Formal Denition of a Limit

Mathematics 53
Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman)

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman)

Limits: Formally

Mathematics 53

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For today

The Formal Denition

Proving using the Denition

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman)

Limits: Formally

Mathematics 53

2 / 19

For today

The Formal Denition

Proving using the Denition

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman)

Limits: Formally

Mathematics 53

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Recall:

Intuitive Notion of a Limit

xa

lim f ( x ) = L

f ( x ) gets closer and closer to L as x gets closer and

closer to a (but does not reach a)

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman)

Limits: Formally

Mathematics 53

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Recall:

Intuitive Notion of a Limit

xa

lim f ( x ) = L

f ( x ) gets closer and closer to L as x gets closer and

closer to a (but does not reach a)

Alternatively,

Intuitive Notion of a Limit

xa

lim f ( x ) = L

we could let f ( x ) be as close as we would like to L by taking values of x sufciently close but not equal to a

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman)

Limits: Formally

Mathematics 53

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Recall: If r, s

R, then |r s| = distance between the points on the number line

representing r and s.

|r s |
s r

|r s |
r s

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman)

Limits: Formally

Mathematics 53

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The Formal Denition

Denition
Let f be a function dened on some open interval containing a except possibly at a. The limit of f ( x ) as x approaches a is L, written
xa
L

lim f ( x ) = L
a

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman)

Limits: Formally

Mathematics 53

6 / 19

The Formal Denition

Denition
Let f be a function dened on some open interval containing a except possibly at a. The limit of f ( x ) as x approaches a is L, written

L+

L
)

xa

lim f ( x ) = L
a

if for every > 0 (no matter how small)

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman)

Limits: Formally

Mathematics 53

6 / 19

The Formal Denition

Denition
Let f be a function dened on some open interval containing a except possibly at a. The limit of f ( x ) as x approaches a is L, written

L+

L
)

xa

lim f ( x ) = L
(

if for every > 0 (no matter how small) there exists a > 0
a

)
a

a+

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman)

Limits: Formally

Mathematics 53

6 / 19

The Formal Denition

Denition
Let f be a function dened on some open interval containing a except possibly at a. The limit of f ( x ) as x approaches a is L, written

L+

L
)

xa

lim f ( x ) = L
(

if for every > 0 (no matter how small) there exists a > 0 such that if 0 < | x a| < , then | f ( x ) L| < .
Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman) Limits: Formally

)
a

a+

Mathematics 53

6 / 19

The Formal Denition

Denition
Let f be a function dened on some open interval containing a except possibly at a. The limit of f ( x ) as x approaches a is L, written

L+

L
)

xa

lim f ( x ) = L
(

if for every > 0 (no matter how small) there exists a > 0 such that if 0 < | x a| < , then | f ( x ) L| < .
Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman) Limits: Formally

)
a

a+

Mathematics 53

6 / 19

The Formal Denition

Denition
Let f be a function dened on some open interval containing a except possibly at a. The limit of f ( x ) as x approaches a is L, written

L+

L
)

xa

lim f ( x ) = L
(

if for every > 0 (no matter how small) there exists a > 0 such that if 0 < | x a| < , then | f ( x ) L| < .
Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman) Limits: Formally

)
a

a+

Mathematics 53

6 / 19

The Formal Denition

Denition
Let f be a function dened on some open interval containing a except possibly at a. The limit of f ( x ) as x approaches a is L, written

L+

L
)

xa

lim f ( x ) = L
(

if for every > 0 (no matter how small) there exists a > 0 such that if 0 < | x a| < , then | f ( x ) L| < .
Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman) Limits: Formally

)
a

a+

Mathematics 53

6 / 19

The Formal Denition

Denition
Let f be a function dened on some open interval containing a except possibly at a. The limit of f ( x ) as x approaches a is L, written

L+

L
)

xa

lim f ( x ) = L
(

if for every > 0 (no matter how small) there exists a > 0 such that if 0 < | x a| < , then | f ( x ) L| < .
Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman) Limits: Formally

)
a

a+

Mathematics 53

6 / 19

The Formal Denition

Denition
Let f be a function dened on some open interval containing a except possibly at a. The limit of f ( x ) as x approaches a is L, written

