CHALLENGES IN WIND ENERGY DISTRIBUTED POWER SYSTEMS

Ramesh Singh1, Dr.Vishal Verma2, Dr.R.K.Jatley3

1 & 3. IEC College of Engineering, Greater Noida.
2. DCE Rohini.

Abstract: - The growing development of wind farms on a global scale in Distributed

power systems brings with it a necessity to address the quality issues in respect of the
power introduced into the electric network. Squirrel cage induction generators,
because of their advantages in costs and robustness have traditionally been used in
wind turbines. However, one disadvantage of induction machines is that they consume
reactive power, which influences the grid integration of the wind turbines in normal
operations as well as in the event of faults in the power grid which causes voltage drops
at the wind turbine terminal. In this paper we are dealing with some of the
conventional methods to overcome these problems. A new method using multiple
phases and high frequency has been proposed too.

Introduction: - While most consumers worry about the reliability of the electric grid,
some power users have discovered a way to insulate themselves from the possibility of
rolling blackouts. The secret is Distributed Power System (DPS). DPS is no longer just
for large manufacturing facilities using generators for backup power. It is well said that
‘if fully implemented, distributed power would provide low-cost, uninterrupted power.’
DPS is modular electric generation or storage located near its point of use. It ensures
electricity during system outages and allows customers to save money by switching to
distributed generation during high-cost peak periods. DPS also provides stand-alone
power generation for remote or isolated applications, and allows customers to increase
efficiency and lower greenhouse gas emissions by using the excess heat generated by
converting fuel into electricity. Homes and commercial buildings can generate electricity
by a host of small systems such as micro-turbines, solar cells, wind turbines, diesel
generators and fuel cells. These resources can either be connected to the nation's electric
grid or operate independently. The ones connected to the grid are usually joined at the
distribution system. Unlike large, central-station power plants, distributed power systems
normally range from less than a kilowatt to tens of megawatts in size. Because the power
plants are closer to the consumer, the chances of outages are decreased. The DPS can also
better address increasing concerns regarding fault tolerance, improved reliability and
redundancy without adding significant cost. If fully integrated, customers would have an
uninterrupted power source, which would bring down costs. People could buy and sell
excess power back to the utility in real time, the excess power would then add to the
power grid's capacity. The biggest roadblock DPS face is that every state and utility has
different technical interconnection requirements. Simplifying these requirements would
help minimize engineering and design costs, streamline the installation and operation of
distributed systems and increase safety by promoting the use of simpler, more reliable,
protective relaying systems.

INDIAN SCENARIO
The four barriers that prevent India from reaching energy independence today are:
1. Coal resources are finite also burning coal is bad for the environment.
2. Demand for imported petroleum is growing fast, and costs are unpredictable.
3. Domestic nuclear fuel production is low, and investment to build power plants, is not
forthcoming.
4. Large dam projects are targets for various interest groups but they pose unknown
seismic hazards. Dam projects suffer from major delays, cost overruns, and fallen short of
power targets.

TECHNOLOGIES USED IN INDIA

Now we consider the 5 technologies that are being adopted and refined rapidly in the
industrialized world, and are used in India in some measure:
1. Photo-Voltaic Generation
In the 1990s, India tried solar cells in streetlights and other devices. These
suffered from the very high cost of silicon wafers, and the effects of dust,
ultraviolet radiation and monsoon molds. The practical efficiency of solar cells is
around 15 percent, though cells used in spacecraft solar panels have demonstrated
efficiency over 45%, and the theoretical limit is nearly 60%. High-efficiency cells
degrade rapidly.
2. Solar Thermal
Solar ovens achieve very high temperatures and heating rates. Home solar water
heaters are a natural extension of using the sun to dry grain and hay. These plants
also suffer from the disadvantages of high cost and uncertainty due to whether.
3. Biogas and Bio-diesel
Gobar Gas plants were introduced around 1970s to generate combustible gases
from decomposing waste vegetation. Due to lack of transmission grids these were
restricted to rural (farm) areas only.
5. Micro-hydel
Micro-hydroelectric plants are installed along with small dams on very small
rivers. These have low output, high noise and the power generation is localized.

