, 200, 209b farmer organizations in, 62b Mali Agribusiness Incubator Network, 209b M&E. See monitoring and evaluation Manpower Advisory Councils (India), 146 Mansingh Institute of Technology (India), 25b marginalized populations. See also equity issues; gender issues farmer organizations and, 65

innovation networks and, 48 value chains and, 5657 marketing chains, 5258. See also value chains coordination and collective action, 2324 extension and advisory services, 217b farmer organizations and, 60 investment context, 5253 investment needs, 5355 lessons learned, 57 niche markets and, 55 policy issues, 5657 potential benefits, 5556 public and private sector roles, 57 recommendations, 5758 social capital issues, 5657 sustainability and, 5657 market intelligence, 58, 27273, 413 matching grants (MGs), 67, 98, 211, 242, 286, 368, 38182, 382t, 384b, 549t. See also competitive research grants, and innovation funds defined, 632 McLean, Morven, 492, 522 MERCOSUR, 298b Mexico codesigned innovation in, 312b coordination organizations in, 7579 farmer-managed foundations in, 23 farmer organizations in, 63b, 67 innovation networks in, 49b no-till agriculture in, 72 public-private research partnerships in, 90 research councils in, 21 value chains in, 54b, 56b microcredit, 246 Middle East and North Africa. See also specific countries education and training in, 108 regional research coordination in, 29798 Midwest Universities Consortium for International Activities (MUCIA), 15253, 16971, 170b Milk Producers Cooperative Unions (India), 25b Ministry of Agriculture (China), 124b Ministry of Agriculture (Ethiopia), 138 Ministry of Agriculture (India), 38b Ministry of Agriculture (Netherlands), 149 Ministry of Agriculture (Peru), 243b, 244 Ministry of Agriculture and Fisheries (Timor Leste), 16568 Ministry of Agriculture and Food Security (Tanzania), 318b Ministry of Education (China), 124b Ministry of Education (Egypt), 16970 Ministry of Education (Ethiopia), 138 Ministry of Education (Netherlands), 149 Ministry of Food and Agriculture (Ghana), 155, 280b Ministry of Science and Technology (Thailand), 23b, 266 mixed-portfolio investment model, 389 mobile phones. See information and communication technology (ICT) monitoring and evaluation (M&E), 11, 56979. See also assessment

650

INDEX

capacity building and, 580 competitive research funding and, 41b of coordination and collective action, 3233 counterfactuals and, 582, 583b defined, 540b of education and training, 11920, 12021t, 126b for enabling environment for innovation, 45859t of extension and advisory services, 19293, 192b of extension-plus approach, 21618, 217t farmer organizations and, 69 of innovation brokers, 228 innovative activity profiles, 61019 investment context, 541, 56970, 58081 investment needs, 54345, 544t, 57076, 58185 investment rationale, 53941 lessons learned, 57879, 58588 methods, 57076, 57172b, 57375t, 57677b, 58384b, 58385, 58687t of national innovation policy, 46668b of organizational change, 31920, 330 participatory, 576b of partnerships, 367b, 37273, 373t policy issues, 54143, 542t, 57778, 585 potential benefits, 577, 585 principles, 58183, 582b of public-private partnerships, 29495, 294b, 37980, 380b recommendations, 57879, 58588 of regional research, 3037, 3045t of research, 275, 276t terminology, 540b Most Significant Change (MSC), 576b Mountains of the Moon University (Uganda), 163 Mozambique business development services in, 201, 205, 208 extension and advisory services in, 184, 187, 197b, 200, 206b, 208b, 210b gender-inclusive education in, 109b innovation brokers in, 226 Mudahar, Mohinder S., 331 N Namibia National Farmers Union, 327b NAIP (India), 38, 266, 269, 33137, 333t, 33436b NARIs (national agricultural research institutes), 26263 National Agency for Agricultural and Rural Advisory Services (Senegal), 281b National Agricultural Advisory Services (NAADS, Uganda), 181b, 18687b, 200, 206b, 226 National Agricultural Extension Program (Mozambique), 184 National Agricultural Innovation Project (NAIP) (India), 38, 266, 269, 33137, 333t, 33436b National Agricultural Research Institute (Ecuador), 291b National agricultural research institutes (NARIs), 26263 National Bank for Agriculture and Rural Development (India), 216b National Business Incubator Association (NBIA), 391 National Commission for Scientific and Technological Research (Chile), 80