L+

L
)

xa

lim f ( x ) = L
(

if for every > 0 (no matter how small) there exists a > 0 such that if 0 < | x a| < , then | f ( x ) L| < .
Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman) Limits: Formally

)
a

a+

Mathematics 53

6 / 19

The Formal Denition

Denition
Let f be a function dened on some open interval containing a except possibly at a. The limit of f ( x ) as x approaches a is L, written

L+

L
)

xa

lim f ( x ) = L
(

if for every > 0 (no matter how small) there exists a > 0 such that if 0 < | x a| < , then | f ( x ) L| < .
Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman) Limits: Formally

)
a

a+

Mathematics 53

6 / 19

The Formal Denition

Denition
Let f be a function dened on some open interval containing a except possibly at a. The limit of f ( x ) as x approaches a is L, written

L+

L
)

xa

lim f ( x ) = L
(

if for every > 0 (no matter how small) there exists a > 0 such that if 0 < | x a| < , then | f ( x ) L| < .
Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman) Limits: Formally

)
a

a+

Mathematics 53

6 / 19

The Formal Denition

Denition
Let f be a function dened on some open interval containing a except possibly at a. The limit of f ( x ) as x approaches a is L, written

L+

L
)

xa

lim f ( x ) = L
(

if for every > 0 (no matter how small) there exists a > 0 such that if 0 < | x a| < , then | f ( x ) L| < .
Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman) Limits: Formally

)
a

a+

Mathematics 53

6 / 19

The Formal Denition

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman)

Limits: Formally

Mathematics 53

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The Formal Denition

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman)

Limits: Formally

Mathematics 53

7 / 19

The Formal Denition

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman)

Limits: Formally

Mathematics 53

7 / 19

The Formal Denition

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman)

Limits: Formally

Mathematics 53

7 / 19

The Formal Denition

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman)

Limits: Formally

Mathematics 53

7 / 19

The Formal Denition

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman)

Limits: Formally

Mathematics 53

7 / 19

The Formal Denition

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman)

Limits: Formally

Mathematics 53

7 / 19

The Formal Denition

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman)

Limits: Formally

Mathematics 53

7 / 19

The Formal Denition

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman)

Limits: Formally

Mathematics 53

7 / 19

The Formal Denition

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman)

Limits: Formally

Mathematics 53

7 / 19

The Formal Denition

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman)

Limits: Formally

Mathematics 53

7 / 19

The Formal Denition

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman)

Limits: Formally

Mathematics 53

7 / 19

The Formal Denition

L?

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman)

Limits: Formally

Mathematics 53

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The Formal Denition

L?

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman)

Limits: Formally

Mathematics 53

8 / 19

The Formal Denition

L?

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman)

Limits: Formally

Mathematics 53

8 / 19

The Formal Denition

L?

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman)

Limits: Formally

Mathematics 53

8 / 19

The Formal Denition

L?

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman)

Limits: Formally

Mathematics 53

8 / 19

The Formal Denition

L?

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman)

Limits: Formally

Mathematics 53

8 / 19

The Formal Denition

L?

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman)

Limits: Formally

Mathematics 53

8 / 19

The Formal Denition

L?

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman)

Limits: Formally

Mathematics 53

8 / 19

The Formal Denition

L?

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman)

Limits: Formally

Mathematics 53

8 / 19

The Formal Denition

L?

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman)

Limits: Formally

Mathematics 53

8 / 19

The Formal Denition

L?

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman)

Limits: Formally

Mathematics 53

9 / 19

The Formal Denition

L?

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman)

Limits: Formally

Mathematics 53

9 / 19

The Formal Denition

L?

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman)

Limits: Formally

Mathematics 53

9 / 19

The Formal Denition

L?

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman)

Limits: Formally

Mathematics 53

9 / 19

The Formal Denition

L?

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman)

Limits: Formally

Mathematics 53

9 / 19

The Formal Denition

L?

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman)

Limits: Formally

Mathematics 53

9 / 19

The Formal Denition

L?

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman)

Limits: Formally

Mathematics 53

9 / 19

The Formal Denition

L?

