ALGEBRA PROJECT

UNIT 10

QUADRATIC and
EXPONENTIAL FUNCTIONS
 QUADRATIC
And
EXPONENTIAL FUNCTIONS
Lesson 1 Graphing Quadratic Functions
Lesson 2 Solving Quadratic Equations by Graphing
Lesson 3 Solving Quadratic Equations by
Completing the Square
Lesson 4 Solving Quadratic Equations by Using the
Quadratic Formula
Lesson 5 Exponential Functions
Lesson 6 Growth and Decay
Lesson 7 Geometric Sequences
 GRAPHING
QUADRATIC FUNCTIONS
Example 1 Graph Opens Upward
Example 2 Graph Opens Downward
Example 3 Vertex and Axis of Symmetry
Example 4 Match Equations and Graphs
Use a table of values to graph
Graph these ordered pairs and connect x y
them with a smooth curve.
–2 –4
Answer: –1 0
0 –2
1 –2
2 0
3 4
Use a table of values to graph
x y
Answer: –3 6
–2 3
–1 2
0 3
1 6
Use a table of values to graph
Graph these ordered pairs and connect x y
them with a smooth curve.
–2 –8
Answer: –1 0
0 4
1 4
2 0
3 –8
Use a table of values to graph
x y

Answer: –3 –5
–2 0
–1 3
0 4
1 3
2 0
3 –5
Consider the graph of
Write the equation of the axis of symmetry.
In

Equation for the axis of symmetry of

a parabola

and

Answer: The equation of the axis of symmetry is

Consider the graph of
Find the coordinates of the vertex.
Since the equation of the axis of symmetry is x = –2 and the
vertex lies on the axis, the x-coordinate for the vertex is –2.

Original equation

Simplify.
Add.
Answer: The vertex is at (–2, 6).
Identify the vertex as a maximum or minimum.

Answer: Since the coefficient of the x2 term is negative, the

parabola opens downward and the vertex is a maximum
point.
 (–2,
Graph the function. 6)
You can use the symmetry of the
parabola to help you draw its
graph. On a coordinate plane,
graph the vertex and the axis of
symmetry.
Choose a value for x other than –
2. For example, choose –1 and
find the y-coordinate that satisfies
the equation.
Original equation

Simplify.
 (–2,
Graph the function. 6)
Graph (–1, 4). (–3, (–1,
Since the graph is symmetrical 4) 4)
about its axis of symmetry
x = –2, you can find another
point on the other side of the axis
of symmetry. The point
at (–1, 4) is 1 unit to the right of
the axis. Go 1 unit to the
left of the axis and plot the point
(–3, 4).
 (–2,
Graph the function. 6)
Repeat this for several (–3, (–1,
other points. 4) 4)
Then sketch the parabola.

(–4, – (0, –
2) 2)
Consider the graph of
a. Write the equation of the axis of symmetry.
Answer:

b. Find the coordinates of the vertex.

Answer: (1, –2)

c. Identify the vertex as a maximum or minimum.

Answer: Since the coefficient of the x2 term is
positive, the parabola opens upward and the
vertex is a minimum point.
Consider the graph of
d. Graph the function.

Answer:
Multiple-Choice Test Item
Which is the graph of
A B

C D
Read the Test Item
You are given a quadratic function, and you are asked to
choose the graph that corresponds to it.
Solve the Test Item
Find the axis of symmetry of the graph

Equation for the axis of symmetry

and
The axis of symmetry is –1. Look at the graphs. Since only
choices C and D have this as their axis of symmetry, you can
eliminate choices A and B. Since the coefficient of the x2 term
is negative, the graph opens downward. Eliminate choice C.

Answer: D
Multiple-Choice Test Item
Which is the graph of
A B

C D
Answer: B
SOLVING BY GRAPHING
Example 1 Two Roots
Example 2 A Double Root
Example 3 No Real Roots
Example 4 Rational Roots
Example 5 Estimate Solutions to Solve a Problem
Solve by graphing.