National Cooperative Dairy Federation (India), 63b national coordination, 21, 3443 capacity building for, 35, 36b investment context, 3435 investment needs, 3536 lessons learned, 3743 operational practices, 3536 policy issues, 37 potential benefits, 3637 project-based funding, 40, 41b, 42t recommendations, 3743 research councils, 3840, 38b thematic or subsectoral coordination, 4041 National Council on Innovation for Competitiveness (Chile), 338 National Dairy Development Board (NDDB, India), 24, 25b, 63b National Fund for Agricultural Research (Senegal), 281b National Innovation Agency (NIA, Thailand), 23b, 266 National Innovation Foundation (India), 224b national innovation policy, 44959, 46068 benchmarking for, 466, 46768b coordination and collective action, 21, 3443 development of, 462b enabling environment for innovation, 44959, 46068 environmental issues, 464 governance and, 464 intellectual property management and, 482 investment context, 460 investment needs, 46063 lessons learned, 46568 monitoring and evaluation of, 46668b policy issues, 46465 potential benefits, 463 recommendations, 46568 social capital and, 464 National Rural Employment Guarantee Scheme (India), 85 National System of Innovation for Competitiveness (Chile), 80 National Union of Agriculture and Livestock Farmers (Nicaragua), 432b NBIA (National Business Incubator Association), 391 NDDB (National Dairy Development Board, India), 24, 25b, 63b NEPAD (New Partnership for Africas Development), 299b, 301b Nepal, no-till agriculture in, 47b, 70, 72 Nestl, 181b Netherlands Bioconnect, 22t, 43b coordination organizations in, 43b higher education reform in, 14950 innovation brokers in, 222, 227 Netherlands Foundation for International Cooperation, 163 research and development in, 284 Wageningen university and research center, 14950 Net-Map, 59397, 596b Network of Indian Agri-Business Incubators (NIAB), 423 New Partnership for Africas Development (NEPAD), 299b, 301b New Zealand extension and advisory services in, 188t no-till agriculture in, 72 New Zealand Dairy Board, 24

INDEX

651

NGOs. See nongovernmental organizations NIA (National Innovation Agency, Thailand), 23b, 266 NIAB (Network of Indian Agri-Business Incubators), 423 Nicaragua cluster-based business development in, 43034, 43133b, 43233b learning alliances in, 17b public-private research partnerships in, 90 niche markets, 53, 55, 56, 58 Nigeria agrodealer development in, 234b business development services in, 207 gender-inclusive education in, 109b public-private research partnerships in, 90 Nippon Foundation, 154 Njaa Marufuku project (Kenya), 238b nongovernmental organizations (NGOs). See also specific organizations cluster-based business development and, 431b coordination and collective action role of, 17b extension and advisory services, 189, 195, 196t innovation networks and, 46 marketing chains, 52, 57 public-private partnerships and, 387b research and, 267 no-till networks, 7074, 7273t O OIKOS (NGO), 208b one-stop agribusiness centers, 2078, 208b Operation Flood (India), 25b organizational assessment, 55361 benchmarking and, 554 framework for, 55355, 554f, 555b household surveys, 559 information gathering, 55556 investment context, 553 learning organizations and, 559b lessons learned, 561 methods, 55559 performance assessment, 55658, 55758b policy issues, 56061 potential benefits, 55960 staff surveys, 55859, 560b organizational frameworks, 31625 capacity building and, 31617, 318b for coordination and collective action, 2026, 22t, 2325b, 27b defined, 16b equity issues, 324 gender issues, 324 governance issues, 31719, 319b incentives for change, 320 innovative activity profiles, 32630, 327b, 329b investment context, 316 investment needs, 31622, 317t lessons learned, 324 monitoring and evaluation of, 31920, 330 policy issues, 32324

