Collection of Exercises

for the lecture

Electrical Machines I
by
Univ. Prof. Dr.Ing. Dr. h. c. G. Henneberger
RWTH Aachen
Edited and Processed
by Assistants of the Institute for Electrical Machines.
Stefan Dappen
Wilfried Hadrys
Thorsten Klepsch
Stefan K uppers
Burkhard Otto
Christian Reuber
Reprint prohibited
1.Edition
2003
Exercise P1
The following measurements are conducted on a three phase transformer
10, 5/0, 4 kV ; 50 kVA ; Dy5
in the test eld:
No load: U
10
= U
1N
; I
10
= 0, 1 A ; I
2
= 0 ; cos
1
= 0
Short circuit: U
1K
= 0, 05 U
1N
; I
1K
= I
1N
; U
2
= 0 ; P
1K
= 1, 5 kW
The following approximations are applied:
R
1
= R

2
; X
1
= X

2
; |R
1
+ jX
1
| X
1h
Saturation and iron losses can be neglected.
a) Calculate the components of the single phase equivalent circuit diagram referred to the
low voltage side for u =
w
1
w
2
.
b) Determine u
R
, u
X
and u
K
.
The three phase transformer is connected in parallel with a second three phase transformer
whose data are as follows:
10, 5/0, 4 kV ; 100 kVA ; Yy0 ; u
K
= 10 % ; tan
K
= 0, 75
c) Determine the balancing current in magnitude and phase at no load?
d) Calculate the delivered power of the two transformers, when one transformer with the
connection group Yz5 is used instead of the 2nd transformer with the connection group
Yy0. Is this parallel connection meaningful?
Solution:
a) Single phase ECD, referred to HV-side :
No load : U
1
= (R
1
+ j (X
1
+ X
1h
)) I
1
with |R
1
+ j X
1
| << X
1h
weget :
U
1
= j X
1h
I
10
X
1h
=
U
1
I
10
=
10, 5 kV

3 0, 1 A
= 60, 6 k
Short-circuit: Equivalent circuit diagram:
I
1K
= I
1N
=
S
N

3 U
N
=
50kVA

3 10, 5 kV
= 2, 75 A
P
1K
= 3 R
K
I
2
1K
= 3
_
R
1
+ R

2
_
I
2
1K
= 3 (2 R
1
) I
2
1K
R
1
= R

2
=
P
1K
6 I
2
1K
=
1, 5 kW
6 (2, 75 A)
2
= 33
U
1K
I
1K
=
_
(2 R
1
)
2
+ (2 X
1
)
2
2
X
1
= X

2
=
_
_
U
1K
2 I
1K
_
2
R
2
1
=

_
0, 05 10, 5 kV
2

3 2, 75 A
_
2
(33 )
2
= 44
referred to the LV-side: Equivalent circuit diagram
X
1h
=
_
400 V
10500 V
_
2
60, 6 k = 88
X
2
= X

1
=
_
400
10500
_
2
44 = 64 m
R
2
= R

1
=
_
400
10500
_
2
33 = 48 m
b) u
R
and u
X
are the voltage drops across R
K
and X
K
at nominal voltage.
u
R
=

3 R
K
I
K
U
N
=
3 R
K
I
2
N

3 U
N
I
N
=
P
1K
S
N
=
1, 5 kW
50 kVA
= 0, 03
u
K
=
U
K
U
N
=
0, 05 U
N
U
N
= 0, 05
u
X
=
_
u
2
K
u
2
R
=
_
0, 05
2
0, 03
2
= 0, 04
3
c) ECD referred to LV-side:
Trafo A: U
A
=
400 V

3
e
j150

Z
KA
= (2 48 m + j 2 64 m) = (0, 096 + j 0, 128)
Trafo B: U
B
=
400 V

3
e
j0

Z
KB
=
U
KB
I
NB
=
0, 1 U
NB
/

3
S
NB
/
_
3 U
NB
_
=
0, 1 U
2
NB
S
NB
=
0, 1 (400 kV)
2
100 kVA
= 0, 16
Z
KB
=
_
R
2
KB
+ X
2
KB
; tan
KB
=
X
KB
R
KB
X
KB
=
Z
KB
_
1 + (tan
KB
)
2
=
0, 16
_
1 + (0, 75)
2
= 0, 096
R
KB
=
0, 096
0, 75
= 0, 128
Z
KB
= (0, 128 + j 0, 096)
I
A
=
U
B
U
A
Z
KA
+ Z
KB
=
400 V

3

_
e
j150

1
_
(0, 224 + j0, 224)
=
400 V 1, 932 e
j195

3 0, 317 e
j45

= 1407 A e
j150

4
d) ECD:
The total current divides between the two transformers.
I
A
I
B
=
Z
KB
Z
KA

I
A
I
B

Z
KB
Z
KA

(Current division rule)

I
A
I
B
=
Z
KB
Z
KA
= 1
I
A
= I
B
Therefore both the transformers carry the same current. But:
I
NA
I
NB
=
S
NA
S
NB
=
1
2
I
NA
=
1
2
I
NB
Transformer A is endangered by overload.
Maximum apparent powers:
S
A
= S
AN
= 50 kVA, with I
A
= I
AN
S
B
= S
AN
= 50 kVA, with I
B
= I
A
= I
AN
The parallel connection is not meaningful since the transformer B is only used to 50
5
Exercise P2
A separately excited DC motor with full eld and nominal voltage has a speed reduction bet-
ween no-load speed and nominal speed which is 5 % of the no-load speed. The other machine
data are:
P
N
= 50 kW, U
N
= 500 V, U
fN
= 220 V, I
fN
= 10 A, n
0
= 800 min
1
.
The saturation and all losses except copper losses can be neglected.
a) Calculate the nominal current, armature resistance and efciency of the motor in nominal
operation.
b) The motor is excited for a short time with a eld current of 4 A and loaded with 90 %
the nominal moment. Calculate the speed in this case and the speed at no-load. Why is
this operation permitted only for a short-time?
c) Apart from the no-load with nominal voltage and full eld the excitation voltage is re-
duced to 198 V. The inductance of the excitation winding is 16,5 H. The speed can be
assumed as constant because of the greater moment of inertia of the rotating masses.
Calculate the torque after long time. Determine the time-characteristic of current and
torque.
d) The machine receives an additional series winding which is assumed to have no resistan-
ce and is connected in such a way that it aids the separately excited eld in the motor
operation. Its ux-linkage at nominal current is equal to half the nominal ux linkage
of the separately excited winding. Which is the necessary excitation current through the
separately excited winding so that the machine gives a current of I = 0, 95 I
N
and a
torque of M = 0, 8 M
N
? What is the speed of the machine?
6
Solution:
a) n
N
= 800 min
1
0, 05 800 min
1
= 760 min
1
U
iN
U
N
=
n
N
n
0
=
760
800
U
iN
= 475 V
I
N
=
P
N
U
iN
=
50000
475
A = 105, 26 A
R
A
=
(500 475) V
105, 26 A
= 0, 2375

N
=
P
N
U
N
I
N
+ I
fN
U
fN
=
50000
52630 + 2200
= 0, 9119
b) I
b
= 0, 9 I
N

I
fN
I
fb
= 236, 835 A
U
ib
= 500 V 236, 835 A 0, 2375 = 443, 75 V
n
b
=
I
fN
I
fb