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman)

Limits: Formally

Mathematics 53

9 / 19

The Formal Denition

L?

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman)

Limits: Formally

Mathematics 53

9 / 19

The Formal Denition

L?

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman)

Limits: Formally

Mathematics 53

9 / 19

For today

The Formal Denition

Proving using the Denition

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman)

Limits: Formally

Mathematics 53

10 / 19

Proving using the Denition

Two steps in proving limits that lim f ( x ) = L using the denition:

xa

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman)

Limits: Formally

Mathematics 53

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Proving using the Denition

Two steps in proving limits that lim f ( x ) = L using the denition:

xa

I. Choosing a suitable

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman)

Limits: Formally

Mathematics 53

11 / 19

Proving using the Denition

Two steps in proving limits that lim f ( x ) = L using the denition:

xa

I. Choosing a suitable II. Verifying that the chosen works.

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman)

Limits: Formally

Mathematics 53

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Example

Prove that lim (3 x + 2) = 5.

x 1

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman)

Limits: Formally

Mathematics 53

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Example

Prove that lim (3 x + 2) = 5.

x 1

Proof. Let > 0.

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman)

Limits: Formally

Mathematics 53

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Example

Prove that lim (3 x + 2) = 5.

x 1

Proof. Let > 0. I. GOAL: Find > 0 such that

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman)

Limits: Formally

Mathematics 53

12 / 19

Example

Prove that lim (3 x + 2) = 5.

x 1

Proof. Let > 0. I. GOAL: Find > 0 such that if 0 < | x 1| < ,

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman)

Limits: Formally

Mathematics 53

12 / 19

Example

Prove that lim (3 x + 2) = 5.

x 1

Proof. Let > 0. I. GOAL: Find > 0 such that if 0 < | x 1| < , then

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman)

Limits: Formally

Mathematics 53

12 / 19

Example

Prove that lim (3 x + 2) = 5.

x 1

Proof. Let > 0. I. GOAL: Find > 0 such that if 0 < | x 1| < , then

| (3 x + 2) 5| <

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman)

Limits: Formally

Mathematics 53

12 / 19

Example

Prove that lim (3 x + 2) = 5.

x 1

Proof. Let > 0. I. GOAL: Find > 0 such that if 0 < | x 1| < , then

| (3 x + 2) 5| < |3 x 3| <

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman)

Limits: Formally

Mathematics 53

12 / 19

Example

Prove that lim (3 x + 2) = 5.

x 1

Proof. Let > 0. I. GOAL: Find > 0 such that if 0 < | x 1| < , then

| (3 x + 2) 5| < |3 x 3| < 3| x 1| <

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman)

Limits: Formally

Mathematics 53

12 / 19

Example

Prove that lim (3 x + 2) = 5.

x 1

Proof. Let > 0. I. GOAL: Find > 0 such that if 0 < | x 1| < , then

| (3 x + 2) 5| < |3 x 3| < 3| x 1| < | x 1| < 3

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman)

Limits: Formally

Mathematics 53

12 / 19

Example

Prove that lim (3 x + 2) = 5.

x 1

Proof. Let > 0. I. GOAL: Find > 0 such that if 0 < | x 1| < , then

| (3 x + 2) 5| < |3 x 3| < 3| x 1| < | x 1| < 3

We choose =

. 3

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman)

Limits: Formally

Mathematics 53

12 / 19

Example

Prove that lim (3 x + 2) = 5.

x 1

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman)

Limits: Formally

Mathematics 53

13 / 19

Example

Prove that lim (3 x + 2) = 5.

x 1

II. Given > 0, choose =

. 3

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman)

Limits: Formally

Mathematics 53

13 / 19

Example

Prove that lim (3 x + 2) = 5.

x 1

II. Given > 0, choose =

. Then, if 3 0 < | x 1| < ,

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman)

Limits: Formally

Mathematics 53

13 / 19

Example

Prove that lim (3 x + 2) = 5.

x 1

II. Given > 0, choose =

. Then, if 3 0 < | x 1| < ,

we have

| (3 x + 2) 5|

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman)