potential benefits, 32223 recommendations, 32425 for research, 270, 27788, 278b, 31625, 34449, 345b, 346t, 348b Ospina Patio, Bernardo, 90 outcome mapping, 572b outsourcing partnerships, 294 Oxfam, 431b P PAID (Partnership for Agricultural Innovation and Development, Sierra Leone), 58992 Pakistan agrodealer development in, 231 no-till agriculture in, 47b, 70, 72 Palmberg, Christopher, 469 Panama cassava research in, 92b farmer organizations in, 67 public-private research partnerships in, 90, 385b rural productive alliances in, 97 Papa Andina codesigned innovation and, 313b creation and consolidation of, 45b gender and assessment of, 598602, 600t innovation brokers and, 225 Pape-Christiansen, Andrea, 406 Paraguay cluster-based business development in, 405b no-till agriculture in, 70, 72t, 73t ParqueSoft Centers (Colombia), 390b, 395b participatory group learning, 185b participatory market chain approach (PMCA), 313b participatory monitoring and evaluation, 311, 576b Participatory Radio Campaigns, 62b participatory research, 26263, 291b Partnership for Agricultural Innovation and Development (PAID, Sierra Leone), 58992 partnerships, 10, 361448. See also agricultural business development; public-private partnerships agricultural business development and, 362 contracts for, 37879 equity issues, 370 extension and advisory services, 198 financing, 36869 gender issues, 370 incentives, 365b innovation funds, 38187, 43541 investment context, 36369, 36465t investment needs, 37172 investment rationale, 36263 limited, 416 monitoring and evaluation of, 37273, 373t policy issues, 36971 principles for, 377 for research, 9094 PASAOP (Agricultural Services and Producer Organizations Project, Senegal), 28182b

652

INDEX

Peking University (China), 409b PepsiCo, 249b performance, defined, 540b. See also monitoring and evaluation (M&E) performance-based contracts, 514 Peru agricultural innovation systems in, 3b extension and advisory services in, 24045 gender and program assessment in, 598602, 600t innovation networks in, 45b public-private research partnerships in, 90, 385b research and development in, 283 research funding in, 32021b Philippines public-private research partnerships in, 274b research and development in, 270 Pingali, P., 300 plant variety rights (PVRs), 453b pluralistic extension systems, 191, 194203, 196t capacity building for, 198200 environmental issues, 201 equity issues, 201 gender issues, 201 institutional framework and, 201 investment context, 19597 investment needs, 197200, 199t lessons learned, 202 policy issues, 200201 potential benefits, 200 public and private sector roles, 201 recommendations, 203 sustainability, 200 PMCA (participatory market chain approach), 313b policy issues agricultural research linkages, 28687 assessment, 54143, 542t, 55051 biosafety regulatory systems, 49495 business incubators, 391 cluster-based business development, 400, 431b codesigned innovations, 314 coordination and collective action, 2829, 37 curriculum reform, 134 education and training, 11213 enabling environment for innovation, 45052, 450f, 45556, 457 evaluation, 585 extension and advisory services, 18791 extension-plus approach, 21618 foresighting investments, 56768 innovation brokers, 226 innovation funds, 38485 innovation networks, 4749 intellectual property (IP) management, 410, 41112, 48788 local business development services (LBDSs), 20810 marketing chains, 5657 monitoring and evaluation (M&E), 54143, 542t, 57778, 585 national innovation policy, 46465 organizational assessment, 56061

organizational change, 32324 partnerships, 36971 pluralistic extension systems, 200201 public-private partnerships, 29394, 376 regional research, 300302 research, 26970 risk capital investments, 41819 technician development, 13839 Technology Transfer Offices, 410, 41112 tertiary education and training, 128 value chains, 5657 Polytechnic University of Bobo-Dioulasso (Burkina Faso), 156 Potter, Robert, 480 poverty reduction coordination and collective action role in, 1718 enabling environment for innovation and, 456 Preissing, John, 240 priorities, defined, 540b. See also agenda setting private sector. See also public-private partnerships coordination and collective action, 28 extension and advisory services, 181b, 187, 189, 190t, 195, 196t, 202 extension-plus approach, 218 innovation networks and, 4849, 49b, 51 in-service training capacity, 142 intellectual property (IP) management, 48384, 488, 517b local business development services (LBDSs), 2057, 205f, 20910 marketing chains, 52, 57 pluralistic extension systems, 201 research financing, 5b, 267, 27172 role of, 12b value chains, 57, 93 PROCISOR, 298b Produce Foundations (Mexico), 23, 31, 60, 7579 Producer organization, 5b, 6b, 24, 31, 62b, 9599, 220t, 222b, 241, 244, 281b, 342b, 385b, 431b, 433b, 489. See also farmer organization defined, 631 Productive Partnerships Project (Colombia), 385b product marketing companies, 23 PROfarm courses, 137b Programa Nacional de Extenso Agrria (PRONEA, Mozambique), 184, 200 PROINPA Foundation (Bolivia), 45b project-based funding, 40, 41b, 42t project management, 14243 Prolinnova network, 60 Propensity Score Matching, 583b public-private partnerships, 290b, 290t, 37480 business development services, 208, 212 capacity building for, 27b, 379 cluster-based business development and, 404b contracts for, 37879 for coordination and collective action, 9094, 92b education and training, 143 enabling environment for innovation and, 93, 456 exit strategies, 369b, 379