U
ib
U
N
n
0
= 2, 5
443, 75
500
800 min
1
= 1775 min
1
No-load speed: n
b0
= 2, 5 n
0
= 2000 min
1
Operation carried out because I
b
> I
N
for thermal overloading!
c) Strong reduction of the excitation voltage:
new I
fc
(t ) = 0, 9 10 A = 9 A
exponential transition I
fN
I
fc
mit =
L
f
R
f
=
16, 5 H
22
= 0, 75 sec
I
f
(t)
I
fN
= 0, 9 + 0, 1 e
t/0, 75 sec
I
A
|
t
=
500 V 500 V 0, 9
R
A
= 210, 53 A = 2 I
N
(During the self-regulation process n = n
0
shall be constant!)
M|
t
= M
N

I
A
I
N

I
f
I
N
= 0, 9 2 M
N
= 1, 8 M
N
Time characteristics:
I(t) = 2 I
N

_
1 e
t/0, 75 sec
_
M(t)
M
N
=
I
f
(t)
I
fN

I (t)
I
N
= 2
_
1 e
t/0, 75sec
_

_
0, 9 + 0, 1 e
t/0, 75sec
_
7
d) Excitation current: k
d)
=
_
0, 95
2
+
I
fd
I
fN
_
k
N
M
M
N
= 0, 8 =
I
d
I
N

k
d)
k
N
= 0, 95
k
d)
k
N
0, 95
2
+
I
fd
I
fN
=
0, 8
0, 95

I
fd
I
fN
= 0, 367
I
fd)
= 0, 367 10 A = 3, 67 A
Speed: k
d)
=
0, 8
0, 95
k
N
= 0, 842 k
N
n
d)
n
0N
=
U
id)
U
N

1
0, 842
U
id)
= 500 V 0, 2375 0, 95 105, 26 A = 476, 25 V
n
d)
= 800 min
1

476, 25
500

1
0, 842
= 905 min
1
8
Exercise P3
A DC-series motor has the following nominal data
U
N
= 600 V; P
N
= 100 kW; n
N
= 2500 min
1
The losses in the eld winding amount to 2,5 % and in armature circuit 3 % of the nominal
power.
At the nominal point, the machine has a ux of
N
, in the area below, the machine is unsatu-
rated. From the nominal ux, =
N

_
1 + 0, 2
I
F
I
N
I
N
_
, where I
F
is the eld current and
I
N
is the nominal current of the machine. All losses except copper losses can be neglected.
a) Determine the nominal current of the machine, R
A
and R
F
!
b) At the operation with I = 1, 5 I
N
and at nominal voltage, give the speed and power!
c) Determine the value of a parallel resistance across the eld winding, so that 65 % of the
nominal torque is developed at a speed of 3500 min
1
at nominal voltage.
d) Which is the breaking resistance at a speed of 1000 1/min and at a breaking moment of
1, 5 M
N
(resistance breaking, no parallel resistance across eld)?
Solution:
a) P
gesN
= P
N
(1 + 0, 03 + 0, 025) = 105, 5 kW
I
N
=
105, 5 kW
600 V
= 175, 83 A
R
A
=
P
VA
I
2
N
=
3000 W
175, 83
2
A
2
= 97, 03 m
R
F
=
2500 W
175, 83
2
A
2
= 80, 86 m
b) U
iN
=
1
1, 055
600 V = 568, 72 V
k
N
=
568, 72 V
2500 min
1
= 0, 2275 Vmin
k
b)
= k
N
(1 + 0, 2 (1, 5 1)) = 1, 1 k
N
= 0, 2503 Vmin
U
ib)
= U
N
1, 5 I
N
(R
A
+ R
F
)
= 600 V 175, 83 A 1, 5 (97, 03 + 80, 86) m
= 600 V 46, 92 V = 553, 08 V
9
n
b)
=
U
ib)
k
b)
=
553, 08 V
0, 2503 Vmin
= 2209, 7 min
1
P
b)
= U
ib)
1, 5 I
N
= 145, 87 kW
c) Assumption: The machine is unsaturated, so eld weakening operation
I) M
c)
= 0, 65 M
N

1
2
k I =
1
2
0, 65 k
N
I
N
unsaturated k = k
N

I
I
N

1
f
f = 1 +
R
F
R
P
1
f
I
2
= 0, 65 I
2
N
I = I
N

0, 65 f
II) U
i
= U
N
I
_
R
A
+
R
F
f
_
= U
N
I
N

0, 65 f
_
R
A
+
R
F
f
_
U
i
= kn = k
N

1
f

0, 65 f n
equals to I
N
R
A
f
U
N
_
0, 65

f + I
N
R
F
+ k
N
n = 0
17, 06 V
_

f
_
2
744, 21 V

f + 810, 47 V = 0
_

f
_
2
43, 62

f + 47, 50 = 0

f = 1, 18
f = 1, 249
R
P
=
R
F
f 1
=
80, 86 m
0, 249
= 0, 324
I = 0, 9012 I
N
Machine unsaturated!
d) 1, 5 M
N
= 1, 5
k
N
2
I
N
=
1
2
k
N

_
1 + 0, 2
I I
N
I
N
_
I
(Assumption: The machine is saturated )
1, 5 =
I
I
N
+ 0, 2
_
I
I
N
_
2
0, 2
I
I
N
_
I
I
N
_
2
+ 4
I
I
N
7, 5 = 0
I
I
N
= 2 +

11, 5 = 1, 3912 saturated!

N
= 1 + 0, 2 0, 3912 = 1, 0782
U
i
= k
N

N
n = I (R
B
+ R
A
+ R
F
)
R
B
=
0, 2275 1, 0782 1000 V
175, 83 1, 3912 A
(80, 86 + 97, 03) m = 0, 8249
10
Exercise P4
A separately excited DC machine has the following nominal data:
U
N
= 600 V ; n
Gr
= 800 min
1
; n
N
= 760 min
1
P
N
= 90 kW ; U
fN
= 200 V ; I
fN
= 20 A
The machine is unsaturated and only the copper losses in the armature and eld winding are
considered.
a) Determine the current and the efciency at nominal operation!
b) Calculate the torque and the speed at nominal voltage and nominal current at an excita-
tion current of 10 A.
c) The separately excited winding is replaced by a series winding with the same total copper
cross-section. The current I
N
produces the same air-gap inductance as the current I
fN
in
the separately excited motor. Calculate the rotational torque and speed at 1, 2 I
N
und
U = 500 V!
d) Determine the torque and speed at nominal current and nominal voltage when the series
winding in c) is connected in parallel with a resistance of 0, 2 !
Solution:
General ECD:
a) I
A
=
P
N
U
i
;
U
i
U
i0
=
U
i
U
N
=
k
N
k
N

n
N
n
Gr
I
A
=
P
N
n
Gr
U
N
n
N
=
90 kW
600 V

800
760
= 157, 9 A

N
=
P
N
U
N
I
A
+ U
FN
I
FN
=
90 kW
600 V 157, 9 A + 200 V 20 A
= 91, 15 %
11
b)
U
i0
U
ib
=
k
N
k

