9 Differentations

Additional Mathematics SPM Chapter 9
Differentiation
9
1. (a) xlim
(3x 2) = 3(1) 2
1
=1
2. Gradient of the chord AB =
5
5
=
(b) xlim
4
2x 1
2(4) 1
5
=
7
x2 9 = lim (x 3)(x + 3)
(c) xlim
3
x 3
x3
(x 3)
lim
=
(x + 3)
x3
=3+3
=6
2
(x 1)(x 2)
x
3x
+
2
= xlim
(d) xlim
1
1
(x 1)
x1
lim
=
(x 2)
x1
=1
2x
2x
x
lim
(e) xlim
=
x
4x 1
4x
1
= xlim
1
4
x
2
= xlim
40
2
=
4
1
=
2

x+3
= xlim
0
2
0
+
3
=
2
3
=
2
4. (a)
y = 4x + 1 ............................
y + y = 4(x + x) + 1 .................
, y = (4x + 4x + 1) (4x + 1)
= 4x
y
= 4
x
dy
y
= lim
x0
dx
x
= lim (4)
x(x + 3)
x2 + 3x
= xlim
(f) xlim
0
0
2x
2x
3. Substitute x = 2, y = a into y = x2 + 1,
a = 22 + 1
=5
52
Gradient of the chord PQ =
2 (1)
=12
= 1
1
4
4
1
2
2
1
4 +
4
1
2
2
15
2

4
5
3

x 0
=4
(b)
y = x2 4x ..............................................
y + y = (x + x)2 4(x + x)
y + y = x2 + 2xx + (x)2 4x 4x............
,
y = 2xx + (x)2 4x
y
(x)2
4x
2xx
=
+
x
x
x
x
= 2x + x 4
dy
y
= lim
x0
x
dx
lim
=
(2x + x 4)

x 0
= 2x 4
Penerbitan Pelangi Sdn. Bhd.
5. (a) Let y = x3 + 2x.................................................

y + y = (x + x)3 + 2(x + x)
= (x + x)[x2 + 2xx + (x)2] + 2x + 2x
= x3 + 2x2x + x(x)2 + x2x + 2x(x)2
+ (x)3 + 2x + 2x
y + y = x 3 + 3x 2 x + 3x( x) 2 + ( x) 3 + 2x
+ 2x ................................................
8. (a)
y = 8x2
dy
= 16x
dx
dy
When x = 1, = 16(1)
dx
= 16
9
(b)
y =
x3
= 9x3
dy
= (3)(9)x4
dx
27
=
x4
dy
27
When x = 1, =
dx
14
= 27
1
(c)
y =
2x
1
= x1
2
dy
1 2
= (1)
x
dx
2
1
= 2
2x
dy
1
When x = 2, =
dx
2(2)2
1
=
8
, y = 3x2x + 3x(x)2 + (x)3 + 2x

y
= 3x2 + 3xx + (x)2 + 2
x
y
dy
= lim
x0
x
dx
= 3x2 + 2

Therefore, f (x) = 3x2 + 2

(b) Let y = 1 2x + 3x2 .......................................
y + y = 1 2(x + x) + 3(x + x)2
= 1 2x 2x + 3[x2 + 2xx + (x)2]
= 1 2x 2x + 3x2 + 6xx + 3(x)2
y + y = 1 2x 2x + 3x2 + 6xx + 3(x)2 ...
, y = 2x + 6xx + 3(x)2
y
= 2 + 6x + 3x
x
dy
y
= lim
x0
x
dx
= 2 + 6x

Therefore, f (x) = 2 + 6x
9. (a)
6. Gradient of the tangent at the point A = 2(1)

=2
y = 4x2 3x + 5
dy
= 8x 3
dx
3
y = 5x3 + 4
x
= 5x3 + 3x1 4
dy
= 15x2 3x2
dx
3
= 15x2
x2
2
(c)
y = x5 2 + 1
3x
2
= x5 x2 + 1
3
dy
2 3
= 5x4 (2)
x
dx
3
4
= 5x4 + 3
3x
(b)
y = 2x3
dy
= 6x2
dx
3
(b)
y =
x2
= 3x2
dy
= (2)(3)x3
dx
6
=
x3
7. (a)

x4
y =
5
dy
4x 3
=
dx
5
1
(d)
y =
6x
1 1
= x
6
dy
1 2
= (1)
x
dx
6
1
= 2
6x
(c)
10. (a)
(b) f (x) = 5x3 1

f (x) = 15x2

f (x) = 4x2 + 5x
f (x) = 8x + 5
d
11. (a) (4x2 3x + 5)
dx
= 8x 3
d 8
(b) 4x + 3
dx x
d
= (8x 1 4x + 3)
dx
= 8x 2 4
8
=
4
x2
12. (a)
14. (a)
1
y = 8x2 x + 3
4
dy
1
= 16x
dx
4
(b)
1
y = x3 + 2
2x
1
= x3 + x2
2
dy
2
= 3x x3
dx
1
= 3x2
x3
1
(c) f (x) = x2 8x + 1
2
f (x) = x 8
(b)
13. (a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
(c)
y = (4x 1)(3x2)
dy
= (4x 1)(6x) + (3x2)(4)
dx
= 24x2 6x + 12x2
= 36x2 6x
= 6x(6x 1)
y = (1 2x)(4x + 3)
dy
= (1 2x)(4) + (4x + 3)(2)
dx
= 4 8x 8x 6
= 2 16x
= 2(1 + 8x)
15. (a)
1
y = 2x + 1 (1 3x)
x
= (2 + 2x)(1 3x)
dy
= (2 + 2x)(3) + (1 3x)(2)
dx
= 6 6x + 2 6x
= 4 12x
= 4(1 + 3x)
y = 4(x 4)2
= 4(x2 8x + 16)
= 4x2 32x + 64)
dy
= 8x 32
dx
= 8(x 4)
x2 + 3
y =
2x 5
dy
(2x 5)(2x) (x2 + 3)(2)
=
dx
(2x 5)2
2
4x 10x 2x2 6
=
(2x 5)2
2x2 10x 6
=
(2x 5)2
2(x2 5x 3)
=
(2x 5)2
4x 1
y =
x2 + 1
(x2 + 1)(4) (4x 1)(2x)
dy
=
dx
(x2 + 1)2
4x2 + 4 8x2 + 2x
=
(x2 + 1)2
2
+
2x + 4
4x
=
(x2 + 1)2
2(2x2 x 2)
=
(x2 + 1)2
y = (2x 1)10
dy
d
= 10(2x 1)9 (2x 1)
dx
dx
= 10(2x 1)9(2)
= 20(2x 1)9
(b)
y = (1 + 4x)7
dy
= 7(1 + 4x)6(4)
dx
= 28(1 + 4x)6
(c)
y = 2(x3 + 4)5
dy
= 5(2)(x3 + 4)4(3x2)
dx
= 30x2(x3 + 4)4
(d)
x
y =
2x 3
dy
(2x 3)(1) x(2)
=
dx
(2x 3)2
2x 3 2x
=
(2x 3)2
3
=
(2x 3)2
3
y =
(2x + 1)4
= 3(2x + 1)4
dy
= (4)(3)(2x + 1)5(2)
dx
24
=
(2x + 1)5
(e)
1
y =
4(x2 1)5
1
= (x2 1)5
4
dy
1
= (5) (x2 1)6(2x)
dx
4
5 2
= x(x 1)6
2
5x
=
2(x2 1)6
(f)