Graph the related function

The equation of the axis of symmetry is

or When f(x) equals

or So the coordinates of the vertex are

Make a table of values to find other
points to sketch the graph.
x f(x)
–3 8
–1 –6
0 –10
1 –12
2 –12
3 –10
4 –6
6 8
To solve
you need to know where the
value of f (x) is 0. This occurs
at the x-intercepts. The x-
intercepts of the parabola
appear to be
–2 and 5.
Check Solve by factoring.

Original equation

Factor.

or Zero Product Property

Solve for x.

Answer: The solutions of the equation are –2 and 5.

Solve by graphing.

Answer: {–2, 4}
Solve by graphing.

First rewrite the equation so one side is equal to zero.

Original equation

Add 9 to each side.

Simplify.
Graph the related function
x f(x)
1 4
2 1
3 0
4 1
5 4
Notice that the vertex of the
parabola is the x-intercept.
Thus, one solution is 3. What
is the other solution?

Try solving the equation

by factoring.
 Original equation
Factor.
or Zero Product Property

Solve for x.

There are two identical factors for the quadratic function, so

there is only one root, called a double root.
Answer: The solution is 3.
Solve by graphing.

Answer: {–1}
Solve by graphing.
Graph the related function
x f(x)
–3 6
–2 3
–1 2
0 3
1 6
Answer: The graph has no
x-intercept. Thus, there are no
real number solutions for the equation.
Solve by graphing.

Answer: ∅
Solve by graphing. If integral roots
cannot be found, estimate the roots by stating the
consecutive integers between which the roots lie.
Graph the related function
x f(x)
0 2
Notice that the value
1 –1 of the function changes
2 –2 from negative to positive
between the x values of
3 –1
0 and 1 and between 3
4 2 and 4.
x f(x)
0 2
1 –1
2 –2 The x-intercepts of the graph are between 0
and 1 and between 3 and 4.
3 –1
Answer: One root is between 0 and 1, and
4 2 the other root is between 3 and 4.
Solve

Answer: One root is between

–1 and –2, and the other root is
between 3 and 4.
Model Rockets Shelly built a model rocket for
her science project. The equation
models the flight of the rocket, launched from ground level
at a velocity of 250 feet per second, where y is the height of
the rocket in feet after t seconds. For how many seconds
was Shelly’s rocket in the air?
You need to find the solution of the equation
Use a graphing calculator to graph
the related function The x-intercept is between 15 and 16
seconds.
Answer: between 15 and 16 seconds
Golf Martin hits a golf ball with an upward velocity
of 120 feet per second. The function
models the flight of the golf ball, hit at ground level, where
y is the height of the ball in feet after t seconds. How long
was the
golf ball in the air?

Answer: between 7 and

8 seconds
 SOLVING
By
COMPLETING THE SQUARE
Example 1 Irrational Roots
Example 2 Complete the Square
Example 3 Solve an Equation by Completing the Square
Example 4 Solve a Quadratic Equation in Which a ≠ 1
Solve by taking the square root of each
side. Round to the nearest tenth if necessary.
Original equation

is a perfect
square trinomial.

Take the square root of each side.

Simplify.

Definition of absolute value

 Subtract 3 from each side.

Simplify.

Use a calculator to evaluate each value of x.

or

Answer: The solution set is {–5.2, –0.8}.

Solve by taking the square root of each
side. Round to the nearest tenth if necessary.

Answer: {–2.3, –5.7}

Find the value of c that makes
a perfect square.
Method 1 Use algebra tiles.

is a perfect square.
Method 2 Complete the square.

Step 1 Find

Step 2 Square the result

of Step 1.

Step 3 Add the result of

Step 2 to

Answer:
Notice that
Find the value of c that makes
a perfect square.

Answer:
Solve by completing the square.

Step 1 Isolate the x2 and x terms.