N
2

n
Gr
n
b
= 2
n
Gr
n
b
(no saturation)
n
b
= 2 n
Gr

U
ib
U
N
U
iN
= U
N
I
AN
R
A
R
A
=
U
N
U
iN
I
AN
=
U
N
U
N

n
N
n
Gr
I
AN
=
U
N
I
AN
_
1
n
N
n
Gr
_
=
600 V
157, 9 A
_
1
760
800
_
= 190 m
U
ib
= 600 V 157, 9 A 190 m = 570 V = U
iN
n
b
= 2
800
min

570 V
600 V
= 1520 min
1
M =
k
N
2 2
I
A
=
1
2

U
N
/n
Gr
2
I
AN
=
1
2

600 V
800/min
2
157, 9 A = 565, 4 Nm =
M
N
2
c)
Separately excited: I
F
(no saturation)
Series wounded: I
A
M =
k
2
I
A
=
1, 2 k
N
2
1, 2 I
N
= (1, 2)
2 k
N
2
I
N
= (1, 2)
2
M
N
= (1, 2)
2
2 565, 4 Nm = 1628, 4 Nm
same cross-section of series and separately excited winding, i.e. same copper losses
R
FR
I
2
N
= R
FF
I
2
FN
12
R
FR
=
U
FN
I
FN

_
I
FN
I
N
_
2
=
200 V
20 A
_
20 A
157, 9 A
_
2
= 160 m
U
i
= UI
A
(R
A
+ R
FR
) = 1, 2 k
N
n
c
n
c
=
UI
A
(R
A
+ R
FR
)
1, 2 k
N
..
=
U
N
n
Gr
=
500 V 1, 2 157, 9 A(190 + 160) m
1, 2
600 V
800 min
1
n
c
= 482 min
1
d) I
FD
= I
N

1
f
= I
N

R
P
R
FR
+ R
P
f = 1, 8
k = k
N

1
f
= k
N

1
1, 8
M =
k
N
/1, 8
2
I
N
=
U
N
/n
Gr
1, 8 2
I
N
=
600 V
800/60 s
1, 8 2
157, 9 A = 628 Nm
n
d
= n
Gr
U
id
U
N

k
N
k
N
1, 8
= 1, 8 n
Gr

1
U
N
_
U I
A
_
R
A
+
R
FR
f
__
= 1, 8
860
min

1
600 V
_
600 V 157, 9 A
_
0, 190 +
0, 160
1, 8
__
= 1434 min
1
13
Exercise P5
For a DC shunt motor, the following data is known:
U
N
= 110 V ; P
N
= 12, 5 kW ; n
N
= 1400 min
1
At nominal operation, the eld copper losses are 0, 5 kW and the armature copper losses are
0, 9 kW. Saturation and all losses except the armature and eld copper losses can be neglected.
a) Calculate the efciency, the eld current and the armature current at nominal operation.
b) The machine is operated with half the nominal voltage. Determine the no-load speed, the
speed and the terminal current at a loading of 1/3 times the nominal torque.
c) The DC shunt machine shall be now operated as a generator from a 110 VPower supply
and a power of 11 kW is supplied. Which working torque and working speed have to be
chosen?
d) The shunt winding is replaced by a series winding, so that at nominal armature current
the same eld copper losses and i ux linkages are created. Calculate now torque and
speed at nominal voltage and nominal armature current in motor operation.
Solution:
a)
=
P
ab
P
auf
=
N
=
P
N
P
N
+ P
A
+ P
F

N
=
12, 5kW
12, 5kW + 0, 5kW + 0, 9kW
= 0, 9
P
F
= U
F
I
F
=
I
F
=
P
F
U
F
=
0, 5kW
110V
= 4, 5A
P
auf
= U I
A
+ P
F
=
P
N

N
=
I
A
=
1
U
_
P
N

N
P
F
_
=
1
110V
_
12, 5kW
0, 9
0, 5kW
_
= 121, 2A
R
F
=
U
I
F
=
110V
4, 5A
= 24, 44 R
A
=
P
A
I
2
A
=
0, 9kW
(121, 2A)
2
= 61, 3m
14
b)
U =
U
N
2
M = 1/3M
N
with a) U
i
= U
N
I
AN
R
A
= 110V 121, 2A 61, 3m = 102, 6V
U
iN
U
ib)
=
k
N
n
N
k
b)
n
0b)
with U = U
N
/2 = k
b)
=
k
N
2
U
ib)0
=
1
2
U
N
U
iN
1
2
U
N
=
n
N
1
2
n
0b)
= n
0b)
= n
N

U
N
U
iN
= 1400min
1

110V
102, 6V
= 1502min
1
k
N
=
U
iN
n
N
=
102.6V
1400
60ms
= 4, 4Vs
M
N
3
at

N
2
= I
A
=
2
3
I
AN
= 80, 8A
U
ib)
= U
2
3
I
A
R
A
= 55V
2
3
121, 2A 61, 3m = 49, 9V
n
b)
=
49, 9V
1
2
4, 4Vs
= 1361, 2min
1
I = I
A
+ I
F
= 80, 8A +
4, 5A
2
= 83, 05A
c)
P = U I = 11kW I =
11kW
110V
= 100A
I
A
= 100A + 4, 5A = 104, 5A
U
i
= 110V + 104, 5A 61, 3m = 116, 32V
U
i
= 4, 4Vs n
c)
=
n
c)
=
116, 32V
4, 4Vs
= 1586min
1
M =
k
N
2
I
A
=
4, 4Vs
2
104, 5A = 73, 2Nm
d)
15
R
F
I
2
FN
= R
R
I
2
AN
= R
R
= R
F
I
2
FN
I
2
AN
= 24, 4
(4, 5A)
2
(121, 2A)
2
R
R
= 33, 6m
U
i
= UI
A
(R
A
+ R
R
)
= 110V 121, 2A(61, 3m + 33, 6m) = 98, 5V
Same excitation = =
N
= M =
k
N
2
I
AN
=
4, 4Vs
2
121, 2A
M = 84, 9Nm n =
98, 5V
4, 4Vs
= 1343min
1
16
Exercise P6
For a DC series wound machine, operating as a tram motor, the following data is known:
U
N
= 600 V, I
N
= 180 A, P
N
= 95 kW.
The copper losses in the armature and eld winding are equal. The relation between the torque
and current is given by the following characteristic:
M/Nm 36 145 323 906 1294 1488
I/A 30 60 90 180 240 270
All losses except the copper losses in the armature and eld winding can be neglected.
a) Calculate the nominal efciency, armature and eld resistance as well as the nominal
speed.
b) A resistance of same value as that of the excitation winding is connected in parallel
with the excitation winding. Determine now the speed and torque at nominal voltage and
nominal current!
c) At nominal operation with nominal voltage,the parallel resistance to the excitation win-
ding is removed and instead, a starter winding of 5 times the excitation winding is
connected in the armature circuit. Determine the starting current. Determine the speed
and efciency at 1,333 times the nominal current.
d) The series wound machine is disconnected from the supply and without any starter resi-
stance, a breaking resistance of 3 times the eld resistance is connected. Calculate speed
and breaking power at 1,5 times the nominal current.
Solution:
a)
17
=
P
ab
P
auf
=
P
N
U
N
I
N
=
95kW
600V 180A
= 0.88
U
N
I
N
= P
N
+ 2 R
A
I
2
N
(R
A
= R
R
)
R
A
=
1
2
_
U
N
I
N

