Chemical Bonding - Suggested Solutions

Topic 3 : Chemical Bonding

ACJC/P3/Q2a 1.

x x xx x I xx

I
Linear

AJC/P2/Q1b(i) 2. Al2O3 has a giant ionic lattice structure with strong electrostatic forces of attraction between oppositely charged Al3+ and O2- ions. SO2 and SO3 have simple molecular structures with weak van der Waals forces between the molecules. ACJC/P2/Q2d(i) 3. Br2 has a smaller electron cloud size than I2. electron cloud of Br2 is less polarisable weaker van der Waals forces between the molecules less energy is required to overcome the interaction between Br2 molecules, leading to a lower boiling point.

AJC/P3/Q5b,c 4(a) More energy is needed to overcome the strong hydrogen bonds between HF molecules, as compared to the weaker permanent dipole permanent dipole interactions between HCl molecules, hence HF has a higher boiling point than HCl. HI has a higher boiling point compared to HCl, as it has a larger electron cloud, which is more polarisable, leading to stronger and more extensive van der Waals forces that require more energy to overcome. (b) BrF3 has 2 lone pairs and 3 bond pairs around the central Br atom, which leads to a Tshape geometry. In BrF2+, there are 2 lone pairs and 2 bond pairs around the central Br atom which leads to a bent (V-shape) geometry.

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SbF5 has 5 bond pairs around the central Sb atom, which leads to a trigonal bipyramidal geometry. In SbF6-, there are 6 bond pairs around the central Sb atom, which leads to an octahedral geometry. DHS/P2/Q2c 5.

DHS/P3/Q4b,c 6(a) SiO2 has a giant molecular structure with extensive covalent bonding in a giant three-dimensional structure. PbO2 has a giant ionic structure. In the solid state, the ions can only vibrate about fixed positions. (b) A large amount of energy is required to overcome the strong electrostatic forces of attraction between the cations and sea of delocalised electrons. HCI/P3/Q1a(ii) 7.

Shape with respect to each P: Trigonal pyramidal; Bond angle: 107o

HCI/P3/Q1d(i) 8. Both Cl2 and I2 have simple molecular structures, and exist as diatomic molecules with weak van der Waals forces existing between molecules.

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I2 has a bigger electron cloud than Cl2 and hence, stronger and more extensive van der Waals forces between the molecules. Therefore I2 is less volatile than Cl2. HCI/P3/Q3a 9(a)
Melting point /oC
M.p. /oC

Na

Mg

Al

Si

Si S

Cl

Ar

High melting point from Na to Al as they exist as giant metallic structures with strong metallic bonds of increasing strengths due to smaller cationic radius and increased number of delocalized electrons. Very high melting point for Si as it exists as a giant covalent structure with an extensive network of strong covalent bonds. These strong bonds require a lot of energy to break before melting can occur. Low melting point from P to Ar as they exist as simple molecular structures, consisting of discrete molecules with weak van der Waals forces between the molecules. Melting point decreases from S8 > P4 > Cl2 > Ar because the size of the electron clouds decreases from S8 > P4 > Cl2 > Ar, such that weak van der Waals forces are weaker. IJC/P2/Q1b 10. No. Although ionic bonds between K+ and Cl- ions are broken in the boiling of KCl, it is weak van der Waals forces between tetrachloromethane molecules that are broken during boiling, not covalent bonds within tetrachloromethane molecules.

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IJC/P2/Q2a(ii) 11. SiO2 exists as a giant covalent structure with an extensive network of strong covalent bonds. These strong bonds require a lot of energy to break before melting can occur, hence SiO2 has a very high melting point. IJC/P2/Q2b(i) 12.

JJC/P2/Q1a(i) 13.
O S O S O O O

Bent/ angular/ v-shape

trigonal planar

MI/P3/Q4b 14.
H O O H

Shape is bent, hence bond angle = 104.5o

MJC/P3/Q2c(I,ii) 15(i) Iodine has a large enough atomic size to accommodate the number of O atoms surrounding it in IO53- and IO65- . (ii)
x x x x x x x x

5-

O
x

O
xx

x x x x x

x x

O
x x

I
x x x x

O O
x x

x x x

O
xx

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Chemical Bonding - Suggested Solutions

NJC/P3/Q1a,b(i) 16 (a) Electronegativity is defined as the ability of an atom to attract bonding pair of electrons to itself in a covalent bond. The oxygen atom is more electronegative than the nitrogen atom. Oxygen has a greater nuclear charge than Nitrogen atom. They have similar shielding/screening effect. Effective nuclear charge of O atom is greater than that of N atom; it will attract the bonding electrons more strongly.

(b) (i) x x

N Nx x

xx xx xx

x x

x N xx xxN x O

xx

Shape of N2O is linear. Bond angle is 180o. NJC/P3/Q4a 17.

2+

O
2
x x xx x O I O xx o

Ca

NYJC/P3/Q1c 18. MgO > NaF > H2O > CH3NH2 > CO2 CO2 have simple molecular structure consisting of CO2 molecules held together by van der Waals forces. CH3NH2 and H2O have simple molecular structures consisting of CH3NH2 and H2O molecules held together by stronger hydrogen bonds. H2O has 2 lone pair hydrogen units while CH3NH2 has 1 thus H2O has higher boiling point. NaF and MgO have ionic structures consisting of oppositely charged ions held together by strong electrostatic forces. MgO has higher boiling point because it has higher ionic charges than NaF.