Original equation

Subtract 5 from
each side.

Simplify.
Step 2 Complete the square and solve.

Since ,

add 81 to each side.

Factor

Take the square root

of each side.
 Add 9 to each side.

Simplify.

or
Check Substitute each value for x in the
original equation.

Answer: The solution set is {1, 17}.

Solve

Answer: {–2, 10}

Boating Suppose the rate
of flow of an 80-foot-wide
river is given by the equation
where r is the rate in miles per hour, and x is the distance
from the shore in feet. Joacquim does not want to paddle his
canoe against a current faster than 5 miles per hour. At what
distance from the river bank must he paddle in order to avoid
a current of 5 miles per hour?

Explore You know the function that relates distance from

shore to the rate of the river current. You want to
know how far away from the river bank he must
paddle to avoid the current.
Plan Find the distance when Use completing
the square to solve

Solve Equation for

the current

Divide each side

by –0.01.

Simplify.
Since

add 1600 to each side.

Factor

Take the square root of

each side.
 Add 40 to
each side.

Simplify.

Use a calculator to evaluate each value of x.

or
Examine The solutions of the equation are about 7 ft and
about 73 ft. The solutions are distances from one
shore. Since the river is about 80 ft wide,

Answer: He must stay within about 7 feet of either bank.

Boating Suppose the rate of flow of a 6-foot-wide river is
given by the equation
where r is the rate in miles per hour, and x is the distance
from the shore in feet. Joacquim does not want to paddle his
canoe against a current faster than 5 files per hour. At what
distance from the river bank must he paddle in order to
avoid a current of 5 miles per hour.

Answer: He must stay within 10 feet of either bank.

 SOLVING
With the
QUADRATIC FORMULA
Example 1 Integral Roots
Example 2 Irrational Roots
Example 3 Use the Quadratic Formula to Solve
a Problem
Example 4 Use the Discriminant
Use two methods to solve
Method 1 Factoring

Original equation

Factor

or Zero Product Property

Solve for x.
Method 2 Quadratic Formula
For this equation,

Quadratic Formula

Multiply.
 Add.

Simplify.

or

Answer: The solution set is {–5, 7}.

Use two methods to solve

Answer: {–6, 5}
Solve by using the Quadratic Formula.
Round to the nearest tenth if necessary.

Step 1 Rewrite the equation in standard form.

Original equation

Subtract 4 from
each side.

Simplify.
Step 2 Apply the Quadratic Formula.

Quadratic Formula

and

Multiply.
 Add.

or
Check the solutions by using the CALC menu on a graphing
calculator to determine the zeros of the related quadratic
function.

Answer: The approximate solution

set is {–0.3, 0.8}.
Solve by using the Quadratic Formula.
Round to the nearest tenth if necessary.

Answer: {–0.5, 0.7}

Space Travel Two possible future destinations of
astronauts are the planet Mars and a moon of the planet
Jupiter, Europa. The gravitational acceleration on Mars
is about 3.7 meters per second squared. On Europa, it is
only 1.3 meters per second squared. Using the
information and equation from Example 3 on page 548
in your textbook, find how much longer baseballs
thrown on Mars and on Europa will stay above the
ground than a similarly thrown baseball on Earth.

In order to find when the ball hits the ground, you must find
when H = 0. Write two equations to represent the situation on
Mars and on Europa.
Baseball Thrown on Mars Baseball Thrown on Europa

These equations cannot be factored, and completing the square

would involve a lot of computation.
To find accurate solutions, use the Quadratic Formula.
Since a negative number of seconds is not reasonable, use the
positive solutions.