P
N
I
2
N
_
=
1
2
_
600V
180A

95kW
(180A)
2
_
R
A
= 200m M |
I
AN
= 906Nm =
P
N
2n
N
n
N
=
95kW
2 906Nm
= 1001min
1
b)
R
P
= R
R
U
A
= U
AN
and I
A
= I
AN
I
F
=
I
AN
2
M I
A
= (90A)
M(I
F
= 90A; I
A
= 180A) =
M(I
F
= 90A; I
A
= 90A)
180A
90A
= 323Nm 2 = 646Nm
U
i
= U
AN
1, 5 R
A
I
AN
= 600V 1, 5 0, 2 180A = 546V
n =
P
2M
=
546V 180A
2 646Nm
= 1453min
1
c)
18
R
V
= 5 R
R
I
K
= I(U
i
= 0) =
U
N
R
V
+ R
A
+ R
R
=
600V
7 0, 2
= 428A
I
A
= 1, 3333 I
AN
= 240A
M = M(240A) = 1294Nm
U
i
= 600V 7 0, 2 240A = 467, 6min
1
=
264V 240A
600V 240A
= 0, 44
d)
I
A
= 1, 5 I
AN
= 270A
M = M(270A) = 1488Nm
U
i
= 5 R
F
1, 5I
AN
=
5 0, 2 1, 5 180A = 270V
P = 270V 270mA = 72, 9kW =
72, 9kW
2 1488Nm
= 467, 8min
1
19
Exercise P7
Given is a DC shunt wound motor with:
P
N
= 50 kW ; n
N
= 1430 min
1
; n
0
= 1500 min
1
U
N
= 440 V ; R
F
= 110
At the operation of motor as a seperately excited generator, at no-load with a no-load speed of
n
0
, the following relation is measured between the eld current and the induced voltage:
I
F
/A 0 1 2 3 4
U
i
/V 0 185 340 405 440
Armature reaction and all losses except the copper losses in the armature and excitation win-
ding can be neglected.
a) Calculate the nominal torque, the nominal eld current and the armature nominal current!
b) Calculate the armature resistance, the nominal current and the nominal efciency!
c) Which speed is adjusted at the 440V supply in motor operation, when in the eld circuit,
a resistance of 110 is connected and the machine is no-loaded? Which armature current
and speed is given at a loading with half the nominal torque?
d) The DC machine is operated as a shunt generator at a 330 V-power supply without any
additional resistance in the eld circuit and a power of 33 kW is supplied. Calculate the
armature current, the working torque and the speed!
Solution:
a)
M
N
=
P
N
2n
N
= 50 kW2 1430 min
1
= 334 Nm
I
fN
=
U
A
R
f
=
440 V
110
from table : k
N
=
U
i
(I
f
= 4A)
n
0
=
440 V
1500 min
1
= 17, 6 Vs
I
AN
=
P
N
k
N
n
N
=
50 kW
17, 6 Vs 1430 min
1
= 119, 2 A
b)
20
I
N
= I
AN
+ I
fN
= 123, 3 A
R
A
=
U
A
k
N
n
N
I
A
=
440 V 17, 6 Vs 1430 min
1
119, 2 A
= 0.172
=
P
N
U
A
I
N
= 50 kW440 V 123, 3 A = 0, 922
c)
I
fc
= 2 A = k
c
=
340 V
1500 min
1
= 13, 6 Vs
n
0c
= 1500 min
1

440 V
340 V
= 1941, 2 min
1
M
c
=
1
2
M
N
=
k
c
2
I
Ac
= I
Ac
=
M
N

k
c
=
334 Nm
13, 6 Vs
= 77, 2 A
n
c
=
U
A
R
A
I
Ac
k
c
=
440 V 0.172 77, 2 A
13, 6 Vs
= 1882, 6 min
1
d)
I
A
= I + I
f
=
33 kW
330 V
+
330 V
110
= 103 A
k
d
=
405 V
1500 min
1
= 16, 2 Vs
M
d
=
k
d
2
I
A
=
16, 2 Vs
2
103 A = 265, 6 Nm
n
d
=
U
i
k
d
=
330 V + 0, 172 103 A
16, 2 Vs
= 1287, 8 min
1
21
Exercise P8
A DC series-wound machine for a tram application has the following data:
U
N
= 600; V ; I
N
= 200 A ; n
N
= 1600 min
1
The ohmic resistance of the armature and eld winding each amounts to 0, 03 .

N
=
_
I
I
N
All other losses of the machine can be neglected.
a) Calculate the nominal power, nominal torque and the nominal efciency!
b) Calculate the speed and the torque of the machine if a resistance equal to the eld resi-
stance is connected in parallel with the eld winding!
c) Which value have the starter resistance and the torque when the current is double the
nominal value and the voltage of half the nominal voltage is supplied. If the starter resi-
stance is not removed, then determine the speed at the nominal current.
d) When the speed is 500 1/min and the torque is double the nominal torque, calculate the
current and the breaking resistance.
Solution:
a)
Powerbalance : P = U
N
I
N
= P
N
+ I
2
N
(R
A
+ R
f
)
P
N
= U
N
I
N
I
2
N
(R
A
+ R
f
) =
600 V 200 A(200 A)
2
(0, 0, 3 + 0, 03) = 117, 6 kW
M
N
=
P
N
2 1600
60 s = 701, 9 Nm

N
=
P
N
P
=
117, 6 kW
600 V 200
= 0, 98
b)
22
I
F
=
I
N
2
= frac
N
=

I
N
2
I
N
=
1

2
Meshcirculation : U
N
= I
N

_
R
f
2
+ R
A
_
+k n
= I
N

_
R
f
2
+ R
A
_
+
k
N
n

2
from a) : k
N
=
M
N
2
I
N
=
701, 9 Nm 2
200 A
= 22, 05 Vs
= n = (U
N
I
N
_
R
f
2
+ R
A
_

2
k
N
= (600 V 200 A(0, 015 + 0, 03))

2
22, 05 Vs
= 2274 min
1
M =
k
2

N
2
I
N
=
M
N

2
=
701, 9 Nm

2
= 496, 3 Nm
c)
U =
U
N
2
I = 2 I
N
Start up : U
i
= 0
Mesh : U = I (R
A
+ R
f
+ R
V
)R
V
=
U
I
R
A
R
f
=
U
N
4 I
N
R
A
R
f
=
600 V
4 200 A
0, 06 = 0, 69
M =
k
2
I I = 2 I
N
k =

2 k
N
= M
A
= 2

2 M
N
= 2

2 701, 9 Nm = 1985 Nm
n(I = I
N
) =?
U
N
2
= I
N
(R
A
+ R
f
+ R
V
) + k
N
n
= n =
_
U
N
2
I
N
(R
A
+ R
f
+ R
V
)
_
1
k
N
=
_
600 V
2
200 A(0, 06 + 0, 69)
_

1
22, 05 Vs
= 408, 2 min
1
d)
23
M = 2 M
N
k =
_
I
I
N
k
N
M = 2 M
N
=
_
I
I
N
k
N
I
2