16. (a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
(e)
17. (a) (i)
y = 3x(1 2x)5
dy
= 3x 5(1 2x)4(2) + (1 2x)5(3)
dx
= 30x(1 2x)4 + 3(1 2x)5
= 3(1 2x)4[10x (1 2x)]
= 3(1 2x)4(12x 1)
y = 3x2 1
dy
= 6x
dx
Gradient of tangent at (1, 2) = 6(1)
=6
(ii) Equation of tangent is

y 2 = 6(x 1)
y 2 = 6x 6
y = 6x 4
1
(iii) Gradient of normal =
6
Equation of normal is
1
y 2 = (x 1)
6
1
1
= x +
6
6
1
1
y = x + + 2
6
6
1
13
y = x +
6
6
x
y =
(x2 4)3
= x(x2 4)3
dy
= x(3)(x2 4)4(2x) + (x2 4)3(1)
dx
= 6x2(x2 4)4 + (x2 4)3
= (x2 4)4[6x2 + (x2 4)]
= (x2 4)4(5x2 4)
5x2 4
=
(x2 4)4
x2 + 1
y =
4x
x2
1
= +
4x
4x
1
x
= + x1
4
4
dy
1 2
1
= x
dx
4
4
1
1
= 2
4
4x
(b) (i)
y = (4x 1)(x2 3)4

dy
= (4x 1) 4(x2 3)3(2x) + (x2 3)4(4)
dx
= 8x(4x 1)(x2 3)3 + 4(x2 3)4
= 4(x2 3)3[2x(4x 1) + (x2 3)]
= 4(x2 3)3(8x2 2x + x2 3)
= 4(x2 3)3(9x2 2x 3)
1
y =
+3
x2
y = x2 + 3
dy
= 2x3
dx
2
=
x3
Gradient of tangent at (1, 4)
2
=
(1)3
=2

y 4 = 2(x + 1)
y = 2x + 2 + 4
y = 2x + 6
(iii) Equation of normal is
1
y 4 = (x + 1)
2
1
1
y = x + 4
2
2
1
7
y = x +
2
2
x2 + 3x 4
y =
x+4
(x + 4)(x 1)
=
(x + 4)
=x1
dy
= 1
dx
y = x3(2x 1)3
dy
= x3 3(2x 1)2(2) + (2x 1)3(3x2)
dx
= 6x3(2x 1)2 + (3x2)(2x 1)3
= 3x2(2x 1)2[2x + (2x 1)]
= 3x2(2x 1)2(4x 1)
(c) (i)
y = 4(2x 1)3
dy
= 12(2x 1)2(2)
dx
= 24(2x 1)2
(b)
Gradient of tangent at (1, 4) = 24[2(1) 1]2

= 24
= 3 2x
= 0,
3
Substitute x = into ,
2
3
3 2
y =13
2
2
9
9
=1+
2
4
13
=
4
3 13
Hence, the turning point is , .
2 4
(iii) Equation of normal is

1
y 4 = (x 1)
24
1
1
y 4 = x +
24
24
1
1
y = x + + 4
24
24
1
97
y = x +
24
24

dy
dx
y = x(2 x)
dy
= x(3)(2 x)2(1) + (2 x)3(1)
dx
= 3x(2 x)2 + (2 x)3
= (2 x)2(3x + 2 x)
= (2 x)2(2 4x)
= 2(2 x)2(1 2x)
dy
Sketch of
dx
13
32 ,
is a maximum point.
4
Gradient of tangent at (2, 0)

= 2(2 2)2[1 2(2)]
=0
(c)

y 0 = 0(x 2)
y= 0
y = x3 2x2 + 4 .......................
dy
= 3x2 4x
dx
dy
When = 0,
dx
3x2 4x = 0
x(3x 4) = 0
(iii) Equation of normal is x = 2

18. (a)
= 1 3x x2 ..................
=0
3
x=
2

y 4 = 24(x 1)
y = 24x 24 + 4
y = 24x 20
(d) (i)
y
dy
dx
dy
dx
3 2x
4
x = 0,
3
y = 3x2 6x + 1 ...................................
dy
= 6x 6
dx
dy
For turning point, = 0
dx
6x 6 = 0
x=1
Substitute x = 0 into ,
y=4
4
Substitute x = into ,
3
4 3
4 2
y= 2 +4
3
3
64
32
= + 4
27
9
76
=
27

y=36+1
= 2
Hence, the turning point is (1, 2).
x
dy
dx

4 76
The turning points are (0, 4) and , .
3 27
dy
Sketch of
dx
(1, 2) is a minimum point.
5
For (0, 4),
For (1, 4),
dy
dx
dy
dx
18
dy
Sketch of
dx
dy
Sketch of
dx
(0, 4) is a maximum point.
(1, 4) is a maximum point.
4 76
For , ,
3 27
x
dy
dx
19. x + y = 50
y = 50 x................................
1
1
Area, A = xy ..................................
Substitute into ,
A = x(50 x)
= 50x x2
dA
= 50 2x
dx
0 = 50 2x
x = 25
dy
Sketch of
dx
76
43 ,
is a minimum point.
27
(d)
y
dy
dx
0
6(x2 1)
6(x + 1)(x 1)
x
y = 25
d 2A
= 2 0
dx2
Therefore, A is a maximum when x = 25 and y = 25.
= 2x3 + 6x ....................
= 6x2 + 6
= 6x2 + 6
=0
=0
= 1, 1
Maximum area = xy
= 25 25
= 625 unit2
y = 2(1)3 + 6(1)
=26
= 4
20. Volume = 20 cm3

r2h = 20
20
h =
r2
Surface area, A = 2r2 + 2rh
y = 2(1)3 + 6(1)
= 2 + 6
=4
The turning points are (1, 4) and (1, 4).
dA
dr
For (1, 4),

x
dy
dx
18
20
= 2r2 + 2r
r2
40
= 2r2 +
r
40
= 4r
r2
40
= 4r
r2
40
= 4r
r2
40
r3 =
4
10
=
dy
Sketch of
dx
7
= 10
22
70
=
22
r = 1.471
dr
dr
dV
=
dt
dV
dt
20
h =
r2
7 20
= 2
22(1.471)
= 2.941
d 2A
80
= 4 +
r3
dr2
80
= 4 +
0
1.4713
Hence, the area is a minimum when r = 1.471 and
h = 2.941.
21.
dr
dt
A
dA
dr
dA
dt
25.
= 0.1 cm s1
= r 2
y = 3x 1
dy
= 3
dx
x = 2.01 2
= 0.01 unit
y
dy