Answer: A ball thrown on Mars will stay aloft 5.6 – 2.2 or

about 3.4 seconds longer than the ball thrown on Earth. The
ball thrown on Europa will stay aloft 15.6 – 2.2 or about 13.4
seconds longer than the ball thrown on Earth.
Space Travel The gravitational acceleration on
Venus is about 8.9 meters per second squared, and
on Callisto, one of Jupiter’s moons, it is 1.2 meters
per second squared. Suppose a baseball is thrown
on Callisto with an upward velocity of 10 meters per
second from two meters above the ground. Find
how much longer the ball will stay in air than a
similarly-thrown ball on Venus. Use the

equation where H is the height

of an object t seconds after it is thrown upward, v is the

initial velocity, g is the gravitational pull, and h is the
initial height.
Answer: 16.9 – 2.4 or about 14.5 seconds
State the value of the discriminant for .
Then determine the number of real roots of the
equation.

and

Simplify.

Answer: The discriminant is –220. Since the discriminant

is negative, the equation has no real roots.
State the value of the discriminant for .
Then determine the number of real roots of the
equation.

Step 1 Rewrite the equation in standard form.

Original equation

Add 144 to
each side.

Simplify.
Step 2 Find the discriminant.

and

Simplify.

Answer: The discriminant is 0. Since the discriminant is 0,

the equation has one real root.
State the value of the discriminant for .
Then determine the number of real roots of the
equation.

Step 1 Rewrite the equation in standard form.

Original equation

Subtract 12 from
each side.

Simplify.
Step 2 Find the discriminant.

and

Simplify.

Answer: The discriminant is 244. Since the discriminant is

positive, the equation has two real roots.
State the value of the discriminant for each
equation. Then determine the number of real roots
for the equation.

a. Answer: –4; no real roots

b. Answer: 0; 1 real root

c. Answer: 120; 2 real root

EXPONENTIAL FUNCTIONS
Example 1 Graph an Exponential Function with a > 1
Example 2 Graph Exponential Functions with 0 < a < 1
Example 3 Use Exponential Functions to
Solve Problems
Example 4 Identify Exponential Behavior
Graph State the y-intercept.
x 3x y
–1 3–1
0 30 1
1 31 3
2 32 9

Graph the ordered pairs

and connect the points with
a smooth curve.
Answer: The y-intercept is 1.
Use the graph to determine the approximate
value of

The graph represents all real

values of x and their corresponding
values of y for

Answer: The value of y is about

5 when
Use a calculator to confirm
this value.
a. Graph State the y-intercept.

Answer: The y-intercept is 1.

b. Use the graph

to determine the
approximate value
of
Answer: about 1.5
Graph State the y-intercept.

Graph the ordered

x y pairs and connect
the points with a
–1 4 smooth curve.

0 1

Answer: The y-intercept is 1.

Use the graph to determine the

approximate value of

Answer: The value of y is about

8 when
Use a calculator to confirm
this value.
a. Graph State the y-intercept.

Answer: The y-intercept is 1.

b. Use the graph to

determine the approximate

value of

Answer: about 3
Depreciation People joke that the value of a new car
decreases as soon as it is driven off the dealer’s lot. The
function models the depreciation of the value of a new car
that originally cost $25,000. V represents the value of the car
and t represents the time in years from the time the car was
purchased. Graph the function. What values of V and t are
meaningful in the function.
Use a graphing calculator to graph the function.
Answer:

Only the values of V ≤ 25,000 and t ≥ 0 are meaningful

in the context of the problem.
What is the value of the car after one year?

Original equation

Use a calculator.

Answer: After one year, the car’s value is about $20,500.

What is the value of the car after five years?

Original equation

Use a calculator.

Answer: After five years, the car’s value is about $9270.

Depreciation The function models
the depreciation of the value of a new car that originally cost
$22,000. V represents the value of the car and t represents
the time in years from the time the car was purchased.
a. Graph the function.
What values of V
and t are meaningful
in the function.

Answer: Only the values

of V ≤ 22,000 and t ≥ 0
are meaningful in the
context of the problem.
b. What is the value of the car after one year?

Answer: $18,040

c. What is the value of the car after three years?