6. Wind Energy
Now we focus on the sixth type of power generation – using wind. Wind is a
clean, renewable energy technology that is becoming increasingly popular with
utility customers and policy makers. People have harnessed the power of the wind
for centuries for pumping water, grinding grain, and generating small amounts of
electricity to light rural farmhouses. Though west is driving towards ever-larger
size for the economies of scale, but Indian realities may offer a unique optimum
size based on small units.

In the first half of the 20th century, windmills dotted the U.S. countryside. Today, wind
power is the fastest growing energy source in the world. By the end of 2000, world’s total
capacity based on wind was about 17,000 MW, enough to generate about 34 billion kWh
a year of electricity. In response, utilities are developing new wind power plants
consisting of many wind turbines. As additional wind power becomes available, more
electricity customers are signing up to invest in clean, sustainable wind power. As
concerns about global warming increase, utilities and their customers may support an
even more prominent role for wind in meeting the nation's needs for additional power
generation. Many states are implementing policies such as renewable portfolio standards
and net metering to hasten the development of their wind resources.
WORKING:
Today's wind turbines use much more efficient technology than windmills of the past.
They have fewer blades, usually two or three, that are aerodynamically designed to
capture the most energy from the wind. When the wind blows, a pocket of low-pressure
air forms on the downwind side of the blade pulling the blade toward it, causing lift. This
lift force causes the rotor to spin, which turns a generator that makes direct current
electricity. Sophisticated power electronics convert the direct current electricity into the
high quality, alternating current electricity transmitted through the power grid. As wind
speeds increase, the amount of electricity generated increases exponentially. Because
faster, less turbulent winds are found higher off the ground, new utility-scale wind
turbines are normally placed on towers at least a hundred feet tall. At high wind speeds, a
controller on the turbine shuts it down so turbine components won't be damaged by high
winds.

Advantages
Wind power is affordable. Its costs have decreased seven folds since 1980. New blade
designs, which have increased wind turbine performance by 30% over the past decade,
are helping make wind power one of the most cost-competitive renewable technologies.
Researchers believe that additional technological improvements could cut prices for
wind-generated electricity by another 30% to 50%. Wind power is versatile, adaptable,
and readily available. New utility wind plants can be constructed in less than a year. For
stand-alone applications, wind turbines can be combined with photovoltaic panels,
batteries, and diesel generators to ensure that electricity is available whenever it is
needed. Wind energy provides more jobs per rupee invested than any other energy
technology. Wind turbines add value to land without interfering with other uses such as
cattle grazing or farming. Concerned Scientists have reported that a farmer hosting a
wind plant can expect increase in his return on the land by 30% to 100%. Homeowners
and businesses in windy rural areas can use wind turbines to reduce their electric bills. In
many countries, consumers who have grid-connected wind turbines, that produce more
electricity than they need, can sell that extra electricity back to their utility company.
Some countries offer tax incentives and other subsidies for wind energy. Wind power
plants offer advantages to utilities. They are reliable. Even if several turbines in a plant
are down for maintenance, the flow of electricity into the grid continues uninterrupted so
long as the wind is blowing. Wind power plants also produce clean energy. They produce
no emissions and no hazardous wastes. Wind generation replaces fossil fuels, thereby
reducing pollution, acid rain, and emissions of greenhouse gases. In developing countries,
wind turbines can generate electricity for refrigeration, lighting, and an improved quality
of life to people in remote areas who have never had electricity. Wind energy also gives
them the chance to industrialize in an environmentally sound manner. Wind's many
advantages have made it the fastest growing source of energy in the world since 1990.
Dramatic improvements in wind technology have made wind power growing, on an
average rate of 30% per year.
Disadvantages
Utilities can find it challenging to integrate wind power into their generation mix. Unlike
traditional power sources, the wind is intermittent. Researchers are currently working to
develop better ways of forecasting the wind so that utilities could actually power down
some conventional gas turbines with confidence in times of high winds, thus conserving
natural gas. Stand-alone wind turbines need a backup power system for periods when the
wind stops blowing. Turbines not connected to the grid can charge batteries for backup
power. When the batteries run low, a backup generator can charge them up again or
supply power as needed. However, battery-charging systems and backup generators can
significantly increase the costs of a wind system. Zoning and other land use regulations
can be problematic for individuals wanting to install turbines. There may be additional
expense for power conditioning equipment to ensure the turbine won't interfere with grid
power.
Applications
Applications of wind power range from small stand-alone systems to utility-scale wind
power plants. With improved technology and lower cost, wind is growing in popularity
both for utilities and for their customers. Wind generation is well suited to the plain areas
and upper regions. Both areas have good wind resources and wide-open spaces. Presently
there are large utility wind power plants ranging in size from 50 kW to 2 MW.
European nations including Denmark, Germany, the Netherlands, Spain, and Sweden
emphasize distributed wind generation. Unlike US these heavily populated nations have
far less open land for wind power so they are pioneering distributed generation with
large, multi megawatt turbines. These nations have also begun experimenting with
offshore wind turbines. They are installing wind turbines in shallow water near the
coastline to take advantage of strong, offshore winds.
Stand-alone small turbines are often far less expensive than extending a power line in
remote areas, which can cost up to $10,000 per mile. Small turbines, sized below 50 kW,
can be used for homes, telecommunications, or water pumping.
Small wind turbines made by U. S. companies already bring clean power to remote
villages in Asia, Indonesia, Mexico, Morocco, and South America. Wind systems help
pump water for drinking and irrigation. In combination with other renewable
technologies, such as solar photo-voltaic, batteries, or back-up diesel generators, hybrid
wind systems power small electric grids. Local residents can use these grids for lighting,
television, radio, ice making, refrigeration, grain grinding, battery charging, powering
local industries, and for telecommunications.