I
N
I
N
=
_
I
I
N
M
N
I
I
N
= 2 =
_
I
I
N
_
3/2
=
I
I
N
= 2
2/3
= 1, 587
= I = 317, 5 A
U
i
= k n =
k
k
N
=
_
I
I
N
= (2
2/3
)
1/2
= 2
1/3
U
i
= 2
1/3
22, 05 Vs
500
60s
= 231, 5V
U
i
I
= R
A
+ R
f
+ R
B
= R
B
=
U
i
I
R
A
+ R
f
=
231, 5 V
317, 5 A
0, 06 = 0, 669
24
Exercise P9
A three-phase machine with slip-ring rotor and with both star-connected windings has the fol-
lowing nominal data:
U
N
= 500 V; I
N
= 90 A; cos
N
= 0, 875; f = 50 s
1
; p = 3
When the stator is at nominal voltage, in standstill with open rotor, one measures a voltage
of 250 V between the two sliprings and at synchronous run, the machine takes up a current
of 30 A. The saturation and all losses, except the rotor copper losses, can be neglected. The
winding factor of all harmonics is equal to zero.
a) Calculate the rotor current and the angle between I
1
und I

2
as well as the nominal torque
at nominal operation with nominal voltage.
b) The stator of the machine has no constant voltage, it is supplied from a three-phase 50Hz
system with a current of 90 A. At the same time the rotor is supplied from a three-phase
25Hz system with a current of 140 A (Both systems have the same phase sequence). The
stator and rotor current and so the ux linkages also stay constant in their amplitude. The
voltage of the machine is not constant.
Determine the speed.
How does the speed change with the torque?
Calculate the maximum torque.
c) How does the stator voltage change with the torque when the supply remains as in b)?
Calculate the value of this voltage at M = 0 and M = M
max
.
d) Now the machine is supplied as in b), but the stator has an additional 3 phase 250Hz
system with a current of 18 A, whose phase sequence is opposite to the 3-phase 50Hz
system.
Determine the time characteristic of the torque at no load.
25
Solution
a) Equivalent circuit diagram:
Vector Diagram at nominal point:
from vector diagram:
_
I

2N
1 +
1
_
2
= I
2
1N
+ I
2
0
2 I
1N
I
0
cos (90

N
) (Law of cosines)

_
I

2N
1 +
1
_
2
=
_
90
2
+ 30
2
2 90 30 cos 61

_
A
2
= 6400 A
2

2N
1 +
1
= 80 A
U
1N
U
20
=
w
1

1
w
2

2
(1 +
1
) =
500 V
250 V
= 2
I
2N
=
w
1

1
(1 +
1
)
w
2

2

I

2N
1 +
1
= 2 80 A = 160 A
from vector diagram:
26
I
2
0
= I
2
1N
+
_
I

2N
1 +
1
_
2
2 I
1N

2N
1 +
1
cos
cos =
I
0
2
I
2
1N

_
I

2N
1 +
1
_
2
2 I
1N

2N
1 +
1
=
900 8100 6400
2 90 80
= 0, 945
= 19

P
D
= M
N

0
p
=

3 U
1N
I
1N
cos
N
M
N
=

3 U
1N
I
1N
cos
N
p

0
=

3 500 V 90 A 0, 875 3
314 s
1
= 650 Nm
b) Constant torque:
f
Stator
p
=
f
Rotor
p
+ n
n =
1
p
(f
Stator
f
Rotor
) =
1
3

_
50 s
1
25 s
1
_
=
25
3
s
1
= 500 min
1
The speed is constant (Synchronous run), only the angle between the stator and rotor
ux-linkage changes with the rotating torque.
M
D1

D2
sin
I
1

2
1 +
1
sin
: Angle between Stator and Rotor ux-linkage
M
N
I
1N

2N
1 +
1
sin
N

N
=
N
(s. ZD)
The maximum torque appears at =

2
:
M
max
=
M
N
sin
N

I
1
I

2
/(1 +
1
)
I
1N
I

2N
/(1 +
1
)
here
I

2
1 +
1
=
1
2
I
2
=
1
2
140 A = 70 A
M
max
=
650 Nm
0, 326

90 70
90 80
= 1745 Nm
c) induced voltage in stator : U
1
= X
1
I

with I

: Magnetising current
27
At the operation with the injected current, the stator ux linkage and the induced voltage
are not only constant, but also independent from the rotating torque U = f ()
M = 0 : = ; = 0
(The operation with = 0 is not possible,
Then the voltage will be very high!)
I

= I
1

2N
1 +
1
= 90 A 70 A = 20 A
In a) itisgiventhat I

= I
0
= 30 A : U
1N
= 500 V
U
1
= 500 V
20 A
30 A
= 333 V
M = M
max
: = =

2
I

I
2
1
+
_
I

2N
1 +
1
_
2
= 114 A
U
1
= 500 V
114 A
30 A
= 1900 V
d) The ux linkage
D2
created by the rotor current produces a rotating torque with the
ux linkages in the stator, the rotor rotates with n = 500 min
1
.
1)
D1
of the stator current I
1
= 90 A

D2
of the stator current I
2
= 140 A
M = 0, so the machine is unstable.
28
2)
D5
the stator current I
5
= 18 A

D2
the rotor current I
2
= 140 A
Both rotating elds have various peripheral speeds, so there is no constant torque.
The torque varies with
250 s
1
+ 50 s
1
= 300 s
1
M
pmax
=
M
N
I
5
I
2
sin
N
I
1N
I
2N
=
650 Nm 18 140
0, 326 90 160
= 350 Nm
M
p
(t) = 350 Nm sin
_
2 300 s
1
t
_
29
Exercise P10
An induction motor with slip-ring rotor (p=2) has a nominal voltage of U
N
= 380 V and a
nominal frequency of 50 s
1
. The nominal slip of the machine is 0,04.
For the nominal point, the circle diagram of the current is given as:
I
N
= 47 A e
j32,67

2N
(1 +
1
)
= 40, 7 A e
j166,4

I
0
= I

N
+
I
2N
(1 +
1
)
= j 15, 8 A
The saturation and all losses except the rotor copper losses can be neglected.
a) Determine the nominal power and breakdown slip at nominal voltage and nominal fre-
quency!
b) Determine the breakdown torque and the current at the breakdown point at nominal vol-
tage and nominal frequency!
c) Calculate the breakdown torque and the current at the breakdown point by the supply
with 310 V(Line to line) and f = 47, 5 s
1
!
d) The machine is operated as a synchronous machine at nominal voltage and nominal
frequency with a DC supply between the 2 slip rings (3rd slipring open). The DC current
is adjusted in a way that, the rotor ux linkage is equal to the nominal rotor ux linkage
of the induction machine. Calculate the breakdown torque of the synchronous machine.
Solution:
a) P
DN
=

3 U
N
I
N
cos
N
P
N
= (1 s
N
) P
DN
=

3 380 V 47 A cos 32, 67

(1 0, 04) = 25 kW
Read: s
Kipp
= 17, 1 %
b) Read: I
Kipp,Wirk
= 86, 6 A
M
Kipp
=
P
2f
N

3 U
N
I
W,Kipp
=
2s
2 50

3 380 V 86, 6 A = 362, 9 Nm

Read: I
Kipp
= 134, 2 A
c) Scale changes:
m
I
=
310
380

50
47, 5
m
I,N
= 0, 859 10
A
cm
m
M
= (0, 859)
2
m
M,N
= 0, 737 m
M,N
I
Kipp,c)
= 0, 859 134, 2 A = 115, 2 A
30
M
Kipp,c)
= 0, 737 362, 9 Nm = 267, 5 Nm
d) The radius of the circle
I