Limits: Formally

Mathematics 53

13 / 19

Example

Prove that lim (3 x + 2) = 5.

x 1

II. Given > 0, choose =

. Then, if 3 0 < | x 1| < ,

we have

| (3 x + 2) 5| = 3| x 1|

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman)

Limits: Formally

Mathematics 53

13 / 19

Example

Prove that lim (3 x + 2) = 5.

x 1

II. Given > 0, choose =

. Then, if 3 0 < | x 1| < ,

we have

| (3 x + 2) 5| = 3| x 1| < 3

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman)

Limits: Formally

Mathematics 53

13 / 19

Example

Prove that lim (3 x + 2) = 5.

x 1

II. Given > 0, choose =

. Then, if 3 0 < | x 1| < ,

we have

| (3 x + 2) 5| = 3| x 1| < 3 = 3

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman)

Limits: Formally

Mathematics 53

13 / 19

Example

Prove that lim (3 x + 2) = 5.

x 1

II. Given > 0, choose =

. Then, if 3 0 < | x 1| < ,

we have

| (3 x + 2) 5| = 3| x 1| < 3 = 3

= .

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman)

Limits: Formally

Mathematics 53

13 / 19

Example

Prove that lim (3 x + 2) = 5.

x 1

II. Given > 0, choose =

. Then, if 3 0 < | x 1| < ,

we have

| (3 x + 2) 5| = 3| x 1| < 3 = 3

= .

By denition, we have lim (3 x + 2) = 5.

x 1

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman)

Limits: Formally

Mathematics 53

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Example

Prove that lim (5 x + 6) = 4.

x 2

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman)

Limits: Formally

Mathematics 53

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Example

Prove that lim (5 x + 6) = 4.

x 2

Proof. Let > 0.

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman)

Limits: Formally

Mathematics 53

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Example

Prove that lim (5 x + 6) = 4.

x 2

Proof. Let > 0. I. GOAL: Find > 0 such that

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman)

Limits: Formally

Mathematics 53

14 / 19

Example

Prove that lim (5 x + 6) = 4.

x 2

Proof. Let > 0. I. GOAL: Find > 0 such that if 0 < | x (2)| < ,

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman)

Limits: Formally

Mathematics 53

14 / 19

Example

Prove that lim (5 x + 6) = 4.

x 2

Proof. Let > 0. I. GOAL: Find > 0 such that if 0 < | x (2)| < , then

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman)

Limits: Formally

Mathematics 53

14 / 19

Example

Prove that lim (5 x + 6) = 4.

x 2

Proof. Let > 0. I. GOAL: Find > 0 such that if 0 < | x (2)| < , then

| (5 x + 6) ( 4) | <

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman)

Limits: Formally

Mathematics 53

14 / 19

Example

Prove that lim (5 x + 6) = 4.

x 2

Proof. Let > 0. I. GOAL: Find > 0 such that if 0 < | x (2)| < , then

| (5 x + 6) ( 4) | < |5x + 10| <

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman)

Limits: Formally

Mathematics 53

14 / 19

Example

Prove that lim (5 x + 6) = 4.

x 2

Proof. Let > 0. I. GOAL: Find > 0 such that if 0 < | x (2)| < , then

| (5 x + 6) ( 4) | < |5x + 10| < 5| x + 2| <

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman)

Limits: Formally

Mathematics 53

14 / 19

Example

Prove that lim (5 x + 6) = 4.

x 2

Proof. Let > 0. I. GOAL: Find > 0 such that if 0 < | x (2)| < , then

| (5 x + 6) ( 4) | < |5x + 10| < 5| x + 2| < | x + 2| < 5

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman)

Limits: Formally

Mathematics 53

14 / 19

Example

Prove that lim (5 x + 6) = 4.

x 2

Proof. Let > 0. I. GOAL: Find > 0 such that if 0 < | x (2)| < , then

| (5 x + 6) ( 4) | < |5x + 10| < 5| x + 2| < | x + 2| < 5

We choose =

. 5

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman)

Limits: Formally

Mathematics 53

14 / 19

Example

Prove that lim (5 x + 6) = 4.

x 2

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman)