Many low-power wind turbines built to-date were constructed according to the “Danish
concept”, in which wind energy is transformed into electrical energy using a simple
squirrel-cage induction machine directly connected to a three-phase power grid. The rotor
of the wind turbine is coupled to the generator shaft with a fixed-ratio gearbox. Some
induction generators use pole-adjustable winding configurations to enable operation at
different synchronous speeds. However, at any given operating point, this Danish turbine
basically has to operate at constant speed. The construction and performance of fixed-
speed wind turbines very much depends on the characteristics of mechanical sub-circuits,
e.g., pitch control time constants, main breaker maximum switching rate, etc. The
response time of some of these mechanical circuits may be in the range of tens of
milliseconds. As a result, each time a gust of wind hits the turbine, a fast and strong
variation of electrical output power can be observed. These load variations not only
require a stiff power grid to enable stable operation, but also require a sturdy mechanical
design to absorb high mechanical stresses. This strategy leads to expensive mechanical
construction, especially at high-rated power.

Adjustable Speed Generators

Modern high-power wind turbines are capable of adjustable speed operation. Key
advantages of adjustable speed generators (ASGs) compared to fixed-speed generators
(FSGs) are:
1. They are cost effective and provide simple pitch control; the controlling speed of the
generator (frequency) allows the pitch control time constants to become longer, reducing
pitch control complexity and peak power requirements. At lower wind speed, the pitch
angle is usually fixed. Pitch angle control is performed only to limit maximum output
power at high wind speed.
2. They reduce mechanical stresses; gusts of wind can be absorbed, i.e. energy is stored
in the mechanical inertia of the turbine, creating an “elasticity” that reduces torque
pulsations.
3. They dynamically compensate for torque and power pulsations caused by back
pressure of the tower. This back pressure causes noticeable torque pulsations at a rate
equal to the turbine rotor speed times the number of rotor wings.
4. They improve power quality; torque pulsations can be reduced due to the elasticity of
the wind turbine system. This eliminates electrical power variations, i.e., less flicker.
5. They improve system efficiency; turbine speed is adjusted as a function of wind speed
to maximize output power. Operation at the maximum power point can be realized over a
wide power range. Energy efficiency improvement up to 10% is possible.
6. They reduce acoustic noise, because low-speed operation is possible at low power
conditions.
7. Inverter output filters and EMI filters are rated for 1 p.u. output power, making filter
design difficult and costly.
8. Converter efficiency plays an important factor in total system efficiency over the entire
operating range.