INDEX

653

public-private partnerships (continued) extension and advisory services, 190, 206b farmer organizations and, 63b investment context, 37475 investment needs, 37576 investment rationale, 28990, 36263, 369b lessons learned, 29495, 37680 monitoring and evaluation of, 29495, 294b, 37980, 380b policy issues, 29394, 376 potential benefits, 293, 376 principles for, 377 recommendations, 29596 research and, 9094, 92b, 271, 274b, 28996, 29192b, 327b sustainability, 379 value chains and, 93 public sector. See also public-private partnerships assessment and, 55051 coordination and collective action, 28 extension and advisory services, 180, 189, 190t, 195, 196t extension-plus approach, 218 innovation networks, 4849, 49b intellectual property (IP) management, 48384, 488, 517b local business development services (LBDSs), 2057, 205f, 20910 marketing chains, 57 pluralistic extension systems, 201 research financing, 5b role of, 12b value chains, 57, 93 Puskur, Ranjitha, 326 PVRs (plant variety rights), 453b R Ragasa, Catherine, 275, 277 Rajalahti, Riikka, 1, 15, 34, 277, 381, 603 Rapid Appraisal of Agricultural Knowledge Systems (RAAKS), 45b, 571b regional research, 297307 equity issues, 302 investment context, 29799, 298b investment needs, 299300 lessons learned, 3027 monitoring and evaluation of, 3037, 3045t policy issues, 300302 potential benefits, 300 sustainability, 302 Regional Unit for Technical Assistance (RUTA), 347 Regional Universities Forum in Africa (RUFORUM), 133, 133b, 207, 301b regulatory frameworks, 45253, 457, 492511 biosafety regulatory systems, 492500 capacity building for, 493b interministerial coordination for, 49798, 498b investment context, 492 investment needs, 49394 lessons learned, 49599 policy issues, 49495 potential benefits, 494, 494b

recommendations, 49599 cluster-based business development and, 39798 coordination and collective action and, 21 enabling environment for innovation and, 45253, 457, 492511, 52225 innovative activity profiles, 52225 technical regulations and standards, 50111, 502b institutional frameworks and, 505, 505b, 505t investment context, 5012 investment needs, 5027, 5034b, 503t lessons learned, 51011 policy issues, 504, 50810, 509b, 509t potential benefits, 5078 public and private sector roles, 510 Reinventing Agricultural Education for the Year 2020 (U.S.), 128 RELCs (Research-Extension-Linkage Committees, Ghana), 280b representational partnerships, 294 research, 261360 in agricultural innovation system, 26469 codesigned innovations, 30815 community-based, 15759, 159b decentralization of, 26263, 270 equity issues, 270 financing for, 5b, 270, 271b ICTs and, 27273, 272b initiatives to strengthen, 57, 6b innovation networks and, 48 innovative activity profiles, 32649 investment context, 26264 investment needs, 27075 investment rationale, 26162 monitoring and evaluation of, 275, 276t organizational framework for, 270, 27788, 278b, 31625, 34449, 345b, 346t, 348b participatory, 26263, 291b policy issues, 26970 public-private partnerships and, 9094, 92b, 274b, 28996, 29192b reforms, 10 regional, 297307 technology transfer and, 28486, 285b, 33137, 33436b research councils, 21, 3840, 38b Research-Extension-Linkage Committees (RELCs, Ghana), 280b Research Into Use (RIU) program, 61419, 61618b RIR (Rural Infrastructure Revival), 247 risk capital, 41420 investment context, 41415, 415f, 415t investment models, 41516 lessons learned, 41920 policy issues, 41819 potential benefits, 41618, 41718b recommendations, 420 venture capital funds, 41516 Rockefeller Foundation, 109b, 133b, 301b Roseboom, Johannes, 449, 460, 501 Rosenberg, N., 268 roundtables, 39b, 58 Royal Tropical Institute, 207

