Training Purpose

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Types of Ethernet (Standard, Fast, Kilomega)

Auto-negotiation technology (Auto- Negotiation)

Intelligent identification of network cable (Auto-MDIX) Flow control technology (Flow-Control)

Port aggregation

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Ethernet connection requirements

Ethernet connection must ensure the performance of the network
network bandwidth network delay

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Resolve the bandwidth problem of Ethernet connection

Two methods to increase bandwidth for users:

Increase the overall network bandwidth Build switched Ethernet, and use bandwidth exclusively. Increase link rate, 10M-100M-1000M Decrease the number of equipment attached to the same shared medium and reduce users
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Standard Ethernet
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The network positioning of Standard Ethernet (10Mbit/s)

Module classification Network positioning Access layer distribution layer Core layer The connection between end users and the access layer switch Not used generally Not used generally

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Fast Ethernet
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The network positioning of Fast Ethernet (100Mbit/s):

Module classification Access layer Network positioning

Provide access at the rate of 100 Mbps for high performance PC and workstation distribution layer Provide the connection between access layer and distribution layer, provide the connection between distribution layer and core layer, and provide fast server connection Core layer Provide the connections between switches facilities

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Transmission Distance of Fast Ethernet

Types of Cable Transmission Distance 100m 100m 550m-2km

Technical Criterion 100BaseTX 100BaseT4 100BaseFX

2 pairs EIA/TIA Type 5 (UTP) Unshielded Twisted Paired lines 4 pairs EIA/TIA Type 3, 4 and 5 (UTP) Unshielded Twisted Paired lines Multi-Mode Fiber (MMF) cable

Single-Mode Fiber (SMF) cable

2km-15km

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Kilomega Ethernet
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The network positioning of Kiolmega Ethernet (1000Mbit/s)

Module classification Access layer Network positioning Not used generally

Distribution layer Provide high-speed connection between the access layer and the distribution layer Core layer Provide high-speed connection between the distribution layer and high-speed server, Provide high-speed connection between core facilities.

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Transmission Distance of Kilomega Ethernet

Types of cable Transmission distance 100m 25m 550m/275m 2km-15km

Technology Standard 1000BaseT 1000BaseCX 1000BaseSX 1000BaseLX

4 pairs of copper EIA/TIA5 (UTP) unshielded twisted pair Copper unshielded twisted pair Multi-mode fiber, 50/62.5um fiber, use laser with wavelength of 850nm Single-mode fiber, 9um fiber, use laser with wavelength of 1300nm

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Auto-Negotiation
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100Mb/s Auto-Negotiation

100Mb/s Full Duplex

10Mb/s Auto-Negotiation port 2 Auto-Negotiation

port 1 Auto-Negotiation port 3 Auto-Negotiation

port 5 Auto-Negotiation

port 4 Auto-Negotiation

10Mb/s Full Duplex 10Mb/s Half Duplex

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Auto-Negotiation Basic Page Message

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15

1
Reserved

Message Type Ethernet =00001

10BASE-T half duplex 10BASE-T full duplex 100BASE-TX half duplex 100BASE-TX full duplex 100BASE-T4 Flow control Remote failure indication Acknowledgement Next page indication

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Auto-Negotiation Signal
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About 100ns

About 62.5us

Clock

DataBit0

Clock Data Bit 1 About 2ms

Data Bit 13 Clock

Data Bit 14 Clock

The whole frame repeats at an interval of 16ms, until the auto-negotiation is finished.
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Connect with equipment without auto-negotiation mechanism

If not use the auto-negotiation mechanism, the following problems will arise: cannot realize the auto dual-rate configuration function of the port (such as 10Mbit/s and 100Mbit/s) cannot confirm the operation mode of duplex cannot confirm whether it's in need of the flow-control function or not

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Auto-Negotiation Priority
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Precedence A B C D E

Operation mode 100BASE-TX full duplex 100BASE-T4 100BASE-TX 10BASE-T full duplex 10BASE-T

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Auto-Negotiation on Optical Fiber

For the optical fiber Ethernet, the conclusion is: The operation modes at two ends of the link must be manually configured (speed, duplex modes, flow-control and etc.) and it cannot correctly communicate if the configurations at two ends are different. The auto-negotiaton of Kilomega Ethernet has been realized.

