Nama : Mutia Nurfadhillah NIM : 109094000013 History of Mathematics

Mathematics (from Greek: - Mathematics) is the study of quantity, structure, space, relationships, changes, and various topics of patterns, shapes, and entities. The mathematicians look for patterns and other quantitative dimensions, with regard to numbers, space, science, computers, imaginary abstractions, or other entities. In the formalist view, mathematics is the examination of the axioms which assert the abstract structure using symbolic logic and mathematical notation; other views are reflected in the philosophy of mathematics. The mathematicians formulate new conjectures and truth through a thorough deduction from a few axioms and definitions are selected and mutually compatible. Of Euclid, the Greek mathematician, 3rd century BC, as depicted by Raphael in this detail from The School of Athens. There is disagreement about whether mathematical objects are objectively present in nature according to the purity of logic, or whether the objects were man-made and separate from reality. A mathematician Benjamin Peirce called mathematics as "the science that describes the important conclusion that conclusion." Albert Einstein, on the other hand, states that "as far as the laws of mathematics refer to reality, they are not certain; and to the extent they are certain, they do not refer to reality." Through the use of abstraction and logical reasoning, mathematics evolved from counting, calculation, measurement, and systematic assessment of the shape and motion of physical objects. Knowledge and use of basic math has always been the nature of inherent and integral part of individual and group life. Purification of the basic ideas can be found in mathematics texts that began in the world of ancient Egypt, Mesopotamia, India, China, Greece, and Islam. Stiff argument first appeared in Greek mathematics, especially in the book of Euclid, Elements. Development continues in the explosion, which is not reassuring to the Renaissance period in the 16th century, when the renewal of mathematics interact with new scientific discoveries, leading to the acceleration of research and over again until now. Now, mathematics is used worldwide as an important tool in many fields, including science, engineering, medical, and social sciences such as economics, and psychology. Applied mathematics, a branch of mathematics which encompasses the application of mathematical knowledge to other fields, inspires and makes use of new mathematical discoveries and sometimes leads to the development of

disciplines entirely new. The mathematician also wrestled in pure mathematics, or mathematics for the development of mathematics itself, without any application in mind, although the practical application of the background of the emergence of pure mathematics was often found in later times. In general, the more complex a phenomenon, the more complex is also a tool (in this type of mathematics) that, through various formulation (mathematical model) is expected to be able to get the exact solution or just close to accurate as-accurate. Thus, the level of difficulty of a type or a branch of mathematics was not caused by a type or a branch of mathematics itself, but due to the difficult and complex symptoms that the solution sought sought or approached by the formulation (mathematical model) by using these types or branches of mathematics. Instead of an easily observable physical phenomena, such as the number of people across Indonesia, does not require any kind or branch of advanced mathematics. Arithmetic ability is enough to find a solution (total population) with high accuracy. The word "mathematics" comes from the Greek (mthma), which means the assessment, learning, science, the scope narrows, and its technical meaning to "the study of mathematics", so even in ancient times. The word character is (mathmatiks), relating to the assessment, or studious, a more distant meaning mathematically. In particular, (mathmatik tkhn), in Latin ars Mathematica, means the art of mathematics. Often used in plural form in English, as well as in French les mathmatiques (and rarely used as a derivative form of a single He mathmatique), referring to the Latin plurals tend neutral Mathematica (Cicero), based on the Greek plural (ta Mathematics), who used Aristotle, which roughly translated means "all things mathematical". But, in English, the noun mathematics takes singular form when used as a verb. Within range of a conversation, math is often abbreviated as math in North America and maths elsewhere. The scope of review is referred to as the history of mathematics is primarily the investigation of the origin of new discoveries in mathematics, in a more narrow scope of investigation of the method and the standard math notation in the past. Evolution of mathematics can be viewed as a series of abstractions which is always increased in number, or other words of the expansion point. The first abstraction, which is shared by many animals [10], is about numbers: a statement that two apples and two oranges (for example) have the same amount. Besides knowing how to count physical objects, prehistoric humans also recognize how chopping abstract quantities, like time - days, seasons, years. Basic arithmetic (increment, perkurangan, multiplication, and perbagian) follow naturally.

The next step requires the writing or other system to record numbers, such as rope or string bersimpul called quipu used by the Inca nation to store numeric data. Before modern times and global knowledge, written examples of new mathematical development has been achieved only in some places sparkle. Number system there are many and varied, the first written numbers known to exist in the manuscript heritage of Ancient Egypt in Middle Kingdom Egypt is Rhind Mathematical Gazette (1650 BC). Indus valley civilization developed the modern decimal system, including the concept of zero. Other terkuno mathematical papers have ever been found is Plimpton 322 (numbered from Babylonian mathematics 1900 BC), Moscow Mathematical Gazette (Mathematical Egypt's down year in 1850 BC), and Shulba Sutra (Indian Mathematics numbered year 800 BC). All relevant papers to focus on what is commonly known as the Pythagorean theorem, which seems as a result of mathematical development of the most ancient and widespread after basic arithmetic and geometry. Maya number system From the beginning of recorded history, the major disciplines within mathematics arose because the calculation needs related to taxes and trade, to understand keterkatitan antarbilangan, for the measurement, and to predict astronomical events. This requirement can be attributed largely to the branches of mathematics which studies large scale, structures, spaces, and change. Mathematics has since flourished immediately, and there is a beneficial interaction between mathematics and science, beneficial to both parties. Mathematical discoveries are made throughout history and continues today. According to Mikhail B. Sevryuk, in January 2006 issue of Bulletin of the American Mathematical Society, "The number of papers and books that were included in the base dataMathematical Reviews since 1940 (first year of operation of MR), now exceeds 1.9 million, and exceeded 75 thousand articles added to the database each years. Most of the works in this ocean contain new mathematical theorems and proofs.