Wind
There are about 1,800 MW of wind generation installed in the United States and nearly
10,000 MW worldwide. US wind generation alone delivers about 3.5 billion kWh of
energy annually. Wind is the fastest growing (on a percentage rate basis) energy source
with about 2,000 MW of new capacity installed worldwide each year. Besides the US,
most European countries (especially Germany and the Netherlands) have strong wind
programs. India also has a strong wind program and China is beginning to seriously
develop wind power as well. From a cost and commercialization perspective, wind power
appears to be about 5 to 10 years ahead of photo-voltaics and fuel cells. Wind turbines
range in size from a few kW up to as much as 1.5 MW. Generally, the individual wind
turbines are grouped into wind farms containing several wind turbines. Many wind farms
are MW scale, ranging from a few MW to tens of MW. Some wind farms ranging from
50 MW to 100 MW are now being constructed. Many MW-scale wind farms or smaller
wind projects may be connected to utility distribution systems. The larger wind farms
tend to be more like bulk generation often connected to sub-transmission lines. It is the
smaller scale farms and individual units which are typically defined as distributed
generation. Wind turbine output is intermittent for both variable speed wind generators
and induction generators. Generally, wind turbine output varies on a sub-minute, minute-
to-minute, and hourly basis throughout the days and weeks in a month. Power output
patterns vary significantly on a month-to-month basis throughout the year. And, wind
power output may also vary significantly from year-to-year. In addition, wind turbine
performance can vary significantly from site to site. Hence, wind farms without storage
are not readily dispatchable on a real time basis.
Induction machines have been the most popular wind turbines installed by the wind
community since the late 1980’s. A key issue is that this type of machine requires vars;
the higher the wind farm MW output, the larger the Mvar requirements, and the larger the
potential for voltage problems. Variable speed wind turbine generators are the latest
state-of-the-art technology for wind turbines. A couple of wind turbine manufacturers
already have these machines on the market, and others appear to be developing this type
of wind turbine. These wind turbines, like synchronous generators, can supply vars to the
power system rather than consume vars like induction generators. Other advantages of
these advanced variable speed wind turbines are that they can start up at lower wind
speeds, and the power output is more constant during high winds after they attain rated
capacity. Variable speed wind turbine generators use an alternator which produces
variable frequency ac current. This signal is rectified and fed directly into a static power
converter which produces clean, 60-Hz power suitable for grid utilization. This approach
allows the alternator to run at just about any speed liberating the mechanical portions of
the turbine to operate over a wider speed range and at points on the operating curves
which are more efficient. Units are also better able to extract power from wind gusts
using this newer technology. Current wind turbine designs typically come on-line when
the wind exceeds 7 to 10 mph and attain rated capacity when the wind is about 25 to 30
mph.

Figure: AC-DC-AC converter scheme used for many modern wind turbine systems.
Generally, wind farms are installed in locations with good winds and typically have
annual capacity factors ranging from 20% to over 40%. The wind farm cost per kWh is a
function of wind farm annual capacity factor, maintenance costs, and installed costs. The
cost for small scale wind turbines is generally higher two to three times.
Overall, wind power is a viable energy source which has wide ranging applications for
distributed generation. One major drawback, however, is the aesthetic problem of placing
wind turbines in higher population density areas. Wind turbine towers are similar to cell
phone towers, but perhaps more obtrusive due to their bright wide profiles (compared to
antennas). Aesthetic and neighborhood codes are likely to keep wind turbines from
becoming an “every house” type of installation as could be the case for micro-turbines,
fuel cells, or PV. On the other hand, while there is public concern over the aesthetics of
wind turbines, certainly there is also overwhelming support in general for wind power
and it is likely that wind farm installations will continue to expand at a dramatic pace and
that numerous distributed system interconnections will take place. The voltage magnitude
of a distributed generator is either controlled internally in the case of an inverter, by a
voltage regulator in the case of a synchronous rotating generator, or by the power system
in the case of an induction rotating generator. When the short circuit ratio of a distributed
generator to a power system is small, the distributed generator has little effect on the
power system nominal voltage. A power factor controller can be used to stabilize the
excitation system of synchronous rotating generators. The VAr/ power factor controller
can be used to maintain a constant power factor or VAr output. The VAr/ power factor
controller can be an aid in preventing unwanted islanding of a distributed generator. With
an inductively loaded power system, a VAr/power factor controller set at zero VAr or
unity power factor results in the power systems VAr requirement being supplied by the
power system only. When an outage of the power system occurs, the VAr/power factor
controller forces the distributed generator voltage to collapse, which can be detected by
under-voltage relaying, which can cause the generator to trip off-line. The effect of
distributed generators on transformer load tap changers and line voltage regulators is a
function of the short circuit ratio of the distributed generator to the power system as well
as apparent power flow. If the short circuit ratio is small, the distributed generator will
have little effect on transformer tap changer and line voltage regulator operation;
regardless of apparent power flow direction through the transformer or line voltage
regulator.

ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES OF DISTRIBUTED POWER

SYSTEMS

Distributed power architectures offer many benefits to designers in terms of weight, size,
and isolation. Distributed power architectures also enable a designer to more easily
control the quality of power reaching each separate board. The DC/DC converter is able
to supply very close regulation of output voltages inspite of input voltage and load
fluctuations. Cabling problems are also eliminated. Distributed power systems can also
offer a more efficient means of designing and upgrading electronic systems with multiple
voltage and power requirements than using a central power methodology.
An important advantage of distributed power systems in high reliability programs is
isolation. DC/DC converters are able to provide electrical isolation due to the use of
transformers in the conversion process.

The Advantages can be summarized as Power Quality, Weight, Size/ Space savings,
Isolation, Reduced Power Distribution Losses, Flexibility, Expandability and
Redundancy. The disadvantages are Noise, Heat Dissipation and extra expense.

Squirrel cage induction generators have traditionally been used in wind turbines, having
advantages in costs and robustness. However, one disadvantage of induction machines is
that they consume reactive power, which influences the grid integration of the wind
turbines in normal operations as well as in the event of faults in the power grid which
causes voltage drops at the wind turbine terminal. Wind turbines with directly connected
induction generators are normally equipped with a capacitor bank to fully or partly
compensate for the reactive power consumed by the induction generator in normal
operation. The capacitors are arranged in smaller groups, which are switched with
mechanical contactors one by one. The reactive power consumption of the induction
generator depends strongly on the active power, which is transmitted by the generator,
because of the leakage reactances in the stator and the rotor of the generator. Therefore,
the reactive power consumption of the generator fluctuates as the wind speed fluctuates.
The power in the wind
Wind speed generally increases with height above ground. This is because the roughness
of ground features such as vegetation and houses cause the wind to be slowed. Wind
speed data can be obtained from wind maps or from the meteorology office.
Unfortunately the general availability and reliability of wind speed data is extremely poor
in many regions of the world. However, significant areas of the world have mean annual
wind speeds of above 4-5 m/s which makes small-scale wind powered electricity
generation an attractive option. It is important to obtain accurate wind speed data for the
site in mind before any decision can be made as to its suitability.

The power in the wind is proportional to:

1. The area of windmill being swept by the wind
2. The cube of the wind speed
3. The air density - which varies with altitude
The formula used for calculating the power in the wind is shown below:
density of air x swept area x velocity cubed
Power =
2
P= ½.ñ.A.V³

Where:-
P is power in watts (W)
ñ is the air density in kilograms per cubic meter (kg/m³)
A is the swept rotor area in square meters (m²)
V is the wind speed in meters per second (m/s)
The fact that the power is proportional to the cube of the wind speed is very significant.
This can be demonstrated by pointing out that if the wind speed doubles then the power
in the wind increases by a factor of eight. It is therefore worthwhile finding a site which
has a relatively high mean wind speed.