2N
1+
1
is same as the resulting rotor ux-linkage. At the breakdown
point as synchronous machine
I

2
1+
1
stands perpendicular to I
0
, i.e.
I

2
1+
1
is real. Then it
is true that:
M
Kipp
SYM
=
P
2f
N

3 U
N
I

2N
1 +
1
= M
Kipp
ASM

40, 7 A
86, 6 A
= 170, 5 Nm
31
32
Exercise P11
An induction machine with short-circuited rotor has the following data:
U
N
= 660 V (Line to line); f
N
= 50 s
1
; p = 3
M
Kipp
= 1990 Nm; cos
Kipp
= 0, 65; s
Kipp
= 0, 17
Current displacement, saturation and all losses except the rotor copper losses can be neglected.
a) Determine the no-load current at nominal voltage and nominal frequency!
b) Give the slip and power factor for the nominal point, when M
Kipp
/M
N
= 2, 5!
c) Calculate the torque and the power factor at the optimal point for this machine!
d) Determine the breakdown torque, when the supply voltage is 550 V and the frequency is
45 s
1
.
Solution:
a)
Kipp
= arccos 0, 65 = 49, 46

I
w,Kipp
= M
Kipp

2f
0
p

1

3 U
N
= 1990 Nm
2 50
3

1

3 660 V
= 182, 3 A
I
Kipp
=
I
w,Kipp
0, 65
= 280, 5 A
Read I
0
= 30 A
b) M
Kipp

= 9, 11 cm M
N

=
9, 11
2, 5
= 3, 65 cm
s
N
=
1, 82
50
= 3, 64 %

N
= 32, 4

cos
N
= 0, 844
c)
opt
= 31, 1

cos
opt
= 0, 856
M
opt
= 1990 Nm
4, 73 cm
9, 11 cm
= 1033 Nm
d) M
Kipp

_
U
f
_
2
; M
Kipp,d)
= 1990 Nm
_
550
660

50
45
_
2
= 1706 Nm
33
34
Exercise P12
A 4-pole induction motor [ f
N
= 50 s
1
; U
N
= 380 V (Line to line)] has a no-load current of
9 A and a breakdown torque of 262, 5 Nm with a breakdown slip of 11, 2 %.
All losses except rotor copper losses as well as the saturation can be neglected.
a) Give the nominal slip and the nominal power of the motor if M
Kipp
/M
N
shall be = 2!
b) Give the nominal current and the nominal power factor for the case a)!
c) Due to a power supply disturbance, the nominal frequency falls to 48 s
1
and the voltage
to 310 V (Line to line). Determine now the breakdown torque of the motor and what
is the value of the slip if rotational torque(nominal torque) stays constant during the
disturbance.
d) Which current and power factor appears in case of c)?
Solution:
a) I
wKipp
=
M
Kipp
2n
0

3 U
N
=
262, 5 Nm 2 25 s
1

3 380 V
= 62, 65 A
From the circle diagram: s
N
= 3, 1 %
P
N
= 2 25 s
1
(1 0, 031)
262, 5 Nm
2
= 20 kW
b) Read: I
N
= 36 A; cos
N
= cos (30

) =

3
2
= 0, 866
c) M
_
U
f
_
2
M
Kipp c)
= 262, 5 Nm
_
310
380
50
48
_
2
= 189, 6 Nm
m
Mnew
= 0, 722 m
Mold
m
Snew
=
50
48
m
Sold
s
c
= 4, 4
50
48
% = 4, 6 %
d) m
Inew
= 0, 85 m
Iold
: I
d
= 0, 85 51 A = 43, 4 A; cos
d
= 0, 853
35
36
Exercise P13
For a 4-pole induction motor the following data is known: (The nominal point is not the optimal
point)
U
N
= 380 V (Line to line), I
N
= 144 A, cos
N
= 0, 89, f
N
= 50 Hz
The power measurement in standstill with a reduced voltage of U
K
= 76 V (Line to line) gave
S
K
= 20 kVA at a power factor of cos
K
= 0, 15. Saturation, current displacement and all
losses except the rotor copper losses can be neglected.
a.) Determine the short-circuit current and the starting torque at nominal voltage! Calculate
the no-load current I
0
and the total reactance X
1
!
b.) Determine , the nominal speed, the nominal power and the breakdown torque of the
machine!
c.) Which starter resistance in relation to rotor resistance is to be connected in the ro-
tor circuit, so that the motor gives nominal power at the terminals at a speed of
n = 1000 min
1
?
d.) The induction machine is operated as a generator in isolated operation working with
nominal voltage, nominal frequency and nominal torque. Calculate the speed and the
real power output! What must be the size of the neccessary capacitors in each phase to
have an imaginary power?
37
Solution:
a.) Short-circuit current:
I
1K
=
_
S
N

3 U
K
_
U
N
U
K
=
_
20 kVA

3 76 V
_

380 V
76 V
= 759, 67 A
Starting torque at nominal voltage:
M
K
=
p

3 U
N
I
K
cos
K
=
2
2 50 s
1

3 380 V 759, 67 A 0, 15 = 477, 5 Nm

No load current (Read from circle-diagram):
I
0
= 45 A
Total reactance:
X
1
=
U
N

3 I
0
=
380 V

3 45 A
= 4, 87
38
b.) Total leakage ratio:
=
I
0
I

=
45
770
= 0, 058
Nominal speed (Nominal slip s
N
= 0, 029 from the slip line in circle diagram):
n
N
= n
0
(1 s
N
) = 1500 min
1
(1 0, 029) = 1457 min
1
Nominal power:
P
N
=

3 U
N
I
N
cos
N
(1s
N
) =

3380 V144 A0, 89(10, 029) = 81, 91 kW

Breakdown torque (from Heyland circle with the use of proportionality M {I}):
M
kipp
= M
K
{I
M
kipp
}
{I
M
K
}
= 477, 5 Nm
365 A
115 A
= 1516 Nm
c.) Next calculation of torque which is developed at nominal power and n = 1000 min
1
:
M
c.)
=
P
N
2 n
=
81, 91 kW
2
1000
60
s
1
= 782 Nm
From the determination of the real current, the slip value can be read from the circle
diagram:
I
W,c.)
=
M
c.)

3 U
N
=
M
c.)
2
n
p

3 U
N
=
782 Nm 2 50 s
1

3 380 V 2
= 187 A
=s
c.)
= 0, 029
0, 8
0, 5
= 0, 0464
39
Change in the parameterisation of the slip line:
s

=
n
S
n
c.)
n
S
=
1500 1000
1500
= 0, 33
=
R

V
R

2
=
s

s
c.)
1 =
0, 33
0, 0464
1 = 6, 11
d.) Generator operation = In the chosen load system the stator real current and also the
slip will be negative:
s
d.)
= s
N
= 0, 029
=n
d.)
= n
S
(1 s
d.)
) = 1500 min
1
(1 + 0, 029) = 1544 min
1
In generator operation the delivered real and reactive power are:
P
d.)
=

3 U
N
I
N
cos
N
=

3 380 V 144 A 0, 89 = 84, 352 kW

Q
d.)
= P
d.)
tan
N
= 43, 2 kVA
The delivered reactive power must be compensated by capacitors.
Q
d.)
= U
2
N
C C
ges
=
Q
d.)
U
2
N