x
dx
dy
y = x
dx
= 3(0.01)
= 0.03 unit
= 2r
dA
dr
=
dr
dt
= 2r (0.1)
= 2(5) (0.1)
= cm2 s1
26.
22.
1
= 2 (9)
4r
9
= 2
4r
9
=
4 32
1
= cm s1
4
y = x2 2x
dy
= 2x 2
dx
dx
= 8 when x = 3,
dt
dy
dy
dx
=
dx
dt
dt
= (2x 2)(8)
= (2 3 2)(8)
= 32 units s1
y = x2 + 4
dy
= 2x
dx
x = 1.9 2
= 0.1 unit
dy
y = x
dx
= 2x(0.1)
= 2(2)(0.1)
= 0.4 unit
dx
3.2 3.0
23. =
2
dt
= 0.1 cm s1
27.
y = 3x2 1
dy
= 6x
dx
dy
dy
dx
=
dt
dx
dt
= (6x)(0.1)
= (6 3.1)(0.1)
= 1.86 cm s1
2
y=
x
= 2x1
dy
2
=
dx
x2
y = 3.001 3
= 0.001 unit
When y = 3,
2
x=
y
2
=
3
dV
24. = 9 mm3 s1
dt
4
V = r3
3
dV
4
= 3r2
3
dr
= 4r2
x
dx

y
dy
dx
x = y
dy
x2
= (0.001)
2
2 2
3 (0.001)
=
2
= 0.00022 unit
28.

(b)
When x = 4,
dy
1
=
dx
32
x = 3.9 4.0
= 0.1
1
1
=
+ y
3.92
42
dy
1
= + x
dx
16
1
1
= + (0.1)
32
16
= 0.06563
y = x2
dy
= 2x
dx
When x = 3,
dy
= 2(3)
dx
=6
2
30. (a)
x
y =
1
(a) 3.1 = 3 + y
dy
= 9 + x
dx
= 9 + (6)(0.1)
= 9.6
= x2
x = 3.1 3
= 0.1
(b) 2.92 = 32 + y
dy
= 9 + x
dx
= 9 + (6)(0.1)
= 9 0.6
= 8.4
29. (a)
1
y =
x2
dy
2
=
dx
x3
dy
1 2
= x
dx
2
1
=
x
2
When x = 4,
dy
1
=
dx
4
2
1
=
4
x = 2.9 3
= 0.1
x = 4.1 4
= 0.1
1
y =
x2
y = x2
dy
2
=
dx
x3
dy
dx
1
= 2 + (0.1)
4
= 2.025
4.1 =
4 + x
When x = 4,
dy
2
=
dx
43
1
=
32
x = 4.1 4
= 0.1
(b)
1
1
=
+ y
4.12
42
dy
1
= + x
dx
16
31. (a)
1
1
= + (0.1)
16
32
0.1
1
=
32
16
= 0.05938
dy
dx
1
=
4 + ( 0.1)
4
0.1
= 2
4
= 1.975
3.9 =
4 + x
y = 5x3 + 4x + 1
dy
= 15x2 + 4
dx
d 2y
= 30x
dx2
x = 3.9 4
= 0.1
(b)
(c)
32. (a)
y = (4x2 1)5
dy
= 5(4x2 1)4(8x)
dx
= 40x(4x2 1)4
d 2y
= 40x 4(4x2 1)3(8x) + (4x2 1)4(40)

dx2
= 1280x2(4x2 1)3 + 40(4x2 1)4
(b)
33. (a)
2
y =
x3
= 2x3
dy
= 3(2x4)
dx
= 6x4
2
d y
= 24x5
dx2
24
=
x5
(c)
f (x) = 4x3 1
f (x) = 12x2
f (x) = 24x
1
f (x) = 3 5
2x
x3
= 5
2
3
f (x) = x4
2
12
f (x) = x5
2
6
=
x5
= 4x + 4
=0
=1
1
y = x3 2x2 + 50
3
dy
= x2 4x
dx
x2 4x = 0
x(x 4) = 0
x = 0, 4
1
When x = 0, y = (0)3 2(0)2 + 50
3
= 50
1
When x = 4, y = (4)3 2(4)2 + 50
3
64
= 32 + 50
3
1
= 39
2
3
d y
= 2x 4
2
dx
For turning point (0, 50),
d 2y
= 4 0
dx2
Therefore, (0, 50) is a maximum point.
1
For turning point 4, 39 ,
3
d 2y
= 2(4) 4
dx2
=40
y = 4x 4x + 1
dy
= 8x 4
dx
8x 4 = 0
4
x=
8
1
=
2

= 5 2x2 + 4x
y = 5 2(1)2 + 4(1)
=7
d 2y
= 4 0
dx2
The turning point (1, 7) is a maximum point.
(b) f (x) = 5x2 + 4x 3

f (x) = 10x + 4
(c)
y
dy
dx
4x + 4
x
1
Therefore, 4, 39 is a minimum point.
3
1
(d)
y = x3 + x2 + 3x
3
dy
2
= x + 2x + 3
dx
2
x + 2x + 3 = 0
x2 2x 3 = 0
(x 3)(x + 1) = 0
x = 3, 1

1 2
1
y=4 4 +1
2
2
=0
d 2y
=80
dx2
1
The turning point , 0 is a minimum point.
2
1
When x = 3, y = (3)3 + 32 + 3(3)
3
= 9 + 9 + 9
=9
1
When x = 1, y = (1)3 + (1)2 + 3(1)
3
1
=+13
3
2
= 1
3
5
=
3
d 2y
= 2x + 2
dx2
For turning point (3, 9),
d 2y
= 2(3) + 2
dx2
= 4 0
Therefore, (3, 9) is a maximum point.
5
For turning point 1, ,
3
d 2y
= 2(1) + 2
dx2
=2+2
=4>0
5
Therefore, 1, is a minimum point.
3
34.
1
Since (, 0) is a turning point,
2
dy
1
= 0 when x =
dx
2
1
0 =p +k
2
p
+ k = 0 ..........................................
2
1
Given gradient of normal at x = 2 is .
12
Gradient of tangent at x = 2 is 12.
dy
= 12 when x = 2
dx
12 = p(2) + k
2p + k = 12 ........................................