654

INDEX

rural areas business development and, 369 coordination organizations in, 8489, 85b, 8687f, 8788b, 95106 enabling environment for innovation and, 45455, 455b, 45758 higher education reform and, 15759 learning alliances in, 17b marketing chains and, 55 productive alliances in, 95106 value chains and, 99 Rural Capacity Building Project (Ethiopia), 126 Rural Infrastructure Revival (RIR), 247 Rural Polytechnic Institute of Training and Applied Research (Mali), 156 rural productive alliances, 2526, 99 Rural Research and Development Council (Australia), 37b Rutgers Food Innovation Center (USA), 392, 39394b Rwanda agrodealer development in, 234b gender-inclusive education in, 109b S SACCAR (Southern African Center for Cooperation in Agricultural Research and Training), 307b SACCOs (savings and credit cooperatives), 183 SAE (Supervised Agricultural Experience), 110b Safaricom, 185b Safe Food, Fair Food Project, 327b SAFE (Sasakawa Africa Fund Education) Program, 133, 15456 Samako Agricultural Institute (Mali), 156 sanitary/phytosanitary standards, 502b Sarapura, Silvia, 598 Sasakawa Africa Association, 154 Sasakawa Africa Fund Education (SAFE) Program, 133, 15456 SasakawaGlobal 2000, 71b satellite imagery, 8b SAUs (state agricultural universities, India), 14548 savings and credit cooperatives (SACCOs), 183 scenario planning, 400, 6036, 604t, 605f, 606b Schiffer, Eva, 593 science and technology councils, 21 science parks, 27172 SDC (Swiss Agency for Development and Cooperation), 45b, 211 Secondary Vocational Agricultural Education Program (U.S.), 128 second-round funding, 416 sector-specific incubators, 38990 seed fund investment, 415, 422 Self Help Group Quality Improvement Program (SHGQIP), 247 self-help groups (SHGs), 84, 247, 526 Senegal, agricultural research linkages in, 28182b SEP (Supervised Enterprise Project), 154, 155 SERP (Society for Elimination of Rural Poverty, Andhra Pradesh), 31, 8489 shared responsibility system, 361, 369, 37071 Sharma, Kiran K., 421 SHGQIP (Self Help Group Quality Improvement Program), 247 SHGs (self-help groups), 84, 247

Shining Path, 241 Sierra Leone Farmer Field Schools in, 238 policy and planning assessment in, 58992 Sistema Nacional de Innovacin para la Competitivad (SNIC, Chile), 80 skill gap analysis, 126b, 152 SOCAD (State Office for Comprehensive Agricultural Development, China), 427 social capital. See also equity issues; gender issues enabling environment for innovation and, 456 extension and advisory services and, 7 extension-plus approach and, 218 innovation networks and, 48 marketing chains and, 5657 national innovation policy and, 464 value chains and, 5657 social network analysis, 79b social targeting of local business development services, 209 Society for Elimination of Rural Poverty (SERP, Andhra Pradesh), 31, 8489 Sokoine University of Agriculture (Tanzania), 156 South Africa cluster-based business development in, 401b cluster-based development in, 399 education and training in, 129 governance of innovation systems in, 471, 473b no-till agriculture in, 72 policy coordination organizations in, 474b public-private research partnerships in, 90 regional research and, 307b strategic intelligence capabilities in, 476b South Asia. See also specific countries education and training in, 108 Southern African Center for Cooperation in Agricultural Research and Training (SACCAR), 307b Spielman, David J., 275, 277, 294 staff surveys, 55859, 560b startup funding, 416 state agricultural universities (SAUs, India), 14548 State Office for Comprehensive Agricultural Development (SOCAD, China), 427 State University of Campinas (Unicamp, Brazil), 411b strategic alliances, 374 Strategic Services Development Fund (Peru), 24243, 320b Suale, David, 589 Sub-Saharan Africa education and training in, 108 extension and advisory services in, 190 farmer organizations in, 66 regional research coordination in, 29798, 3067b research and development in, 264, 273 subsectoral coordination, 4041 subsidies, 50 Sulaiman, Rasheed, 213, 273 supermarkets, 53, 56b Supervised Agricultural Experience (SAE), 110b Supervised Enterprise Project (SEP), 154, 155