Limits: Formally

Mathematics 53

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Example

Prove that lim (5 x + 6) = 4.

x 2

II. Given > 0, choose =

. 5

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman)

Limits: Formally

Mathematics 53

15 / 19

Example

Prove that lim (5 x + 6) = 4.

x 2

II. Given > 0, choose =

. Then if 5 0 < | x ( 2) | < ,

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman)

Limits: Formally

Mathematics 53

15 / 19

Example

Prove that lim (5 x + 6) = 4.

x 2

II. Given > 0, choose =

. Then if 5 0 < | x ( 2) | < ,

we have

| (5 x + 6) ( 4) |

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman)

Limits: Formally

Mathematics 53

15 / 19

Example

Prove that lim (5 x + 6) = 4.

x 2

II. Given > 0, choose =

. Then if 5 0 < | x ( 2) | < ,

we have

| (5 x + 6) ( 4) | = 5| x + 2|

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman)

Limits: Formally

Mathematics 53

15 / 19

Example

Prove that lim (5 x + 6) = 4.

x 2

II. Given > 0, choose =

. Then if 5 0 < | x ( 2) | < ,

we have

| (5 x + 6) ( 4) | = 5| x + 2| < 5 =

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman)

Limits: Formally

Mathematics 53

15 / 19

Example

Prove that lim (5 x + 6) = 4.

x 2

II. Given > 0, choose =

. Then if 5 0 < | x ( 2) | < ,

we have

| (5 x + 6) ( 4) | = 5| x + 2| < 5 = 5

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman)

Limits: Formally

Mathematics 53

15 / 19

Example

Prove that lim (5 x + 6) = 4.

x 2

II. Given > 0, choose =

. Then if 5 0 < | x ( 2) | < ,

we have

| (5 x + 6) ( 4) | = 5| x + 2| < 5 = 5

= .

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman)

Limits: Formally

Mathematics 53

15 / 19

Example

Prove that lim (5 x + 6) = 4.

x 2

II. Given > 0, choose =

. Then if 5 0 < | x ( 2) | < ,

we have

| (5 x + 6) ( 4) | = 5| x + 2| < 5 = 5

= .

By denition, we have lim (5 x + 6) = 4.

x 1

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman)

Limits: Formally

Mathematics 53

15 / 19

Example

Prove that lim (4 3 x ) = 4.

x 0

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman)

Limits: Formally

Mathematics 53

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Example

Prove that lim (4 3 x ) = 4.

x 0

Proof. Let > 0.

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman)

Limits: Formally

Mathematics 53

16 / 19

Example

Prove that lim (4 3 x ) = 4.

x 0

Proof. Let > 0. I. GOAL: Find > 0 such that

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman)

Limits: Formally

Mathematics 53

16 / 19

Example

Prove that lim (4 3 x ) = 4.

x 0

Proof. Let > 0. I. GOAL: Find > 0 such that if 0 < | x 0| < ,

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman)

Limits: Formally

Mathematics 53

16 / 19

Example

Prove that lim (4 3 x ) = 4.

x 0

Proof. Let > 0. I. GOAL: Find > 0 such that if 0 < | x 0| < , then

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman)

Limits: Formally

Mathematics 53

16 / 19

Example

Prove that lim (4 3 x ) = 4.

x 0

Proof. Let > 0. I. GOAL: Find > 0 such that if 0 < | x 0| < , then

| (4 3 x ) 4| <

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman)

Limits: Formally

Mathematics 53

16 / 19

Example

Prove that lim (4 3 x ) = 4.

x 0

Proof. Let > 0. I. GOAL: Find > 0 such that if 0 < | x 0| < , then

| (4 3 x ) 4| < | 3x| <

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman)

Limits: Formally

Mathematics 53

16 / 19

Example

Prove that lim (4 3 x ) = 4.

x 0

Proof. Let > 0. I. GOAL: Find > 0 such that if 0 < | x 0| < , then

| (4 3 x ) 4| < | 3x| < 3| x | <

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman)

Limits: Formally

Mathematics 53

16 / 19

Example

Prove that lim (4 3 x ) = 4.