p
2p = 12
2
p
4p
= 12
2
2
3
p = 12
2
2
p = 12
3
=8
y = x3 2x + 1
dy
= 3x2 2
dx
d 2y
= 6x
dx2
d 2y
dy
+ y = x3 8
dx2
dx
6x + 3x2 2 x3 + 2x 1 = x3 8
3x2 + 8x + 5 = 0
(3x + 5)(x + 1) = 0
5
x = , 1
3
Substitute p = 8 into ,
2(8) + k = 12
k = 12 16
= 4
p = 8, k = 4.
3.
1
f (x) =
(2 3x)4
= (2 3x)4
f (x) = 4(2 3x)5(3)
= 12(2 3x)5
f (x) = 5(12)(2 3x)6(3)
= 180(2 3x)6
f (1) = 180(1)6
= 180
d
1. [2x(4 3x2)4]
dx
d
d
= 2x (4 3x2)4 + (4 3x2)4 (2x)
dx
dx
= 2x 4(4 3x2)3(6x) + (4 3x2)4(2)
= 48x2(4 3x2)3 + 2(4 3x2)4
4.
y = 5x + x2
dy
= 5 + 2x
dx
dy
y = x
dx
= (5 + 2x)x
= [5 + 2(2)](0.1)
= (9)(0.1)
= 0.9
2. Gradient function = px + k
dy
= px + k
dx
x = 1.9 2
= 0.1
10

y = x2 + 3x 5
dy
= 2x + 3
dx
dy
When x = 2, = 2(2) + 3
dx
=7
(b) x = 2 + k 2
=k
dy
y = x
dx
= 7k
3 3
(b) Minimum y = 7 3
2 2
3
3
=7
2
2
63
=
4
5. (a)
6.
8.
3
y=
x 2x
y = 3x1 2x
dy
3
When x = 3, = 2
dx
9
7
=
3
dy
= 5
dt
dx
dx dy
=
dt
dt
dy
1
Given gradient of the normal at A is .
2
Therefore, the gradient of the tangent at A is 2.
dy
= 2
dx
4(2x 1) = 2
1
2x 1 =
2
1
2x =
2
1
x=
4
1
Substitute x = into y = (2x 1)2,
4
2
1
y= 2 1
4
2
1
=
2
1
=
4
1 1
Hence, the coordinates of A are , .
4 4
3
= (5)
7
15
= units per second
7
9.

7. (a)
dy
= 3x2 2
dx
3
=
2
x2
y = (2x 1)2
dy
= 2(2x 1)(2)
dx
= 4(2x 1)
10.
y = 7x(x 3)
= 7x2 21x
dy
= 14x 21
dx
d 2y
= 14
dx2
dy
For minimum y, = 0
dx
14x 21 = 0
21
x =
14
3
=
2
11
y = 4kx2 + 6x
dy
= 8kx + 6
dx
8k(3) + 6 = 10
24k = 4
4
k =
24
1
=
6
1
V = h3 + 12h
3
dV
= h2 + 12
dh
dV
When h = 3, = 9 + 12
dh
= 21
dV
Given = 7 cm3 s1
dt
dh
dh
dV
=
dt
dV
dt
1
= 7
21
1
=
cm s1
3
11.
5.
0.4 m
0.4 m
rm
hm
Let r be the radius, h be the height and V be the

volume of oil.
dV
dh
Given = p, = 0.1
dt
dt
0.4
r
=
0.4
h
=1
Therefore, r = h
2
6. f (x) =
(1 4x)3
= 2(1 4x)3
f (x) = (3)(2)(1 4x)4(4)
24
=
(1 4x)4
24
f (0) =
1
= 24
1
V = r2h
3
1
V = h3
3
dV
= h2
dh
dV
dV
dh
=
dt
dh
dt
p = h2 0.1
4.
9.
(2 x)(2 + x)
4 x2
lim
= xlim
2
(x 2)
x2
[(2
+ x)]
= xlim
2
= 4
x2

3.
d (x + 1)(x 1)
=
dx
(x + 1)
d
= (x 1)
dx
=1
2x
2x
x
lim
lim
2. x 1 + x = x
1+x
x
2
lim
= x
1
x +1
2
=
0+1
=2
d x2 1
8.
dx x + 1
x2 2x
1. xlim
= xlim
(x 2)
0
0
x
= 2
d x1
7.
dx 4 x2
d
d
(4 x2) (x 1) (x 1) (4 x2)
dx
dx
=
(4 x2)2
(4 x2)(1) (x 1)(2x)
=
(4 x2)2
4 x2 + 2x2 2x
=
(4 x2)2
x2 2x + 4
=
(4 x2)2
When h = 0.2,
p = (0.2)2(0.1)
= 0.004
y = 4x(x2 1)5
dy
d
d
= 4x (x2 1)5 + (x2 1)5 (4x)
dx
dx
dx
= 4x 5(x2 1)4(2x) + (x2 1)5(4)
= 40x2(x2 1)4 + 4(x2 1)5
10.
y = 2xx + 4x2
y
= 2x + 8x
x
dy
= lim
(2x + 8x)
x0
dx
= 2x
1
y = 5x3 + 2
x
y = 5x3 x1 + 2
dy
= 15x2 + x2
dx
d 2y
= 30x 2x3
dx2
2
= 30x
x3
f (x) = 2(3 4x)6
f (x) = 62(3 4x)5(4)
= ( 48)(3 4x)5
f (x) = 48 5(3 4x)4(4)
= 960(3 4x)4
f (1) = 960(1)4
= 960
12
11.
Therefore, the gradient of the normal at the point

1
(1, 5) is .
6
y = 2x(x + 3)
y = 2x2 + 6x
dy
= 4x + 6
dx
17.
When x = 2,
dy
= 4(2) + 6
dx
= 14
12.
13.
Given gradient of the tangent is 8.

dy
= 8
dx
4(2x + 5) = 8
2x + 5 = 2
2x = 7
7
x=
2
y = 4x3 5x2 + 2x 10
dy
= 12x2 10x + 2
dx
dy
When = 4,
dx
12x2 10x + 2 = 4
12x2 10x 2 = 0
6x2 5x 1 = 0
(6x + 1)(x 1) = 0
1
x = , 1
6
7
Substitute x = into y = (2x + 5)2,
2
2
7
y= 2 +5
2
=4
7
Therefore, the coordinates are , 4 .
2
18.
y = 3(4x 5)2 + 6
dy
= 6(4x 5)(4)
dx
= 24(4x 5)
The gradient of the tangent for the point with gradient
1
of the normal is 2.
2
1
14.
y =
(1 + 2x)3
y = (1 + 2x)3
dy
= 3(1 + 2x)4(2)
dx
= 6(1 + 2x)4
dy
= 2
dx
24(4x 5) = 2
1
4x 5 =
12
1
4x = 5
12
59
=
12
59
x =
48
The gradient at the point (1, 1)

= 6(1 2)4
6
=
1
= 6
16.

y = (4 3x)5
dy
= 5(4 3x)4(3)
dx
= 15(4 3x)4
The gradient function is 15(4 3x)4.
15.
y = (2x + 5)2
dy
= 2(2x + 5)(2)
dx
= 4(2x + 5)
y = (x 1)(x + 1)
y = x2 1
dy
= 2x
dx
The gradient of the tangent at the point (1, 0)
= 2(1)
=2
59
Substitute x = into y = 3(4x 5)2 + 6,
48
5
59
y = 3 4
48
59
= 3
12
1
= 3
12
1
= 3
144
y = x2 + 4x
dy
= 2x + 4
dx
The gradient of the tangent at the point (1, 5)
= 2(1) + 4
=6
13
+6
5 +6
+6
+6
1
= + 6
48
289
=
48
22.
59 289
Therefore, the coordinates are , .
48 48
19.
p
y =
+ qx 1 ......................
x2
2
y = px + qx 1
dy
= 2px3 + q
dx
2p
=
+q
x3
Given the gradient of the tangent at the point
(1, 3) is 14.
2p