Answer: $12,130
Determine whether the set of data displays exponential
behavior.
x 0 10 20 30
y 10 25 62.5 156.25

Method 1 Look for a Pattern

The domain values are at regular intervals of 10.
Look for a common factor among the range values.
10 25 62.5 156.25
Answer: Since the domain values are at regular intervals and
the range values have a common factor, the data are probably
exponential. The equation for the data may involve (2.5)x.

Method 2 Graph the Data

Answer: The graph shows a
rapidly increasing value of y as
x increases. This is a
characteristic of exponential
behavior.
Determine whether the set of data displays exponential
behavior.
x 0 10 20 30
y 10 25 40 55

Method 1 Look for a Pattern

The domain values are at regular intervals of 10.
The range values have a common difference of 15.
10 25 40 55

+15 +15 +15

Answer: Since the domain values are at regular intervals and
there is a common difference of 15, the data display linear
behavior.

Method 2 Graph the Data

Answer: The graph is a line,
not an exponential function.
Determine whether the set of data displays exponential
behavior.
a. x 0 10 20 30
y 100 50 25 12.5

Answer: The domain values are at regular intervals and

the range values have a common factor of so it is
probably exponential. Also the graph shows rapidly

decreasing values of y as x increases.

Determine whether the set of data displays exponential
behavior.
b. x 0 10 20 30
y –5 0 5 10

Answer: The domain values are at regular intervals and the

range values have a common difference of 5. The data display
linear behavior.
GROWTH and DECAY
Example 1 Exponential Growth
Example 2 Compound Interest
Example 3 Exponential Decay
Example 4 Depreciation
Population In 2000, the United States had a population of
about 280 million, and a growth rate of about 0.85% per
year.
Write an equation to represent the population of the United
States since the year 2000.

General equation for

exponential growth

and
or 0.0085
 Simplify.

Answer: where y
represents the population and t represents the
number of years since 2000
According to the equation, what will be the population of
the United States in the year 2010?

Equation for the population

of the U.S.

or 10

Answer: In 2010, the population will be

about 304,731,295.
Population In 2000, Scioto School District had a student
population of about 4500 students, and a growth rate of about
0.15% per year.
a. Write an equation to represent the student population
of the Scioto School District since the year 2000.
Answer:
b. According to the equation, what will be the student
population of the Scioto School District in the
year 2006?
Answer: about 4540 students
Compound Interest When Jing May was born, her
grandparents invested $1000 in a fixed rate savings account at
a rate of 7% compounded annually. The money will go to Jing
May when she turns 18 to help with her college expenses.
What amount of money will Jing May receive from the
investment?

Compound interest equation

 Compound interest equation

Simplify.

Answer: She will receive about $3380.

Compound Interest When Lucy was 10 years old, her
father invested $2500 in a fixed rate savings account at a
rate of 8% compounded semiannually. When Lucy turns
18, the money will help to buy her a car. What amount of
money will Lucy receive from the investment?

Answer: about $4682

Charity During an economic recession, a charitable
organization found that its donations dropped by 1.1%
per year. Before the recession, its donations were
$390,000.
Write an equation to represent the charity’s donations
since the beginning of the recession.
General equation for
exponential decay

Answer: Simplify.
Charity During an economic recession, a charitable
organization found that its donations dropped by 1.1%
per year. Before the recession, its donations were
$390,000.
Estimate the amount of the donations 5 years after the
start of the recession.
Equation for the amount
of donations

Answer: The amount of donations should be

about $369,017.
Charity A charitable organization found that the value of
its clothing donations dropped by 2.5% per year. Before
this downturn in donations, the organization received
clothing valued at $24,000.
a. Write an equation to represent the value of the
charity’s clothing donations since the beginning
of the downturn.
Answer:

b. Estimate the value of the clothing donations

3 years after the start of the downturn.
Answer: about $22,245
Depreciation Jackson and Elizabeth bought a house when
they first married ten years ago. Since that time the value of
the real estate in their neighborhood has declined 3% per
year. If they initially paid $179,000 for their house, what is
its value today?

