The 9x9 grid

1 10 19 28 37 46 55 64 73 2 11 20 29 38 47 56 65 74 3 12 21 30 39 48 57 66 75 4 13 22 31 40 49 58 67 76 5 14 23 32 41 50 59 68 77 6 15 24 33 42 51 60 69 78 7 16 25 34 43 52 61 70 79 8 17 26 35 44 53 62 71 80 9 18 27 36 45 54 63 72 81

By translating the T shape to some positions on the tops 2 rows, gives the following resultsWe can see the Translation T-number T-total pattern for a term to (1/0) 20 37 term of adding five (2/0) 21 42 to the previous term, (3/0) 22 47 this is because as the (4/0) 23 52 T shape is moved to (5/0) 24 57 change the t number (6/0) 25 62 by a value of one, all (7/0) 26 67 the other numbers (8/0) 27 72 are increased by one (9/0) 28 77 (0/1) 29 82

at the same time, thus causing a T-total increase in 5 when the T-number is increased by one. This gives us the formulaTn+1 = Tn +5
Where T is the T-total and where n is the T-number.

In the table there is a gap of two numbers between 26 and 29, this is because the rules of the investigation state that the T shape has to fit completely inside the grid and as shown below the T shapes with the T-number of 28 and 27 cannot be used because part of the T overlaps the borders. However when the correct number is moved into the overlapping space, that the formula works ever for those patterns (shown in italics).

From each T shape we can also create a rule for the t-total in relation to the T-number. To do this we must first describe all the numbers in the T shape in terms of n. 1 10 19 2 11 20 3 12 21 n19 n10 n-1 n- n18 17 n-9 n-8 n n+1

When described in terms of n, Each number becomeseven though this is a very simple way of expressing the numbers in terms of n when tested with all other possibilities on the grid it gives correct answers every time, this is because when you take any number on the 9x9 grid, there is a formula for working each number that is touching it. Take for example the number 11.

The number directly above any number is always 9 less than it The number to the left of because the grid is 9 numbers long. 1 any number will always be Giving the formula n-9 one less than it because the 10 numbers are arranged in ascending order, giving the 19 formula n-1

2 11 20

3 12 21

The number to the right of any number will always be one less than it because the numbers are arranged in ascending order, giving the formula n+1

The number directly below any number is always 9 more than it because the grid is 9 numbers long. Giving the formula n+9

Using these formulae we can see that the relationship of each number inside the T to the T-number will always be constant.

n19 n10 n-1

n- n18 17 n-9 n-8 n n+1

By adding up each of the numbers in the T shape we get a formula that will give us the relation of each T shape when given the T-number. Tn = n+n-9+n-18+n-19+n-17 = 5n-63

Changing the size of the grid

In this part of the investigation I will investigate different dimensions of grids other than 9x9 grid. 10x10 Grid using the same principals as before with the 9x9 square of a t shape consisting of 5 squares and the t number being the square at the bottom of the T, we can produce a set of resultsT-number (n) 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 32 33 34 T-total (T) 39 44 49 54 59 64 69 74 89 94 99

As before we can see the pattern emerging of when the t-number is increased by one the t-total is increased by five. This is for the same reasons as with the previous investigation. Therefore the term-to-term rule is the sameTn+1 = Tn +5
Where T is the T-total and where n is the T-number.

This term to term rule will be identical for any size grid providing that the T shape contains only 5 squares, this is because as the T number is increased all the 4 squares increase by the same value, causing an increase of 5 in the T-total with every increase of 1 to the T-number. The relationship between the T-number and the T-total is also similar to the 9x9 grid, when each number in the T shape is expressed using n we produce the followingn-21 n-11 n-1 n-20 n-10 n n-19 n-9 n+1

The reasons for this are identical to that of the 9x9 grid, taking into account that the grid is now 10x10 so any number directly above or below any other number will be 10 less or 10 more respectively. Therefore the relationship between the T-total and the T-number will beTn = n+n-10+n-20+n-19+n-21 = 5n-70

Now that the term-to-term rule has been generalised for any grid size I will now investigate a generalised rule to link the grid size, the t-total and the t-number. Below is a table listing the grid size, and the rule that links the t-total and the tnumber for that size of grid. These have been worked out using the same principals as used to find out the relationships in a 9x9 and a 10x10 grid. Grid size Rule 7x7 Tn = 5n-49 8x8 Tn = 5n-56 9x9 Tn = 5n-63 10x10 Tn = 5n-70 11x11 Tn = 5n-77 From this table we can see that there is a link between the grid size and the relationship between the T-total and the T-number. It appears that in every case the formula is Tn = 5n- 7 times the grid size. The reason for this can be explained using the same method as for a 9x9 grid.

The number directly above any number is always the width of the grid less than the number below because there are g numbers between them. The number to the left of any number will always be one less than it because the numbers are arranged in ascending order.

n-g1 n-1

n-g n

n-g+1 N+1

n+g- n+g n+g+1 1

The number to the right of any number will always be one less than it because the numbers are arranged in ascending order.

The number directly below any number is always the width of the grid greater than the number above.

Using this it is possible to re arrange the formulae so that the T-number is the subject. From this we are able to link the grid size, t-total and t-number. n2g-1 n-g1 n-1 n-2g n-g N n-2g +1 n-g+1 n+g+1

This give the formula Tn = n+n-g+n-2g+n-2g-1+n-2g+1 = 5n-7g

Where T is the T-total, N is the T-number and g is the width of the grid

Using all previous information, we can create a rule that gives the t-total of a t-shape when it is translated through a vector of (a,b) this means the t-shape is translated a squares across and b squares down. I have used this instead of the usual vector notation, because there is no simple way of createing it using none specialised software. When the t-shape is moved one square across the t-number increases by one, when the t-shape is moved down one, the t-number increases by the width of the grid. So

The current t-number (n) when translated through (a,b) will give us the new t-number (m) of m= n +5a +gb The t-total of the translated T-shape For any size of grid, and any translation, will therefore be T(a,b) = 5(n +5a +gb)- 7g
Where T(a,b) is the total of the translated t-shape, n is the original t-number and g is the grid size.

Transformations In this part of the investigation I am going to use rotations of the T-shape about a point of the vectors(a,b) from the t-numbers square. Firstly I will rotate the T shape thought 90o in a clockwise direction. When the t-shape is rotated through 90o, the new rule linking the t-number and the total will be n-g n-g+1 n-g +2 n n+1 N+2 n+g Tn = n +n+1 +n+2 +n-g+2 +n+g+2 = 5n+7 n+g+1 N+g+2

A b b

When the t-shape is rotated though 90o about the point (a,b) the new t-number will be a+b squares horizontally and ab squares vertically (or (a-b) multiplied by g.) Giving the formula n`=n +a+b+g(a-b) The to get the t-total will be T(a,b) 90 = 5(n+a-b+g(a-b)+1 )+7

Before I continue to the next rotations, I will find the relationship for rotated t-shape totals in terms of the t-number n-g2 n-2 n+g2 n-g-1 n-1 n+g-1 n-g N N+g

Tn = n +n-1 +n-2 +n+g-2 +n-g-2 = 5n-7

n-1 n-2 n+2g -1

n N+g n+2g

N+1 N+g+1 N+2g+1

Tn = n +n+g +n+2g +n+2g-1 +n+2g+1 = 5n+7g