+ q = 14
(1)3
2p + q = 14..........................
At the point (0, 4), the gradient of the tangent

24
=
(1)3
= 24
1
Therefore, the gradient of the normal is .
24
Hence, the equation of the normal is
1
y 4 = (x 0)
24
1
y = x + 4
24
Substitute x = 1, y = 3 into since the point

(1, 3) lies on the curve ,
p
3 =
+ q(1) 1
(1)2
3 = p q 1
p q = 2 .....................................
23.
4 q = 2
q= 6
y = 2x2 + ax + b .......................
dy
= 4x + a
dx
=0
=0
= 0, 4
When x = 4,
y = 43 6(4)2 + 3
= 64 96 + 3
= 29
Hence, the points are (0, 3) and (4, 29).
Substitute x = 1, y = 5 and a = 4 into ,

5 = 2(1)2 + 4(1) + b
b = 1
24. Substitute y = 8 into y = x2 + 4x + 4,

8 = x2 + 4x + 4
2
x 4x + 4 = 0
(x 2)2 = 0
x=2
2
y=
x + 4x
= 2x1 + 4x
dy
2
=
+4
dx
x2
Therefore, p = 2 and q = 8.
25.
2
The gradient of the tangent at (1, 6) =
+4
12
=2
The equation of the tangent is
y 6 = 2(x 1)
y = 2x 2 + 6
y = 2x + 4
=0
When x = 0,
y = 03 6(0)2 + 3
=3
Given the gradient at the point (1, 5) is 8.

4(1) + a = 8
a=4
21.
y = x3 6x2 + 3
dy
= 3x2 12x
dx
For the tangent parallel to the x-axis, gradient = 0
dy
Therefore,
dx
3x2 12x
3x(x 4)
x
+ , 3p = 12
p= 4
20.
4
y =
(3x 1)2
= 4(3x 1)2
dy
= 8(3x 1)3(3)
dx
24
=
(3x 1)3
14
y = x2(x 3) 1
y = x3 3x2 1 ........................
dy
= 3x2 6x
dx
dy
For stationary point, = 0
dx
3x2 6x = 0
3x(x 2) = 0
x = 0, 2
d 2y
= 6(3) + 12
For point (3, 2),
dx2
= 6 0
Therefore, the minimum point is (1, 6).
Substitute x = 0 and x = 2 into respectively,

When x = 0, y = 1
When x = 2, y = 23 3(2)2 1
= 8 12 1
= 5
28. p = x2y and x + y = 10

y = 10 x........................
Substitute into p = x2y,
p = x2(10 x)
= 10x2 x3
dp
= 20x 3x2
dx
dp
When = 0,
dx
20x 3x2 = 0
x(20 3x) = 0
20
x = 0, x =
3
Therefore, the stationary points are (0, 1) and

(2, 5).
26.
y = px2 + qx + 4 .......................
dy
= 2px + q
dx
dy
= 0 at the point (1, 5).
dx
2p(1) + q = 0
2p + q = 0
q = 2p ............................
d2p
2 = 20 6x
dx
d2 p
2 = 20 6(0)
dx
= 20 0
d 2p
20
20
For x = , 2 = 20 6
dx
3
3
= 20 40
= 20 0
Substitute x = 1, y = 5 into ,
5 = p(1)2 + q(1) + 4
p q = 1 .......................................
For x = 0,

Substitute into ,
p 2p = 1
p = 1
p = 1
20
Therefore, for p to be maximum, x = .
3
q = 2(1)
= 2
27.
29.
y = x3 + 6x2 9x 2 .........................
dy
= 3x2 + 12x 9
dx
dy
= 0
For stationary points,
dx
3x2 + 12x 9 = 0
Divide by (3),
x2 4x + 3 = 0
(x 1)(x 3) = 0
x = 1, 3
y = (2x 1)3
dy
= 3(2x 1)2(2)
dx
= 6(2x 1)2
dx
Given = 2
dt
dy
dy dx
=
dt
dx
dt
= 6(2x 1)2(2)
= 12(2x 1)2
When x = 1,
dy
= 12(1)2
dt
= 12 units per second
Substitute x = 1 and x = 3 into respectively,

When x = 1, y = 1 + 6 9 2
= 6
When x = 3, y = (3)3 + 6(3)2 9(3) 2
= 27 + 54 27 2
= 2
30.
The stationary points are (1, 6) and (3, 2).

d 2y
= 6x + 12
dx2
d 2y
= 6(1) + 12
For point (1, 6),
dx2
=60
15
h = xy
h = (1 2t)(1 + 3t)
dh
= (1 2t)(3) + (1 + 3t)(2)
dt
= 3(1 2t) 2(1 + 3t)
= 3 6t 2 6t
= 1 12t
When t = 2,
dh
= 1 12(2)
dt
= 23
When x = 2,
dy
2
=
and y = 1.9 2
dx
22
= 0.1
1
=
2
x
dx

y
dy
dx
x = y
dy
= (2)(0.1)
= 0.2
1
1
1
31.
v u =
7
uv
1
=
vu
7
7u 7v = uv
uv + 7v = 7u
v(u + 7) = 7u
7u
v =
u+7
34.
dv
(u + 7)(7) (7u)(1)
=
du
(u + 7)2
7u + 49 7u
=
(u + 7)2
49
= 2
(u + 7)
du
Given = 12
dt
dv
dv du
=
dt
du dt
49
= 2 12
(u + 7)
49
= 2 12
12
49
= units s1
12
32.
pv =
p=
dy
y = x
dx
= 16(0.1)
= 1.6
y
1.6
100
100 =
y
2(4)2 + 3
1.6 100
=
35
= 4.57%
35.
20
20
= 20v1
dp
= 20v2
dv
20
=
v2
When v = 2,
dp
20
=
and v = 2.01 2
dv
22
= 0.01
= 5
dp
p = v
dv
= (5)(0.01)
= 0.05
33.
27
y =
x3
= 27x3
dy
= 81x4
dx
81
=
x4
When x = 3,
dy
81 and x = 3.01 3
=
dx
34
= 0.01
= 1
27
27 + y
3 =
33
(3.01)
dy
= 1 + x
dx
= 1 + (1)(0.01)
= 1 0.01
= 0.99
2
y=
x 5
= 2x1 5
dy
= 2x2
dx
2
= 2
x
y = 2x2 + 3
dy
= 4x
dx
When x = 4,
dy
= 4(4) and x = 4.1 4
dx
= 16
= 0.1
36.
16
4
y =
x2
= 4x2
dy
= 8x3
dx
8
=
x3
(b) When t = 2, x = 1 2(2)