=
43, 2 kVA
(380 V)
2
2 50 s
1
= 952 F
=C
ph
=
C
ges
3
= 317, 3 F
40
Exercise P14
For a 8-pole induction machine with slip-ring rotor the following data are given:
U
1N
= 3 kV (Line to line), f
1N
= 50 Hz, I
1N
= 110 A.
The following measurements were undergone in the test eld with short-circuited slip-rings:
U
1
(Line to line) I
1
n f
1
cos
1
1 kV 10 A 750 min
1
50 Hz 0
0, 3 kV 33 A 0 50 Hz 0, 2
Saturation and all losses except the rotor copper losses can be neglected.
a.) Draw the circle diagram of the stator current and determine the nominal power factor.
b.) Calculate the nominal slip, the nominal efciency, breakdown torque and the nominal
power of the induction machine.
c.) Which resistance in relation to the rotor resistance is to be connected in the rotor circuit,
so that the machine at the power supply with nominal voltage, and nominal frequency
with the loading of 1,2 times nominal torque, is running stable with a speed of 600 min
1
? Determine now the efciency of the induction machine.
d.) The induction machine with the short-circuited rotor at the power supply with nominal
voltage and nominal frequency is working as generator at a speed of 795 min
1
. De-
termine the stator side active and reactive power as well as the mechanical power at the
terminals.
41
Solution:
a.)
p = 4 =n
0
= 250 min
1
I
0
=
3 kV
1 kV
10 A = 30 A
I
K
=
3 kV
0, 3 kV
33 A = 330 A

K
= 78, 5

42
43
cos
N
= cos 32, 5

= 0, 84
b.)
s
N
=
1, 05
16, 1
= 6, 5% =
N
= 93, 5%
M
Kipp
= M
N

7, 7 cm
4, 6 cm
=
S
N
cos
N
2 n
0

7, 7 cm
4, 6 cm
=

3 3 kV 110 A 0, 84
2
750
60s

7, 7 cm
4, 6 cm
= 10, 2 kNm
P
N
=

3 U
N
I
N
cos
N

N
=

3 3 kV 110 A 0, 84 0, 935 = 449 kW

c.)
s
C
=
1, 4
16, 1
= 8, 7%
s

=
750 600
750
= 0, 2
Operating point:
s

s
1 =
R

v
R

2
=
R
v
R
2
R
v
R
2
=
0, 2
0, 087
1 = 1, 3
= 0, 8
d.) Generator
s =
750 795
750
= 6% 0, 97 cm
I = 82 A e
j146

( Tangent =Reading accuracies)

P
D
=

3 3 kV 82 A cos(146

) = 353 kW
Q =

3 3 kV 82 A sin(146

) = 238 kVA
VZS: P
D
< 0 =Generator
Q < 0 =Inductance at
P
mech
= 1, 06 P
D
= 374 kW
44
Exercise P16
A synchronous generator with cylindrical rotor ( p=3) and star connected stator windings has
the nominal data :
U
N
= 660 V (Line to line); S
N
= 250 kVA; cos
N
= 0, 8 u; f
N
= 50 s
1
Saturation and all losses can be neglected.
At no-load with nominal voltage and nominal frequency I
f
= I
f0
is = 20 A. At continuous
short-circuit at n = 800 min
1
and with the excitation current of 28 A, the measured short-
circuit current is 230 A.
a) Determine the total reactance X and the no-load-short-circuit transformation factor k
c
!
b) Which maximum over-excited reactive power the generator supplies (at cos = 0 u), if
the nominal current shall not be exceeded?
c) Calculate the under excited reactive power at nominal real power and at = 70

.
d) The generator is loaded with three star-connected resistances (each of 0, 6 ) and wor-
king with I
f
= 40 A and a speed of 300 min
1
. Determine the current and the torque.
Solution
a) I
K0
= 230 A
20 A
28 A
= 164, 3 A
X =
U
N

3 I
K0
=
660 V

3 164, 3 A
= 2, 32
k
c
=
U
NStr
X I
N
I
N
=
S
N

3 U
N
=
250 kVA

3 660 V
= 218, 7 A
k
c
=
660 V

3 2, 32 218, 7 A
= 0, 75
b) X I
N
= 507, 4 V;
N
= arccos 0, 8 = 36, 87

45
Vector diagram (1cm

= 50 V)
46
Read: X I
b)
= 417 V
Q
b)
=

3 U
N

X I
b)
X
=

3 660 V
417 V
2, 32
= 205, 5 kVA
c) X (I sin)
c)
= 230 V
Q
c)
=

3 U
N

X (I sin)
c)
X
=

3 660 V
230 V
2, 32
= 113, 3 kVA
d) Equivalent circuit:
f = 50 s
1

300
1000
= 15 s
1
U
Pd)
=
U
N

3

40 A
20 A

15 s
1
50 s
1
= 228, 63 V
X
d)
= 2, 32
15
50
= 0, 696
Z
d)
=
_
R
2
+ X
2
d)
=
_
0, 696
2
+ 0, 6
2
= 0, 919
I
d)
=
U
Pd)
Z
d)
=
228, 63 V
0, 919
= 248, 8 A
M
d)
=
3
2f
d)
3 R I
2
d)
=
9 s
215
0, 6 248, 8
2
W = 3547 Nm
47
Exercise P17
Given is a 2-pole turbo-generator with the nominal data:
f = 50 Hz; U
N
= 500 V; S
N
= 200 kVA; cos
N
= 0, 75 ( u)
Except that the no-load short-circuit factor k
c
= 0, 526 is known. The iron saturation and losses
shall be neglected.
a) Determine the stator reactance as well as the angular displacement, excitation voltage
and torque at nominal operation!
b) The generator is operated from the turbine with nominal torque. Calculate the excitation
current in relation to the no-load excitation current, so that the stator current is minimum.
Determine the angular displacement in this case and the output real and reactive power.
c) The synchronous machine now operates as a motor. Calculate the output real power when
the machine consumes a capacitive reactive power of 0, 5 S
N
from the supply and in this
operating point M
Kipp
/M shall be 1,66!
d) The machine is operated in short-circuit at no-load excitation. Calculate the ratio of the
resulting air gap eld to the air gap eld at the open stator terminals and no-load excita-
tion! The leakage ratio of the 3-phase winding
1
is taken as 10 %.
Solution
a) I
N
=
S
N

3 U
N
=
200 kVA

3 500 V
= 230, 9 A
k
c
=
U
N
/

3
I
N
X
X =
U
N
/

3
I
N
k
c
X =
500 V

3 230, 9 A 0, 526
= 2, 376
Vector diagram: 1cm

= 50 V
I
N
X = 230, 9 A 2, 376 = 548, 6 V

N
= arccos 0, 75 = 41, 41

U
NStr
=
500 V

3
= 288, 7 V
48

N
= 32

; U
PN
= 770 V
M
N
=
3 p

U
PN
U
N
/

3
X
sin
N
=
3
100

770 V 500 V
2, 376

3
sin 32

= 473, 4 Nm
b) Minimum stator current at the given torque:
cos = 1 Q = 0
P = P
N
= S
N
cos
N
= 200 kVA 0, 75 = 150 kW
I
b
= I
N
cos
N
= 230, 9 A 0, 75 = 173, 2 A (real!)
49
X I
b
= 2, 376 173, 2 A = 411, 5 V
Inserting into the vector diagram:
Read: U
pb
= 500 V;
b
= 55