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Transmit Pair Receive Pair

Intelligent MDI/MDIX Identification

Directly linked network cable
Transmit Pair Receive Pair

Transmit Pair Receive Pair

Crossed network cable

Receive Pair Transmit Pair

It's unnecessary to know whether the other end of cable is MDI or MDIX equipment Two kinds of cables (common, crossed) can be connected with exchange, HUB or NIC equipment Eliminate the connection faults caused by wrong arrangement of cables Simplify the installation and maintenance of 10/100M network, and lower the cost

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Flow Control
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When the flow passing through an switch port is too huge to be successfully handled, port congestion will occur. The function of flow control is to prevent frames from being lost in the case of congestion. In the half duplex mode, the flow control is achieved by backpressure technology, which simulates to generate collisions and decrease the send rate of information source. In the full duplex mode, the flow control generally abides by standard IEEE 802.3x.
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Half Duplex Flow Control

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Pretend that there is collision, then you will not constantly transfer!

backpressure

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Full Duplex Flow Control

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IEEE802.3x standard defines a new method to realize the flow control in the full duplex environment. The switch generates a PAUSE frame which uses a reserved multicast address: 01-80-C2-00-00-01 and sends it to the transmitting station. When the station receives the frame, it will pause or stop transmitting. PAUSE frame uses a reserved multicast address which wouldn't be repeated by bridge or switch. Then the PAUSE frame will generate no additional messages.
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Full Duplex Flow Control

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The situations in which PAUSE function is used:

ap a ir of term in a ls (sim p letw o p o in tn e tw o r k ) a ns w itcha n daterm in a l th elin kb e t w e e nt w os w itch e s

PAUSE function cannot resolve the following problems:

N e tworkcongestioninsteadystate End-to-endflowc o n trol M e c h a n ismm orecom p lexthanthesim p le"stop-start"m e c h a n ism

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Definition of Port aggregation

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Port aggregation is also called port binding, port convergence or link convergence. Provide the switch with the port aggregation technology, and allow two switches to transfer data through parellel connection of two or more ports to provide broader bandwidth. Port aggregation is an advanced feature supported by many switches at present.

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Port aggregation Model

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Higher-layer Protocols

Transmit Request Frame

System A

Higher-layer Protocols

System B

Receive Frame
Receive Queue

Tran smit Que ue

Transmit parts

Receive parts

Fram e distributer

Frame Receiver Port Receive Queue

Port transmit queue

port 1

port 2

port 3

port n

port 1

A g g r e g a t o r U n i c a s t I nAt d ed r fr ae c se s

1 2 port

port 3

port n

Trunking Aggregated Links

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Port aggregation Application

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Server D
Server B Server C
2 1 Mb 000 /s

4 100 Mb/s

1000 Mb/s
0 10 s 2 b/ M

0 100 2 /s Mb

24 ports, 100 Mb/s/port

2 M b1 0 0 /s

24 ports, 100 Mb/s/port

Server A
4 100 Mb/s

100 Mb/s

100 Mb/s

100 Mb/s

100 Mb/s

10 Mb/s

10 Mb/s

10 Mb/s

10 Mb/s

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Configure the working speed of a port

Huawei Quidway S3526/S3026 Ethernet switch has 24 10/100Base-T ports whose default working speed is 10/100M auto-negotiation. To configure port speed, use the command: speed { 10 | 100 | 1000} no speed is used to restore the default.

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Configure the duplex operation mode of a port

duplex{half | full | auto }(half duplex/full duplex/speed auto-negotiation) no duplex Default:Auto

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Configure the flow-control of a port

flow-control Enable port flow-control no flow-control Disable port flow-control Default: Disable

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Configure the MDI/MDIX state of a port

mdi {across | auto | normal} (across/auto identification/normal) Default: Auto

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Configure Port aggregation

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Configure port aggregation link-aggregation port_num1 to port_num2 { ingress| ingress-egress } Clear port aggregation no link-aggregation {master_port_num | all}

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Display Current Port aggregation Configuration

show link-aggregation [master_port_num] Show the messages of all aggregation ports. If no master port is specified, then show all aggregation ports. Attention: Equipment at two ends of the physical connection should be both configured.

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Dispaly Port Configuration Information

show interface [port_num] port_num: Single Ethernet port, its expression is port_num={ interface_type interface_number | interface_name }.

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Authentication of Connectivity

After we have correctly connected and configured a port, how can we authenticate the connectivity of the network? We can use the PING command to authenticate it: ping destination ip address

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Brief Summary
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The chapter introduces various kinds of Ethernet links and port technologies and the port aggregation technology can be used to increase transmission bandwidth. Having finished the study of the chapter, you are required to master the basic concepts of each technology and the problems they resolve, and be able to implement port configuration.
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