= 3
When x = 2,
dy
8
=
dx
23
= 1
When t = 2.01, x = 1 2(2.01)

= 3.02
x = 3 (3.02)
= 0.02
x = 1.9 2
= 0.1
4 =
4 + y
1.92
22
dy
= 1 + x
dx
= 1 + (1)(0.1)
= 1 + 0.1
= 1.1
37.
dy
5
When x = 3, = 2(3)
2
dx
5
= 6
2
17
=
2
dy
y = x
dx
17 (0.02)
=
2
= 0.17
1
y =
x3
= x3
dy
= 3x4
dx
3
=
x4
39. (a)
When x = 1,
dy
= 3
dx
1
3
3 = 3 3
(1.01)
(1.01)

y = 2t2 + 1, x = 1 2t
dy
dx
= 2
= 4t
dt
dt
dy
dy
dt
=
dx
dt
dx
1
= 4t
2
= 2t
x = 1.01 1
= 0.01
(b) When x = 3,
3 = 1 2t
2
t =
2
t = 1
1 + y
= 3
13
dy
= 3 1 + x
dx
= 3[1 + (3)(0.01)]
= 2.91
dy
= 2(1)
dx
=2
38. (a) y = 4t2 + t...............................
40. (a)
x = 1 2t
1 x ...............................
t =
2
Substitute into ,

1 x 2 +
1x
y = 4
2
2
2
(1 x)
1x
1
= 4 +
4
2
2
1x
1
= (1 x)2 +
2
2
dy
1
= 2(1 x)(1)
2
dx
1
= 2 + 2x
2
5
= 2x
2
y = x2 4x + 1
dy
= 2x 4
dx
d 2y
=2
dx2
dy 2
d 2y
+ y = 2x + 1
dx2
dx
2 + (2x 4)2 (x2 4x + 1) = 2x + 1
2 + 4x2 16x + 16 x2 + 4x 1 2x 1 = 0
3x2 14x + 16 = 0
(x 2)(3x 8) = 0
8
x = 2,
3

(b) (i)
17
dy
= kx 5
dx
y + 7x 5 = 0
y = 7x + 5
The gradient of the tangent at the point
(1, 12) is 7.
Therefore, the area of the shaded region,

A = 25 x(2x + 10)
= 25 + 2x2 10x
dy
Therefore, = 7 when x = 1.
dx
kx 5 = 7
k(1) 5 = 7
k = 2
k= 2
(b)
1
(ii) The gradient of the normal =
7
The equation of the normal is
1 (x + 1)
y 12 =
7
1 + 12
1x+
y =
7
7
85
1
y = x +
7
7

5 2 10
5
Minimum area = 25 + 2
2
2
50
25
= 25 +
2
2
25
= 25
2
25
=
2
41. (a) y = 2x 3 has a gradient of 2 at point P.

y = x3 + 3x2 7x + 2
dy
= 3x2 + 6x 7
dx
dy
= 2
dx
3x2 + 6x 7 = 2
3x2 + 6x 9 = 0
x2 + 2x 3 = 0
(x 1)(x + 3) = 0
x = 1, 3
43. (a)
Perimeter = 120
y + y + 8x + 2(60 9x) = 120
2y + 8x + 120 18x = 120
2y = 10x
y = 5x
The area of the diagram
= Area of rectangle ABCE + Area of CDE
1 (8x)(
= 8x(60 9x) +
y2 16x2 )
2
= 480x 72x2 + 4x
25x2 16x2
= 480x 72x2 + 4x(3x)
= 480x 72x2 + 12x2
= 480x 60x2
When x = 1,
y = x3 + 3x2 7x + 2
= 13 + 3(1)2 7(1) + 2
=1+37+2
= 1
When x = 3,
y = x3 + 3x2 7x + 2
= (3)3 + 3(3)2 7(3) + 2
= 27 + 27 + 21 + 2
= 23
(b)
Therefore, the coordinates of P are (1, 1).

(b) Another point is (3, 23).
42. (a) Area of the shaded region
= Area of OAB Area of rectangle OPQR
1 5 10 xy
=
2
= 25 xy
A = 480x 60x2
dA
= 480 120x
dx
d 2A
= 120 0
dx2
dA
When = 0,
dx
480 120x = 0
x= 4
Therefore, x = 4 for the area to be maximum.
44. (a)
Gradient of AB = Gradient of QA
10 0 y 0
=
x5
05
y = 2(x 5)
y = 2x + 10
A = 2x2 10x + 25
d 2A
dA
= 4x 10,
=40
dx
dx2
4x 10 = 0
10
x =
4
5
=
2
A
10
c
10
S
y cm
cm
R
x cm
B
18
M
16 cm
In ABM,
AM 2 = AB2 BM 2
= 102 82
= 36 cm
AM = 6 cm
Since ABC and ASR are similar, then
y
6x
=
16
6
16(6 x)
y =
6
8(6 x)
=
3
Area of rectangle PQRS, A = xy

Volume of the solid, V

= Area of trapezium BC
1 (8x)(10 8x + 10 2x) 5
=
2
= 20x(20 10x)
= 400x 200x2
(b) (i)

8 (6 x)
=x
3
8x
= x 16
3
8 x2
= 16x
3
(b)
(ii) Maximum value of V = 400(1) 200(1)2

= 200
8 x2
A = 16x
3
dA
16
= 16 x
3
dx
d 2A
16
= 0
3
dx2
2x
46. (a) Height of the box =
2
2x
Volume of the box, V = (x)(x)
2
x
2
=x 1
2
1 x3
= x2
2
1 x3
(b)
V = x2
2
dV
3 x2
= 2x
2
dx
dA
When = 0,
dx
16 x = 0
16
3
16 x = 16
3
x =3
E
10x cm
8x cm
3 x2 = 0
2x
2
3
x 2 x = 0
2
4
x = 0,
3
d 2V
= 2 3x
dx2
d 2V
When x = 0,
=20
dx2
For the area of the rectangle to be largest, x = 3

and y = 8.
M
(10 8x) cm
dV
When = 0,
dx
8 (6 x),
Substitute x = 3 into y =
3
8
y=3
3
=8
45. (a)
V = 400x 200x2
dV
= 400 400x
dx
dV
= 0
dx
400 400x = 0
x= 1
d 2V
= 400 0
dx2
Therefore, V is a maximum when x = 1.

d 2V
4 ,
4
=23
When x =
3 dx2
3
= 2 0
F
B
Therefore, the volume is a maximum when