The growing development of wind farms on a global scale brings with it a necessity to
move ahead in the field of wave quality introduced into the electric network. So,
undeniable is this that no longer do people think about wind farms as mere pipe dreams,
but rather they keep in mind their possibilities when it comes to providing energy for the
systems of transport and distribution. The current rate of growth of wind energy brings
the need for the various wind farms to not limit themselves to producing energy but also
provide stability to the network within its capabilities. So, the actual objective is to adapt
the installations that produce wind energy in such a way that they give a maximum
amount of support in any given moment to the electrical network. For this purpose, there
are governing techno-economic parameters that influence the economic behavior of
commercial wind farms.
Wind turbines with directly connected induction generators are normally equipped with a
capacitor bank to fully or partly compensate for the reactive power consumed by the
induction generator in normal operation. The capacitors are arranged in smaller groups,
which are switched with mechanical contactors one by one. The reactive power
consumption of the induction generator depends strongly on the active power, which is
transmitted by the generator, because of the leakage reactances in the stator and the rotor
of the generator. Therefore, the reactive power consumption of the generator fluctuates as
the wind speed fluctuates. Each switching of a capacitor group with a contactor causes
transients because the voltages on grid and capacitors are not equal when the contactor is
closed. These transients reduce the lifetime of capacitors as well as contactors.
Dynamic VAR system is a powerful, cost-effective solution that dynamically stabilizes
and regulates voltage on power transmission grids and industrial operations. Dynamic
VAR systems detect and instantaneously compensate for voltage disturbances by
injecting leading or lagging reactive power at key points on power transmission grids.
Each Dynamic VAR solution is customized to meet specific customer needs and includes
inherent flexibility to accommodate changing grid conditions. Dynamic VAR systems
allow wind farms to meet utility interconnection requirements including low voltage ride
through (LVRT), voltage regulation and power factor correction. Dynamic VAR systems
can also mitigate transient voltage events and “soft switch” capacitors which have been
shown to extend the life of wind turbine gearboxes, switches and other components.
Transfer capacity of a power grid is often limited due to voltage instability. Dynamic
VAR systems provide a proven solution to address voltage stability issues and relieve
associated constraints. Dynamic VAR systems can be a valuable tool in increasing the
capacity of the grid.
Doubly fed wind turbines also show a certain capability in terms of modulating reactive
power, the requirements of reactive power regulation with conventional generation, in
general, has made it necessary to invest in systems of external compensation.
Power factor requirements in fixed speed wind farms are also usually achieved by
connecting compensating capacitors, because induction generators do not allow reactive
power or voltage regulation. Capacitors are designed to provide a good power factor at a
certain wind speed, although they may become inadequate at different operation points.
Reactive power plays an important role during induction generator transients. When a
short circuit is applied, the voltage and the rotor flux linkage decay in the generators.
When the fault is cleared, induction generators demand reactive power in order to recover
rotor flux linkage, and the voltage at the wind farm connection bus may remain at low
values or even not recover.
Adjustable speed generators can be of great help to sort these problems faced by the
distributed power systems. The conventional advantage of adjustable speed generators
has already been discussed. With a modification in their design and generating power of
multiple phases like six or nine or even higher and with higher frequency level the
problems of reactive power compensation, power factor improvement and harmonics
elimination can be easily handled. With Adjustable speed generators the primary
advantage is that gusts of wind can be allowed to make the rotor turn faster, thus storing
part of the excess energy as rotational energy until the gust is over. Obviously, this
requires an intelligent control strategy, since we have to be able to differentiate between
gusts and higher wind speed in general. Thus it is possible to reduce the peak torque
(reducing wear on the gearbox and generator), and we may also reduce the fatigue loads
on the tower and rotor blades. The secondary advantage is that with power electronics
one may control reactive power (i.e. the phase shifting of current relative to voltage in the
AC grid), so as to improve the power quality in the electrical grid. This may be useful,
particularly if a turbine is running on a weak electrical grid. Theoretically, variable speed
may also give a slight advantage in terms of annual production, since it is possible to run
the machine at an optimal rotational speed, depending on the wind speed. From an
economic point of view that advantage is so small, however, that it is hardly worth
mentioning. Modern high-power wind turbines are capable of adjustable speed operation.
Key advantages of adjustable speed generators compared to fixed-speed generators are:
They are cost effective and provide simple pitch control; the controlling speed of the
generator (frequency) allows the pitch control time constants to become longer, reducing
pitch control complexity and peak power requirements. At lower wind speed, the pitch
angle is usually fixed. Pitch angle control is performed only to limit maximum output
power at high wind speed.
They reduce mechanical stresses; gusts of wind can be absorbed, i.e., energy is stored in
the mechanical inertia of the turbine, creating an “elasticity” that reduces torque
pulsations.
They dynamically compensate for torque and power pulsations caused by back pressure
of the tower. This back pressure causes noticeable torque pulsations at a rate equal to the
turbine rotor speed times the number of rotor wings.
They improve power quality; torque pulsations can be reduced due to the elasticity of the
wind turbine system. This eliminates electrical power variations, i.e., fewer flickers.
They improve system efficiency; turbine speed is adjusted as a function of wind speed to
maximize output power. Operation at the maximum power point can be realized over a
wide power range.
They reduce acoustic noise, because low-speed operation is possible at low power
conditions.
CONCLUSION: - Various problems of wind farms for distributed power systems have
been discussed. Capacitor bank method, dynamic Var compensation method, doubly fed
wind mills and adjustable speed generators have been discussed for getting quality
power. A new approach with generators of high phase and frequency has also been
discussed. This is a new and promising concept and a lot of work is being done in this
area.
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