INDEX

655

Supervised Student Internship Programs, 171 sustainability business incubators, 424 coordination and collective action, 29 extension and advisory services, 18990 extension-plus approach, 218 Farmer Field Schools, 238 innovation funds, 44041 innovation networks, 4748 local business development services, 210 marketing chains and, 5657 pluralistic extension systems, 200 public-private partnerships, 379, 385 regional research, 302 technician development, 139 tertiary education and training, 147 value chains, 5657 Swiss Agency for Development and Cooperation (SDC), 45b, 211 Swiss-Re, 327b systemic intermediaries, 221 T Tanzania cluster-based business development in, 401b extension and advisory services in, 187, 200, 207b Farmer Field Schools in, 238 gender-inclusive education in, 109b innovation funds in, 440 research capacity building in, 318b tax incentives, 20, 364 TBIE (theory-based impact evaluation), 584b Technical Assistance and Support Services (TASS), 246 technician development, 13640 innovative activity profile, 16364, 16971, 170b investment context, 13637 investment needs, 13738, 137b lessons learned, 139 policy issues, 13839 potential benefits, 138 recommendations, 13940 sustainability, 139 technology consortiums, 81b, 33843 Technology Development Foundation of Turkey (TTGV), 384b Technology Licensing Office (Thailand), 23b technology parks, 36768 technology transfer. See also Technology Transfer Offices (TTOs) agricultural business development and, 40613, 42629 agricultural research linkages and, 28486, 285b agrodealer development and, 232, 233b, 235b financing, 5b innovation brokers and, 226 intellectual property (IP) management and, 48283 research and, 28486, 285b, 33137, 33436b Technology Transfer Offices (TTOs), 368 governance and, 4089 institutional framework and, 410, 48586 investment context, 4067, 407t investment needs, 4079

lessons learned, 41013 policy issues, 410, 41112 potential benefits, 40910 recommendations, 41213, 413b training for, 4078, 408t Tekes (Finnish Funding Agency for Technology and Innovation), 475b territorial innovation programs, 81b tertiary education and training, 12262 comprehensive reform, 12325, 12425b curriculum reform, 12526, 126b, 13135, 15153 innovative activity profiles, 14553, 15762 in-service training, 14144 institutional development and, 147 investment context, 12223 investment needs, 12328 lessons learned, 12829, 14748 policy issues, 128 potential benefits of investment, 128 program design, 128 recommendations, 12930, 130b sustainability and, 147 for technician development, 13640 Thailand coordination organizations in, 23b education and training in, 125 public-private partnerships in, 375b public-private research partnerships in, 274b Thailand Research Fund (TRF), 157, 15859 thematic coordination, 4041 Thematic Notes agricultural education and training to support AIS, 12244 agricultural research as part of AIS, 277325 coordination and collective action for AIS, 3469 enabling environment for AIS, 460511 extension and advisory services as part of AIS, 194230 innovation partnerships and business development, 374420 assessing, prioritizing, monitoring and evaluating AIS, 54688 theory-based impact evaluation (TBIE), 584b theory of change, 540b, 54748, 547b Theus, Florian, 396 third-round funding, 416 Tianjin Womens Business Incubator (TWBI, China), 392b Timor-Leste, education and training in, 126, 16568 Tocal College (Australia), 137b ToT (Training of Teachers) program, 16364 trade extension and advisory services, 188 intellectual property (IP) management and, 482 Trade-Related Intellectual Property Rights Agreement (TRIPS), 481b training. See also education and training farmer organizations and, 68 for intellectual property (IP) management, 4078, 408t, 48990, 490b training and visit (T&V) extension model, 182 Training of Teachers (ToT) program, 16364 transforming economies, 265, 278b