4.
x=
3
EM 2 = EF2 MF2
= 100x2 64x2
= 36x2
EM = 6x cm
EA = 6x + 10 8x
= (10 2x) cm
19
47. (a) Volume of the cylinder = 81 cm3

r2h = 81
81
h =
r2
Let the point of contact between the tangent and the

curve be P(a, b).
y = x2 8x + 12
dy
= 2x 8
dx
Gradient of the tangent at point P is 2a 8.
b+8
Gradient of PA =
a4
b+8
= 2a 8
a4
b + 8 = (a 4)(2a 8)
= 2a2 16a + 32
b = 2a2 16a + 24 ......................................
4r2
Total surface area, A = r2 + 2rh +
2
= r2 + 2rh + (2r2)
= 3r2 + 2rh
81
= 3r2 + 2r
r2
= 3r2 + 162
r
(b)
A = 3r2 + 162r 1
dA
= 6r 162r 2
dr
= 6r 162
r2
dA
When = 0,
dr
162
=0
6r
r2
6r = 162
r2
r3 = 27
r= 3

Substitute x = a, y = b into y = x2 8x + 12,

b = a2 8a + 12 ..................................................
= , 2a2 16a + 24 = a2 8a + 12
a2 8a + 12 = 0
(a 2)(a 6) = 0
a = 2, 6
Substitute a = 2 into ,
b = 4 16 + 12
=0
b = 36 48 + 12
=0
d 2A
324
= 6 +
dr2
r3
When r = 3,
d 2A
= 18 0
dr2
Therefore, the total surface area is a minimum
when r = 3.
48. (a)
Gradient of the tangent PA = 2(2) 8

= 4
Equation of the tangent is
y 0 = 4(x 2)
y = 4x + 8
Gradient of the another tangent = 2(6) 8
=4
y = px2 4x + 1
dy
= 2px 4
dx
When x = 4, the gradient of the tangent is 0.
Therefore, 0 = 2p(4) 4
8p = 4
1
p=
2
Equation of the second tangent is

y 0 = 4(x 6)
y = 4x 24
50.
1 (4)2 4(4) + 1
(b) When x = 4, y =
2
= 8 16 + 1
= 7
Equation of the tangent is y = 7.
49.
y = x 2 8x + 12
P(a, b)
0
P(a, b)
d 2y
dy
x
+ 0
dx2
dx
9x2 4 0
(3x 2)(3x + 2) 0
A(4, 8)
y = x(x2 4)
y = x3 4x
dy
= 3x2 4
dx
d 2y
= 6x
dx2
d 2y
dy
x
+ = x(6x) + (3x2 4)
dx2
dx
= 9x2 4
20
Let p be the perimeter,

p = 2r
dp
= 2
dr
x
2
dp
dp dA
=
dt
dA dt
dp
dr
dA
=
dr
dA
dt
2.
2 x
Therefore, the range is
3
3
dr
51. (a) = 0.3 cm s1
dt
6
Time taken =
0.3
= 20 seconds
(b)
A = r2
dA
= 2r
dr
dA
dA
dr
=
dt
dr
dt
dr
= 2r
dt
= 2(4)(0.3)
= 2.4
dV
54. Given = 30 cm3 s1
dt
4 r3
Volume of the sphere, V =
3
dV
= 4r2
dr

Surface area of the sphere, A = 4r2

dA
= 8r
dr
dA
dA dV
=
dt
dV dt
dA dr dV
=
dr dV dt
The area is decreasing at the rate of 2.4 cm s .

x2y + 1 = 3y + x
x2y 3y = x 1
y(x2 3) = x 1
x1
y =
x2 3
(x2 3)(1) (x 1)(2x)
dy
=
(x2 3)2
dx
2
x 3 2x2 + 2x
=
(x2 3)2
x2 + 2x 3
=
(x2 3)2
dp
(b) Given = 6 units s1
dt
p = 3x + 2
dp
= 3
dx
52. (a)
1 (30)
= (8r)
4r2
60
=
r
When the volume = 36,
4 r3 = 36
3
3
r3 = 36
4
= 27
r=3

The rate of change of the surface area

60
=
3
= 20 cm2 s1
dx
dx dp
=
dt
dp dt
1 (6)
=
3
= 2 units s1
53.
1 (10)
= (2)
2r
10
=
r
dp
10
When r = 10, =
10
dt
= cm s1
55. (a)
dA
= 10 cm2 s1
dt
Area, A = r2
dA
= 2r
dr
6 cm
10 cm r cm
h cm
21
dh
= 0.1 cm s1
dt
dA dh
dA
=
dh dt
dt
= (2h)(0.1)
= 0.2h
dA
When h = 3, = 0.6 cm2 s1.
dt
Using properties of similar triangles,

h
r =
10
6
6 h
r =
10
3h
r=
5
Volume of the unfilled space, V
1 62(10)
1 r2h
=
3
3
57. (a) (i)

1
1 (360)
3 h 2h
=
3 5
3

1
9 h3
= 120
3 25
3 h3
= 120
25
3 (1000 h3)
=
25
dV
dV
9 h2
(b) = 10 cm3 s1, =
25
dt
dh
(ii) T = 2.2 2.0

= 0.2
dh
dh dV
=
dt
dV dt
25
(10)
=
9h2
250
=
9h2
250
= 2
9 (2)
250
=
36
125
=
18
When T = 2.0,
dl
2
=
20
dT
= 0.1
dl
l = T
dT
= (0.1) (0.2)
= 0.02
dr
(b) = 0.5
dt
When r = 10,
4 (10)3
Volume =
3
4000
=
3
The height of water is decreasing at the rate of

125
cm s1.
18
56. (a)
2000
Half of original volume =
3
4
2000
3
r =
3
3
r3 = 500
r cm
5 cm
h cm
A
2
l
T = 20
10
l
T 2 = 400
10
T2
l =
40
dl
2T
=
40
dT
T
=
20
5 cm
5 cm
r = 3
500
r = 7.937
r +h =5
r2 = 52 h2
10 7.937
Time taken =
0.5
= 4.126 seconds
The surface area of the water, A = r2

= (52 h2)
= (25 h2)
(b)
A = 25 h2
dA
= 2h
dh
58. (a) x + x + y + y
2x + 2y
x+y
y
22
=
=
=
=
24
24
12
12 x
Volume of 1 unit of cuboid = t t 1

= t2 cm3
d
d
(u 12)(12u) 12u(u 12)
dv
du
du
=
du
(u 12)2
(u 12)(12) 12u(1)
=
(u 12)2
12u 144 12u
=
(u 12)2
144
=
(u 12)2
Total surface area of the cuboid = 2t2 + 4(t 1)