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NYJC/P3/Q5a 19.
x x x

Cl x Cl B
x x

Cl

x x

Cl

Cl
3 bp 1 lp Trigonal pyramidal

Cl
3 bp 0 lp Trigonal plannar

NCl3 and BCl3 have simple molecular structure but NCl3 has a net overall dipole moment thus the molecules are held together by van der Waals forces due to permanent dipoles. BCl3 has no overall dipole moment thus the molecules are held together by van der Waals forces due to induced dipoles and therefore require less energy to break the bonds. PJC/P2/Q1b 20. NaCl giant ionic lattice structure with strong electrostatic forces of attraction between oppositely charged Na+ and Cl- ions AlCl3 simple covalent/molecular structure weak temporary induced dipole-induce dipole attraction between molecules. PCl5 simple covalent/molecular structure permanent dipole - permanent dipole attractions between molecules. AlCl3 exist as dimers, with stronger instantaneous dipole-induced dipole (due to greater no. of electrons) than permanent dipole - permanent dipole attractions of PCl5. Hence m.p. of AlCl3 is higher than PCl5. PJC/P2/Q2b(ii) 21.

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PJC/P3/Q2b 22.

SAJC/P2/Q2b Carbon 23(ii)

C1 C2

Shape Trigonal planar tetrahedral

Bond angle 120 109

SAJC/P2/Q3a 24(a) (i) In water, ethanoic acid molecules form intermolecular hydrogen bonds with water molecules and exist as CH3CO2H. Hence its Mr is 60. In a non-aqueous solvent, hexane, the id-id interactions between ethanoic acid and hexane is weaker so ethanoic acid molecules dimerise by forming stronger intermolecular hydrogen bonds with ethanoic acid molecules. Hence its Mr is twice that of CH3CO2H and becomes 120.
+

O CH3C
+

HO CCH3
-

Hydrogen bond

OH

:O

SAJC/P3/Q1b 25. Compound A is held by hydrogen bonding. Compound B is held by weak induced dipole-induced dipole interactions (id-id)/weak VDW. Less energy is needed to overcome the weaker id-id interactions in B.

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Although Compound C does not have H-bonding, having more electrons causes stronger id-id (or VDW, but not pd-pd) which compensates for the absence of H-bonding. Hence more energy is required to overcome the intermolecular forces of attraction in C. SRJC/P3/Q2a(i) 26. MgO has a giant ionic lattice structure large amount of energy is needed to overcome the strong electrostatic forces of attraction between oppositely charged ions. has a high boiling point P4O6 has a simple molecular structure small amount of energy is needed to overcome the weak intermolecular van der Waals forces of attraction has a low boiling point TJC/P2/Q1b 27(i)
O

Cl Cl

P Cl Cl POCl3 Tetrahedral Cl

Cl

P Cl Cl

PCl5 Trigonal bipyramidal

(ii)

POCl3 and PCl5 both are simple discrete molecules with weak van der Waals forces of attraction between the molecules (or POCl3 has permanent-dipole-permanent-dipole interactions while PCl5 has induced-dipole-induced-dipole interactions between molecules). PCl5 has a much larger Mr than POCl3, and therefore a larger electron cloud that is more easily distorted, giving rise to larger partial charges, resulting in stronger van der Waals forces.
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TJC/P2/Q1a 28. Phosphorus, sulphur and chlorine all have simple molecular structure with weak instantaneous dipole-induced dipole forces between the molecules. Sulfur exists as S8 molecules, while phosphorus exists as P4 molecules and chlorine exists as Cl2 molecules. Hence, sulphur has the strongest intermolecular instantaneous dipole-induced dipole forces as its molecules have the biggest electron cloud which makes them more polarisable. TJC/P3/Q1a 29. AlF3 has a giant ionic lattice structure with strong electrostatic forces of attraction between oppositely charged Al3+ and F- ions. AlCl3 has a simple molecular structure with weak van der Waals forces between its molecules. More energy is needed to overcome the strong ionic bonds in AlF3 than the weak intermolecular forces in AlCl3 hence AlF3 has a much higher melting point. TPJC/P2/Q1b(iii) 30.

TPJC/P3/Q2d 31.

VJC/P2/Q3a(i), c(i) 32(a)(i) NaCl is an ionic compound with giant ionic structure held by strong electrostatic forces of attraction between the oppositely charged Na+ and Cl- ions. Silicon tetrachloride has a simple molecular structure. The molecules are nonpolar and held by weak induced dipole-induced dipole attractions which can be easily broken during melting. Since ionic bonds are much stronger than id-id, NaCl melts at a much higher temperature.
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(c)(i)

Cl Al Cl

Cl Al Cl

Cl

Cl

VJC/P2/Q3d 33. Formulae of ions: [ClO2]+ and [ClO4]-

VJC/P3/Q3b 34(i) The molecular formulae suggest that the structure of chlorosulfonic acid is derived from that of sulfuric acid, with 1 OH group being replaced by Cl. Hence the extent of hydrogen bonding is less between chlorosulfonic acid molecules which explains its lower boiling point. (ii)

O O H S O O

O O S O O 105
O

109O

H
VJC/P3/Q3e 35(i) As Mg is less electronegative than S, the electronegativity difference between Mg and F is larger compared to that between S and F. Hence MgF is ionic whereas SF2 is covalent. (ii) MgF2 has a much higher melting point that SF2.

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Chemical Bonding - Suggested Solutions

OR MgF2 conducts electricity in the molten state but SF2 does not conduct electricity in any state. (iii) To form MgF4, Mg2+ has to lose two more electrons from the penultimate shell which results in a prohibitively high amount of energy required. This cannot be compensated by the energy evolved from the formation of the ionic lattice of MgF4. YJC/P2/Q1b(ii) 36. Hydrogen bonding exists between HF molecules YJC/P2/Q2a 37.

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YJC/P3/Q5a 38.

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