656

INDEX

transparency competitive research funding and, 41b coordination and collective action, 35 extension and advisory services, 191 farmer organizations, 61 governance and, 479 public-private partnerships, 377 TRF (Thailand Research Fund), 157, 15859 Trinidad and Tobago, public-private research partnerships in, 90 Triomphe, Bernard, 308, 435 TRIPS (Trade-Related Intellectual Property Rights Agreement), 481b Tropical Agriculture Research and Education Center, 344 Tsinghua University (China), 409b TTGV (Technology Development Foundation of Turkey), 384b TTOs. See Technology Transfer Offices Turkey, matching grant schemes in, 383, 384b Turkey Technology Development Project, 384b TWBI (Tianjin Womens Business Incubator, China), 392b 200 Markets Upgrading Program (China), 58 U UAP Insurance, 327b Udayana University (Indonesia), 168 Uganda biosafety regulatory systems in, 49697b business development services in, 201, 205, 205b cluster-based business development in, 404b extension and advisory services in, 181b, 184, 18687b, 200, 205b, 206b Farmer Field Schools in, 238 gender-inclusive education in, 109b innovation brokers in, 226 technical regulations and standards in, 5067b technical skill development in, 16364 Uganda Fish Processors and Exporters Association, 404b Unicamp (Brazil), 411b Union Training Centers (India), 25b United Nations, 2b United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization (UNESCO), 111 United Nations Industrial Development Organization (UNIDO), 43034, 43133b United States business incubators in, 391 cluster-based development in, 399 education and training in, 12728, 15253 no-till agriculture in, 70, 73t public-private research partnerships in, 90 vocational education in, 109 United States Agency for International Development (USAID), 109b, 111, 112b, 160, 234b, 262, 405b University of Abomey-Calavi (Benin), 156 University of Beijing (China), 409b University of Cape Coast (Ghana), 15556 upward accountability, 217 urbanized economies, 265 Uruguay

coordination organizations in, 39b INIA, 39 no-till agriculture in, 73t public-private research partnerships in, 274b research and development in, 271b V value chains, 31, 5258 cluster-based business development vs., 397 cluster-based development and, 402 coordination and collective action, 31, 5258 defined, 16b investment context, 5253 investment needs, 5355 lessons learned, 57 niche markets and, 55 policy issues, 5657 potential benefits, 5556 public and private sector roles, 57, 93 recommendations, 5758 research financing and, 272 rural productive alliances and, 99 social capital issues, 5657 sustainability and, 5657 Van Hall Larenstein University of Applied Sciences, 207 Vasumathi, K., 246 Vega Alarcn, Rodrigo, 80, 338 Vegetable and Fruit Promotion Council, Kerala (VFPCK, India), 215b, 217b, 219b Veldhuizen, Laurens van, 435 Vende Project (Paraguay), 405b Venezuela no-till agriculture in, 72 public-private research partnerships in, 90 venture capital funds, 46, 63b, 361, 36869, 41516 vertical coordination, 20 veterinary medicines, 51621, 51718b Vietnam, biosafety regulatory systems in, 500b Villagro Network, 224b vocational education and training (VET), 109, 13640 W Wadi Programme of Dharampur Uththan Vahini (India), 216b Wageningen University and Research Center, 125, 14950, 163 Wartenberg, Ariani, 607 Waters-Bayer, Ann, 435 West Africa. See also specific countries Agricultural Productivity Project, 264 biosafety regulatory systems in, 52225 Center for Crop Improvement, 299b Network of Peasant and Agricultural Producers Organizations, 60 Seed Alliance, 285b Whirlpool Company, 27b Williams, Melissa, 84, 526 Wine Industry Network for Expertise and Technology (Winetech), 401b Wines of South Africa (WOSA), 401b Winrock International Institute for Agricultural Development, 154

INDEX

657

W.K. Kellogg Foundation, 128, 160 women. See gender issues Womens Development and Leadership Develpoment Programs (India), 25b Wongtschowski, Mariana, 435 World Bank on education and training, 108 education financing, 111, 112, 138 extension and advisory services, 181b, 240b, 241, 243 farmer organizations and, 67 learning alliances and, 347 public-private partnerships and, 384b, 385b, 404b research and development investments by, 5b, 6, 263, 323b research centers, 262 rural productive alliances and, 96 World Development Report 2008 (World Bank), 265 WOSA (Wines of South Africa), 401b

X Xavier Labour Research Institute, 217b Y Yangling High Technology Agricultural Demonstration Zone, 427 Z Zambia agricultural business development in, 51215 business development services in, 207 education and training in, 117b gender-inclusive education in, 109b Zamorano University (Honduras), 133 Zeng, Douglas, 396 Zonal Agricultural Research and Development Funds (ZARDEFs), 318ba

658

INDEX

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