Presented by Kiran Raj M S 8 Mech A

Basic Rankine Cycle

y Ideal cycle consisting of:
Reversible isobaric heating(Boiler) Reversible adiabatic expansion(steam turbine) Reversible isobaric heat rejection(Condenser) Reversible adiabatic compression(Pump)

y Efficiency

L Rankine

T2 ! 1 Tm

Improving Thermal Efficiency of Rankine Cycle in a Power Plant

y Superheating
Increase Tm Reduces thermal irreversibility Improves quality of steam at turbine exhaust

y Increasing Inlet pressure

Increase Tm but T1 is limited by metallurgical parameters For a fixed T1 increase in inlet pressure results in decreased quality of steam at turbine exhaust REHEATING employed to solve this

y Reducing external irreversibility

By increasing heat transfer between heat exchangers, but at the cost of increased surface area and thus high capital REGENERATION can reduce thermal irreversibility

y Rankine Cycle with Reheat

y Rankine Cycle with Regeneration

Critical conditions
y Critical state : State of a substance beyond which there is no clear distinction between the liquid and gaseous phase y A point where saturated liquid and dry saturated vapour lines meet so that latent heat is zero, is called Critical Point y For water, Critical Point is given by:

Pressure: 221 bar Temperature: 374.15 o C y Boilers working above critical point is called SUPERCRITICAL BOILERS (actually a misnomer!)

T s Diagram

Advantages of Supercritical Cycle: A theoretical perspective

y Increased heat output, hence increased efficiency y Reduced steam rate y Reduced Thermal Irreversibility

Supercritical Boiler
y Called Once Through(OT) Boilers y Patented to Mark Benson (1922) y Water is converted into superheated steam in single

continuous pass y No steam drum as in sub-critical boilers

Drum Boiler(B&W, 1956)

Once Through Boiler(Hitachi-Naka, 2003)

Design Considerations of OT Boilers

y Forced circulation necessary as there is no density

gradient; done with a feed pump y No blowdown, hence extremely pure water must be used, demands high quality water treatment y Boiler tubes must of high strength austenitic steels or super alloys to withstand high temperature y Normally 3 steps of feedheating are required due to high pressure and to avoid excessive moisture at turbine exhaust

Advantages of Supercritical Power Plants

y Increased efficiency (about 2%) y Reduced steam rate y Less fuel consumption; low specific emissions y Less pollution y Good steam temperature control over the entire load

range y Rapid load change and startup

Disadvantages of Supercritical Boilers

y Feed pump necessary y More reheats are required, hence increased complexity

of the plant and maintenance y High capital involved

Justifying the cost

y According to Siemens Power Tech, 1% increase in

overall efficiency of the plant which works for 30 years will reduce:
2000 tonnes of NOx 2000 tonnes of SO2 500 tonnes of particulate matter 2.5 million tonnes of CO2

y Along with Clean Coal Technologies like FBC and

ICGCC, the earth will turn greener!

Ultra supercritical Technology

Efficiency Comparison

emissio Compariso

Status of Thermal Power Plants in India

y More than 50% of total power generation comes from Thermal Power Plants
Coal based: Gas/Liquid fuel based: Diesel Based: 87,093 MW 17,353 MW 1,199MW

y y y

Most of the plants are sub critical with Pulverised Coal burning technology Ineffective utilisation of technologies like Supercritical technology &CCT by Government Liberalisation policies after 1991 helped private firms to collaborate with international groups

Supercritical Technology in India

y Supercritical plants under NTPC
Talcher STPS(6x500 MW) Sipat-I (3x660MW)

y Most of the capacity additions in the 12th 5 year

plan(2012-2017) will be through SC technology y Joint venture by BHEL,NTPC and IGCAR agrees for 10,000 crore project to develop and install UC Boilers in 7 years y L & T becomes the first private company to enter into the space of Supercritical boilers by signing MoU with MHI for D&D of boilers up to 1,000MW

Poi ts to po

er

y Sub-critical technology reached saturation with unit sizes of 500/600MWe, SC and USC is the key to future power projects y Super critical boilers along with CCT can generate power with lesser damage to the environment y China has commissioned its 4x1000 MW USC boilers at Yuhuvan in 2007 in collaboration with MHI, HBC &Siemens (Its 1st and 2nd units were commissioned in 2006) y Vision: India becoming a superpower in Thermal Power sector in 2030 using Its indigenous capability along with technology transfer from abroad

REFERENCES
y Power Plant Engineering, P K Nag y White papers from
Siemens Power Babcock&Wilcox Mitsubishi Heavy Industries

y NTPC y TERI y Periodicals & online newspapers y Wikipedia

THANK YOU!