General equation for

exponential decay

Simplify.
 Use a calculator.

Answer: Their house will be worth about $131,999.

Depreciation A business owner
bought a computer system for the
office staff for $22,000. If the
computer system depreciates 8% per
year, find the value of the computer
system in 4 years.

Answer: about $15,761

GEOMETRIC SEQUENCES
Example 1 Recognize Geometric Sequences
Example 2 Continue Geometric Sequences
Example 3 Use Geometric Sequences to Solve a Problem
Example 4 nth Term of a Geometric Sequence
Example 5 Find Geometric Means
Determine whether the sequence is geometric.
1, 4, 16, 64, 256, …

Determine the pattern.

1 4 16 64 256

In this sequence, each term in found by multiplying the

previous term by 4.
Answer: This sequence is geometric.
Determine whether the sequence is geometric.
1, 3, 5, 7, 9, 11, …

Determine the pattern.

1 3 5 7 9 11

In this sequence, each term is found by adding 2 to the previous

term.
Answer: This sequence is arithmetic, not geometric.
Determine whether each sequence is geometric.

a.

Answer: yes

b. 0, 11, 22, 33, 44, …

Answer: no
Find the next three terms in the geometric sequence.
20, –28, 39.2, …

Divide the second term by the first.

The common factor is –1.4. Use this information to find the next
three terms.
20, –28, 39.2 –54.88 76.832 –107.5648

Answer: The next three terms are –54.88,

76.832, and –107.5648.
Find the next three terms in the geometric sequence.
64, 48, 36, …

Divide the second term by the first.

The common factor is 0.8. Use this information to find the next
three terms.
64, 48, 36 27 20.25 15.1875

Answer: The next three terms are 27, 20.25,

and 15.1875.
Find the next three terms in each geometric sequence.

a. 42, 25.2, 15.12, …

Answer: 9.072, 5.4432, 3.26592

b. 100, –250, 625, …

Answer: –1562.5, 3906.25, –9765.625
Geography The population of the African country of
Liberia was about 2,900,000 in 1999. If the population grows
at a rate of about 5% per year, what will the population be
in the years 2003, 2004, and 2005?

The population is a geometric sequence in which the first term

is 2,900,000 and the common ratio is 1.05.
 Year Population
1999 2,900,000
2000 2,900,000(1.05) or 3,045,000
2001 3,045,000(1.05) or 3,197,250
2002 3,197,250(1.05) or 3,357,112.5
2003 3,357,112.5(1.05) or 3,524,968.1
2004 3,524,968.1(1.05) or 3,701,216.5
2005 3,701,216.5(1.05) or 3,886,277.3

Answer: The population of Liberia in the years 2003, 2004,

and 2005 will be about 3,524,968, 3,701,217,
and 3,886,277, respectively.
Geography The population of the Baltic State of Latvia was
about 2,500,000 in 1998. If the population grows at a rate of
about 2% per year, what will the population be in the years
2003 and 2004?

Answer: about 2,760,202 in 2003 and about 2,815,406 in

2004
Find the eighth term of a geometric sequence in
which

Formula for the nth term of

a geometric sequence
Answer: The eighth term in the sequence is 15,309.
Find the ninth term of a geometric sequence in
which

Answer: 786,432
Find the geometric mean in the sequence 7, ___, 112.

In the sequence, and To find

you must first find r.

Formula for the nth term of

a geometric sequence

Divide each side by 7.

 Simplify.

Take the square root of each side.

If the geometric mean is 7(4) or 28. If

the geometric mean is 7(–4) or –28.

Answer: The geometric mean is 28 or –28.

Find the geometric mean in the sequence 9, ___, 576.

Answer: 72 or –72
THIS IS THE END
OF THE SESSION
BYE!