I
fb
I
f0
=
U
pb
U
p0
=
U
pb
U
N
/

3
=
500 V
500 V/

3
=

3 = 1, 73
c) Capacitive reactive power input inductive reactive power output: The machine is over-
excited.
Q = 0, 5 S
N
= 100 kVA
Im{I
c
} =
Q

3 U
N
=
100 kVA

3 500 V
= 115, 5 A
Im{I
c
} X = 115, 5 A 2, 376 = 274, 4 V
the striked line in the vector diagram
M =
3 p

U
PN
U
N
/

3
X
sin

M
M
Kipp
=
sin
sin
Kipp
= sin; so for the turbogenerator
Kipp
= 90

ist
sin
c
=
1
1, 66
= 0, 602

c
= arcsin 0, 602 = 37, 04

plotting in the circle diagram

Read: X Re {I
c
} = 420 V Re {I
c
} =
420 V
2, 736
= 176, 8 A
P =

3 U
N
Re {I
c
} =

3 500 V 176, 8 A = 153, 1 kW

d) Equivalent circuit diagram:
The voltage U
D
is the voltage, that is induced from the resulting air-gap ux in the stator
winding: U
D
resulting air-gap ux
50
No-load: U
D0
= U
p
Short-circuit: U
Dk
=
X
1
X
1h
+ X
1
U
p
(Voltage divider)
X
1
=
1
X
1h

U
Dk
U
p
=

1
X
1h
X
1h
+
1
X
1h
=

1
1 +
1
=
0, 1
1, 1
= 0, 0909

B
k
B
0
=
U
Dk
U
D0
= 0, 0909
51
Exercise P18
A 4-pole synchronous machine with cylindrical rotor with star connected stator windings has
the following nominal data:
U
N
= 660 V (Line to line); f
N
= 50 s
1
; S
N
= 200 kVA; cos
N
= 0, 8 ( u)
At nominal power and cos = 1 with the nominal voltage and nominal frequency = 50

and
I
f
= 72 A are measured. The saturation and all losses can be neglected.
a) Determine the no-load excitation current at the supply of nominal voltage and nominal
frequency as well as the total reactance X!
b) Determine the displacement angle and the excitation current at nominal operation!
c) The machine is operated at the nominal voltage, nominal frequency and nominal power
with cos = 0, 9 underexcited. Calculate the breakdown torque!
d) How will the breakdown torque change in the case of c), when the air-gap of the machine
is enlarged by 20 %? The stray inductance of the stator is unchanged. The leakage ratio
of the machine is
Stator
= 0, 1.
Solution
a) tan =
X I cos
U
Str
+ X I sin
cos = 1 sin = 0
U
Str
= U
NStr
=
660 V

3
Nominal real power and cos = 1 I = I
N
cos
N
I
N
=
S
N

3U
N
= 175 A
tan =
X I
N
cos
N
U
NStr
X =
tan 50

660 V

3 175 A 0, 8
= 3, 245
U
p
=
_
(U
Str
+ X I sin)
2
+ (X I cos)
2
=
_
U
2
NStr
+ (X I
N
cos
N
)
2
U
p
=

_
660 V

3
_
2
+ (3, 245 175 A 0, 8)
2
= 592, 9 V
52
at I
f
= 72 A
I
f0
= 72 A
660 V

3 592, 9 V
= 46, 27 A
b) tan
N
=
3, 245 175 A 0, 8
660 V

3
+ 3, 245 175 A 0, 6
= 0, 629
N
= 32, 19

U
PN
=

_
660 V

3
+ 3, 245 175 A 0, 6
_
2
+ (3, 245 175 A 0, 8)
2
= 852, 85 V
I
fN
= 46, 27 A
852, 85 V
660/

3
= 103, 56 A
c) Nominal real power and nominal voltage
I cos = I
N
cos
N
I = 175 A
0, 8
0, 9
= 155, 56 A
sin =
_
1 cos
2
= 0, 436, because the machine is underexcited! (Minus sign)
I sin = 67, 8 A
U
p
=

_
660 V

3
3, 245 67, 8 A
_
2
+ (3, 245 175 A 0, 8)
2
= 482 V
M
Kipp
=
p
2f

3 U
Str
U
p
X
=
2
250 s
1

3 660 V 482 V
3, 245
= 1081 Nm
d) New air-gap X
h

1

; X
1
= const
X
h
=
X
1 +
1
; X
1
= X
h

1
=
X
1 +
1

1
X
hd)
= X
h

1
1, 2
X
d)
= X
hd)
+ X
1
=
X
1 +
1

1
1, 2
+
X
1 +
1

1
= 3, 245
_
1
1, 1 1, 2
+
0, 1
1, 1
_
= 2, 753
U
p
=

_
660 V

3
2, 753 67, 8 A
_
2
+ (2, 753 175 A 0, 8)
2
= 431, 7 V
M
Kipp
= 1081 Nm
431, 7
482

3, 245
2, 753
= 1141 Nm
53
Exercise P19
A 2-pole turbo generator has the following nominal data:
S
N
= 200 MVA; U
N
= 10, 5 kV(Linetoline); cos
n
= 0, 8( u); f
n
= 60 Hz;
k
c
= 0, 5; I
FN
= 272 A
Saturation and all losses can be neglected
a) Calculate the nominal current, the synchronous reactance, the nominal displacement an-
gle, the nominal excitation voltage and the no-load excitation current!
b) The generator shall be operated as a pure reactive machine and therefore the thermally
maximum permitted reactive power is delivered at the nominal voltage and frequency.
Calculate the excitation current and the working torque of the turbine! Which is the
reactive power supplied?
c) The generator shall be operated with cos = 1 at the nominal voltage and frequency.
What is the maximum real power the generator can supply, when the nominal torque of
the machine shall not be exceeded? Which excitation current has to be adjusted and how
big is the angular displacement?
d) The synchronous machine shall be operated now as a motor at the nominal voltage and
frequency and therefore it supplies half the nominal real power at cos = 0, 707( u).
Determine the stator current in magnitude and phase, the angular displacement, the ex-
citation current and the torque at the output!
Solution:
a)
k
c
=
U
N
X I
N
= X I
N
=
U
N
k
c
= 2 U
N

N
= 36
0
I
N
=
S
N

3U
N
=
10MVA

3 10, 5kV
= 1100A
X = 11 ; U
PN
= 16, 3kV ; I
f0
= 1100A
54
XI
U
I
I

c)
N
d)
N
U
Pc)
X
I
N
X
I
d
)
U
U
Pb)
c)
c)
PN
Pd)
^
1cm = 1kV
d)
55
b)
I
f
= I
fN
= 272A
X I = 10, 3kV = I
b)
= 936A
Q =

3 U
N
I
b)
= 17MVA
M =
3p

1
U U
P
X
sin = M = 0
c)
I
c)
= I
N
cos
N
= 1100A 0, 8 = 880A
P = 16MW
tan
c)
=
880A 11
6, 06kV
=
c)
= 58
0
U
P
=
U
N
cos
c)
= 11, 42kV = I
fc)
= 190A
d)

d)
= 25
0
I
fd)
=
U
P
U
PN
I
fN
=
11, 7kV
16, 3kV
272A = 195A
M =
1
2
M
N
=
20MVA 0, 8
260 2
= 21, 2kNm
I = 622A e
j135
0
56