x 0

Proof. Let > 0. I. GOAL: Find > 0 such that if 0 < | x 0| < , then

| (4 3 x ) 4| < | 3x| < 3| x | < |x| < 3

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman)

Limits: Formally

Mathematics 53

16 / 19

Example

Prove that lim (4 3 x ) = 4.

x 0

Proof. Let > 0. I. GOAL: Find > 0 such that if 0 < | x 0| < , then

| (4 3 x ) 4| < | 3x| < 3| x | < |x| < 3

We choose =

. 3

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman)

Limits: Formally

Mathematics 53

16 / 19

Example

Prove that lim (4 3 x ) = 4.

x 0

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman)

Limits: Formally

Mathematics 53

17 / 19

Example

Prove that lim (4 3 x ) = 4.

x 0

II. Given > 0, choose =

. 3

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman)

Limits: Formally

Mathematics 53

17 / 19

Example

Prove that lim (4 3 x ) = 4.

x 0

II. Given > 0, choose =

. So if 3 0 < | x 0| <

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman)

Limits: Formally

Mathematics 53

17 / 19

Example

Prove that lim (4 3 x ) = 4.

x 0

II. Given > 0, choose =

. So if 3 0 < | x 0| <

then

| (4 3 x ) 4| =

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman)

Limits: Formally

Mathematics 53

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Example

Prove that lim (4 3 x ) = 4.

x 0

II. Given > 0, choose =

. So if 3 0 < | x 0| <

then

| (4 3 x ) 4| = 3| x |

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman)

Limits: Formally

Mathematics 53

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Example

Prove that lim (4 3 x ) = 4.

x 0

II. Given > 0, choose =

. So if 3 0 < | x 0| <

then

| (4 3 x ) 4| = 3| x | < 3

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman)

Limits: Formally

Mathematics 53

17 / 19

Example

Prove that lim (4 3 x ) = 4.

x 0

II. Given > 0, choose =

. So if 3 0 < | x 0| <

then

| (4 3 x ) 4| = 3| x | < 3 = 3

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman)

Limits: Formally

Mathematics 53

17 / 19

Example

Prove that lim (4 3 x ) = 4.

x 0

II. Given > 0, choose =

. So if 3 0 < | x 0| <

then

| (4 3 x ) 4| = 3| x | < 3 = 3

= .

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman)

Limits: Formally

Mathematics 53

17 / 19

Example

Prove that lim (4 3 x ) = 4.

x 0

II. Given > 0, choose =

. So if 3 0 < | x 0| <

then

| (4 3 x ) 4| = 3| x | < 3 = 3
That is,

= .

if 0 < | x 0| < then |(4 3 x ) 4| <

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman)

Limits: Formally

Mathematics 53

17 / 19

Example

Prove that lim (4 3 x ) = 4.

x 0

II. Given > 0, choose =

. So if 3 0 < | x 0| <

then

| (4 3 x ) 4| = 3| x | < 3 = 3
That is,

= .

if 0 < | x 0| < then |(4 3 x ) 4| < By denition, we have lim (4 3 x ) = 4.

x 0

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman)

Limits: Formally

Mathematics 53

17 / 19

Remark
The value of is NOT unique!

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman)

Limits: Formally

Mathematics 53

18 / 19

Remark
The value of is NOT unique! If a given > 0 works such that if 0 < | x a| < then | f ( x ) L| <

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman)

Limits: Formally

Mathematics 53

18 / 19

Remark
The value of is NOT unique! If a given > 0 works such that if 0 < | x a| < then | f ( x ) L| < then any smaller 0 < will also work

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman)

Limits: Formally

Mathematics 53

18 / 19

Remark
The value of is NOT unique! If a given > 0 works such that if 0 < | x a| < then | f ( x ) L| < then any smaller 0 < will also work since if 0 < | x a| < then

| f ( x ) L | < .

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman)

Limits: Formally

Mathematics 53

18 / 19

Announcements

Reminder: First Exam is on 5 December 2012, Wednesday. Math 53 Module for Units 2-3 is available (Php 40.00). Copies of the Math 53 Module will be made available in the math library.

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman)

Limits: Formally

Mathematics 53

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