SEKOLAH MENENGAH KEBANGSAAN AGAMA

SHEIKH HAJI MOHD SAID

70400 SEREMBAN
NEGERI SEMBILAN DARUL KHUSUS

ADDITIONAL
MATHEMATICS
PROJECT 2009

CIRCLE IN OUR
DAILY LIFE
NAME : FATHIYAH BT. SAIFUL BAHRIN
CLASS : 5 IHSAN
TEACHER : MISS ONG YOKE ENG
 INTRODUCTION OF CIRCLE

The curve that is the locus of points in a plane with equal

distance (radius) from a fixed point (center). In elementary
mathematics, circle often refers to the finite portion of the
plane bounded by a curve (circumference) all points of
which are equidistant from a fixed point of the plane, that
is, a circular disk. Circles are conic sections and are defined
analytically by certain second-degree equations in
Cartesian coordinates. The ancient Greeks formulated the
problem of “squaring the circle,” that is, to construct, with
compasses and unmarked straightedge only, a square whose
area is equal to that of a given circle. It was not until 1882
that this was shown to be impossible, when F. Lindemann
proved that the ratio of the length of a circle to its diameter
(denoted by π) is not the root of any algebraic equation
with integer coefficients. Electronic computers have
calculated π to over 1012 decimal places.
The area of a circle (circular disk) with radius r is πr2; the
length (circumference) is 2πr. The area enclosed by a circle
is greater than that bounded by any other curve of the same
length.
 CIRCLE IN OUR DAILY LIFE
There are a lot of things around us are related to a circle or
part of a circle :

CIRCLE TEA CUP

BUBLE CLOCK
 BUTTON

DIFFINATION OF PI

Pi, in mathematics, the ratio of the circumference of a

circle to its diameter. The symbol for pi is π. The ratio is the
same for all circles and is approximately 3.1416. It is of
great importance in mathematics not only in the
measurement of the circle but also in more advanced
mathematics in connection with such topics as continued
fractions, logarithms of imaginary numbers, and periodic
functions. Throughout the ages progressively more accurate
values have been found for π; an early value was the Greek
approximation 31/7, found by considering the circle as the
limit of a series of regular polygons with an increasing
number of sides inscribed in the circle. About the mid-19th
cent. its value was figured to 707 decimal places and by the
mid-20th cent. an electronic computer had calculated it to
100,000 digits. It would have taken a person working
without error eight hours a day on a desk calculator 30,000
years to make this calculation; it took the computer eight
hours. Although it has now been calculated to more than
200,000,000,000 digits, the exact value of π cannot be
computed. It was shown by the German mathematician
Johann Lambert in 1770 that π is irrational and by
Ferdinand Lindemann in 1882 that π is transcendental; i.e.,
cannot be the root of any algebraic equation with rational
coefficients. The important connection between π and e, the
base of natural logarithms, was found by Leonhard Euler in
the famous formula eiπ=−1, where i=√−1.

A BRIEF HISTOY OF PI

Pi has been known for almost 4000 years—but even if we

calculated the number of seconds in those 4000 years and
calculated pi to that number of places, we would still only
be approximating its actual value. Here’s a brief history of
finding pi:

The ancient Babylonians calculated the area of a circle by

taking 3 times the square of its radius, which gave a value
of pi = 3. One Babylonian tablet (ca. 1900–1680 BC)
indicates a value of 3.125 for pi, which is a closer
approximation.

In the Egyption Rhind Popyrus (ca.1650 BC), there is

evidence that the Egyptians calculated the area of a circle
by a formula that gave the approximate value of 3.1605 for
pi.

The ancient cultures mentioned above found their

approximations by measurement. The first calculation of pi
was done by Archimedes of Syracuse (287–212 BC), one of
the greatest mathematicians of the ancient world.
Archimedes approximated the area of a circle by using the
Pythagorean Theorem to find the areas of two regular
polygons: the polygon inscribed within the circle and the
polygon within which circle was circumscribed. Since the
actual area of the circle lies between the areas of the
inscribed and circumscribed polygons, the areas of the
polygons gave upper and lower bounds for the area of the
circle. Archimedes knew that he had not found the value of
pi but only an approximation within those limits. In this
way, Archimedes showed that pi is between 3 1/7 and 3
10/71.

A similar approach was used by Zu Chongzhi (429–501), a

brilliant Chinese mathematician and astronomer. Zu
Chongzhi would not have been familiar with Archimedes’
method—but because his book has been lost, little is known
of his work. He calculated the value of the ratio of the
circumference of a circle to its diameter to be 355/113. To
compute this accuracy for pi, he must have started with an
inscribed regular 24,576-gon and performed lengthy
calculations involving hundreds of square roots carried out
to 9 decimal places.

Mathematicians began using the Greek letter π in the

1700s. Introduced by William Jones in 1706, use of the
symbol was popularized by Euler, who adopted it in 1737.

An 18th century French mathematician named Georges

Buffon devised a way to calculate pi based on probability.