Chapter 1|Pharmaceutics (lec.

) Drug - is an agent intended for use in the; Diagnosis, Mitigation, Treatment, Cure or Prevention of disease in humans or in animals Functional Modifiers- the kind of drugs that alter or change abnormal physiologic functions Replenishers- drugs that are given to supplement endogenous substances that are missing or lacking in the body Chemotherapeutic Agents- drugs that are used to inhibit the growth or kill microorganisms/cells Dosage Form or Unit- are preparations designed to contain a specified quantity of medication for ease & accuracy of dosage administration Therapeutic Ingredients- another name for active ingredients Non-therapeutic Ingredients- another name for inactive ingredients Pharmakon-ancient Greek word means drugs (Pharmacy) Papyrus Ebers- translated 800 formulas & prescription Polypharmacy many of the formulas employed 2 dozen or more medicinal agent s is known as Hippocrates-the Father of Medicine -formulated the Hippocratic Oath of Physician Pharmakon- a Greek word that means a purifying remedy for good only Dioscorides- Greek Physician & Botanist -deals with applied Science De Materia Medica- The book that contains the description of identifying natural products, methods & storage Knowledge- means gnosis Claudius Galen- originated many preparations of vegetable drugs by mixing or melting the individual ingredients, it was called Galenicals Galens Cerate- most famous formula made by Galen which is similar to cold cream Edict of Salerno-the law that first fixed separation of the physician & apothecary Two Silies- the law that regulated the practice of pharmacy within the part of his kingdom which is called

Louise Yu

Chapter 1|Pharmaceutics (lec.) Emperor Frederick II- the emperor who made Edict of Salerno Paracelsus- Aureolus Theophrastus Bombastus von Hohenheim Karl Wilhelm Scheele- influenced the transformation of pharmacy from a profession based primarily on botanic science to one based on chemical science Friedrich Serturner-German Pharmacist -isolated Morphine from Opium Joseph Pelletier- isolated Caffeine Pierre Robiquet-separated Codeine from Opium Joseph Caventou Joseph Pelletier isolated quinine & cinchonine from cinchona isolated Strychnine & Brucine from nux vomica

Friedrich Serturner Joseph Pelletier

applied the preparation of drug product w/ the highest standards of purity, uniformity & efficacy

Drug Standards- as the scientific basis for drugs & drug products developed, so did the need for uniform standards to ensure quality

Paclitaxel- used for treatment of Ovarian Carcinoma Vincaleukoblastine- used as an antineoplastic agent from Vinca rosea Digoxin- from Digitalis lanata as Cardiac Glycoside Pharmacopoeia- any recipe /formula/other standards required to prepare a drug British Pharmacopoeia-replaces the 3 city pharmacopoeias in the Great Britain Lititz Pharmacopoeia- the 1st American Pharmacopoeia Lyman Spalding- Father of United States Pharmacopoeia (USP) Jan. 1, 1820 in Washington, DC- when & where was the 1st USP Convention 1850-year when the pharmacist was awarded w/ full membership to USP Dec. 15, 1820-USP was published in English & Latin

Louise Yu

Chapter 1|Pharmaceutics (lec.) 1820 - USP was revised every 10 years 1940 -USP was revised every 5 years Jul. 1, 1980 - 1st edition of combined USP & NF USP Section- contains monograph of all therapeutically active drug substances NF Section- monographs of all pharmaceutical agents Unofficial Preparations- content of the National Formularies

R.A. 5921 Pharmacy Law R.A. 6675 Generics Act of 1988 R.A. 9994 - Expanded Senior Citizens Act of 2003 R.A. 9442 Magna Carta for Disabled People R.A. 3720 Food, Drugs, Devices & Cosmetic Act R.A. 9165 The Comprehensive Dangerous Drugs Act of 2002 R.A. 8203 Special Law on Counterfeit Drugs R.A. 9502 Universally Accessible Cheaper & Quality Medicines Act of 2008

4 failures on treatment at the time of the apothecary: Underdosage Poisoning Overdosage Impotent/ Inappropriate Medicine

Attributed to the success of the treatment Mere coincidence of appropriate drug selection Inconsequential effect of drug selection Natural healing Experience Placebo effect

Louise Yu

Chapter 1|Pharmaceutics (lec.) Vehicles commonly used at the time of Papyrus Ebers: Honey Beer Milk Wine

Contributions of Karl Wilhelm Scheele: Discovered chemicals: o Citric Acid o Lactic Acid o Oxalic Acid o Tartaric Acid o Arsenic Acid Identified Glycerin Discovered Oxygen Invented new methods of preparing Calomel & Benzoic Acid

Organized sets of Monographs/ book of Standards: Pharmacopoeias Formularies

Involved in the production of drugs & pharmaceutical products: Monographs References

Louise Yu