= 2t2 + 4t
xy
Number of cuboids =
=y
2t2 + 4t
x = 2t2 + 4t
Volume of total cuboids, V = yt2
= (12 x)t2
= (12 2t2 4t)t2
= t2(12 2t2 4t)
= 2t2(6 t2 2t)
(b)
2.
V = 2t2(6 t2 2t)
= 12t2 2t4 4t3
dV
= 24t 8t3 12t2
dt
dV
When = 0,
dt
24t 8t3 12t2 = 0
8t3 + 12t2 24t = 0
4t(2t2 + 3t 6) = 0
d
d
(4x 1)(x) x(4x 1)
dy
dx
dx
=
dx
(4x 1)2
(4x 1) x(4)
=
(4x 1)2
4x 1 4x
=
(4x 1)2
1
=
(4x 1)2
32 4(2)(6)
3
t =
2(2)
3
57
=
4
= 2.637, 1.137
3.
Since t 0 for the length, then t = 1.137

d 2V
= 24 24t2 24t
dt2
When t = 1.137,
d 2V
= 24 24(1.137)2 24(1.137)
dt2
= 24(1 1.1372 1.137)
= 34.31 0
y
= (5 2x)4
x2
y = x2(5 2x)4
dy
d
d
= x2 (5 2x)4 + (5 2x)4 (x2)
dx
dx
dx
= x2 4(5 2x)3(2) + (5 2x)4(2x)
= 8x2(5 2x)3 + 2x(5 2x)4
= 2x(5 2x)3[4x + (5 2x)]
= 2x(5 2x)3(5 6x)
dy
When = 0,
dx
2x(5 2x)3(5 6x) = 0
x = 0, 5 2x = 0, 5 6x =
5,
x=
x=
2
Hence, the volume is a maximum when

t = 1.137.
1.
4xy = y + x
4xy y = x
y(4x 1) = x
x
y =
4x 1
0
5
4. Given the gradient of the normal is 1,

therefore, the gradient of the tangent is 1.
a + bx
y =
x
dy
a + b.....................
=
x2
dx
dy
Substitute = 1 for x = 1 into ,
dx
1 = a + b
a + b = 1 ..............................
1
1 =
1 +
v
u
12
1
v + u =
uv
12
12(v + u) = uv
12v + 12u = uv
uv 12v = 12u
v(u 12) = 12u
12u
v =
u 12
a + bx,
Substitute x = 1, y = 7 into y =
x
7 =a+b
a + b = 7 ................................
23
+ , 2b = 8
b= 4
When y = 0, x = 0, 5
y
Substitute b = 4 into ,
a+4=7
a=3
5.
500
27
y = x(x 5)2
dy
d
d
= x (x 5)2 + (x 5)2 (x)
dx
dx
dx
= x 2(x 5)(1) + (x 5)2(1)
= (x 5)[2x + (x 5)]
= (x 5)(3x 5)
5
10
=
3
3
500
=
27
1 (2x)(k x)
Area of FEC =
2
= x(k x)
= (kx x2) cm2
1 k(2k 2x)
Area of ADF =
2
= (k2 kx) cm2
Area of AEF
= 2k2 [kx + (kx x2) + (k2 kx)]
= 2k2 kx kx + x2 k2 + kx
= (k2 kx + x2) cm2
500
5 ,
).
The stationary points are (5, 0) and (
3 27
dy
= (x 5)(3x 5)
dx
d 2y
= (x 5)(3) + (3x 5)(1)

dx2
= 3x 15 + 3x 5
= 6x 20
(b) Let the area of AEF be y

y = k2 kx + x2
dy
= k + 2x
dx
dy
When = 0,
dx
k + 2x = 0
1k
x =
2
d 2y
=20
dx2
For (5, 0),

d 2y
= 6(5) 20
dx2
= 10 0
Therefore, (5, 0) is a minimum point.
1 k.
Therefore, y is a minimum when x =
2
500
5 ,
),
For (
3 27
2
d y
5 20
=6
3
dx2
= 10 20
= 10 0
500
5 ,
Therefore, (
) is a maximum point.
3 27
When x = 0, y = 0(0 5)2
=0
(c) Minimum area of AEF
+ 12 k

x
5
6. (a) Area of rectangle ABCD

= (2k)(k)
= (2k2) cm2
1 (2k)(x)
Area of ABE =
2
= (kx) cm2
dy
For stationary points, = 0
dx
(x 5)(3x 5) = 0
5
x = 5,
3
When x = 5,
y = 5(5 5)2
=0
5,
When x =
3
5
5 52
y=
3 3
5 500
,
3 27
1k
= k2 k
2
1 k2 +
= k2
2
3 k2 cm2
=
4
24
1 k2
7.
When r = 4,
dA
60
=
dt
4
= 15 cm2 s1
x cm
y cm
Perimeter of the circle

2(7)
x+y
y
dV
9. (a) Given = 8 cm3 s1
dt
Let the length of the side be x.
V = x3
dV
= 3x2
dx
dx
1
=
3x2
dV
= Perimeter of the rectangle

= 2(x + y)
= 7
= 7 x ......................
Area of the rectangle, A = xy

= x(7 x)
= 7x x2
dA
= 7 2x
dx
22 2x
= 7
7
= 22 2x
dA
When = 0,
dx
22 2x = 0
x = 11
dx
dx dV
=
dt
dV dt

When x = 2,
dx
8
=
3(2)2
dt
2 cm s1
=
3
y = 7 11

22 11
= 7
7
= 11
(b) Total surface area, A = 6x2

dA
= 12x
dx
dA
dA dx
=
dt
dx
dt
2
= 12x
3
d 2A
= 2 0
dx2
Therefore, A is a maximum when x = 11 and y = 11.

Maximum area of the rectangle = 11 11

= 121 cm2

2
= 12(2)
3
= 16 cm2 s1
8. Let V be the volume of the sphere, r be the radius and

A be the surface area. t is the time in second.
dV
10. Given = k cm3 s1
dt
Let h be the height of the water level.
dh
Given = 2 cm s1
dt
dV
= 30 cm3 s1
dt
dA
dA dV
=
dt
dV dt
dA
dr dV
=
dr
dV dt
A = 4r2 and
dA
= 8r
dr
1 (8)
=
3x2
8
=
3x2
(a)
4 r3
V=
3
dV
= 4r2
dr
dA
1
Therefore, = 8r 2 30
4r
dt
60
=
r
25
V = (5)2h
= 25h
dV
= 25
dh
dV
dV dh
=
dt
dh dt
k = (25)(2)
= 50
(b) Area of the curved surface, A = 2(5)h

A = 10h
dA
= 10
dh
dA
dA dh
=
dt
dh dt
= (10)(2)
= 20 cm2 s1
dy
therefore, = 0 when x = 3
dx
0 = 2(3) + n
n = 6
14. (a)
1000
(c) Time taken =
50
= 20 seconds
11.
dy
For stationary points, = 0 when x = 1 and
dx
x=3
When x = 1,
1
y =
x3
dy
3
=
x4
dx
9(1) + 2b + 3 = 0
2b = 12
b = 6
dy
1 +
= 2
x
13
dx
= 2[1 + (3)(0.01)]
= 2.06
(b) y = x3 6x2 + 9x
When x = 1, y = 1 6 + 9
=4
(1, 4)
Where x = 0.99 1
= 0.01
When x = 3, y = 33 6(3)2 + 9(3)

=0
(3, 0)
dy
12. (a) = 3x2 kx
dx
Given equation of the normal is
x 7y + 13 = 0
7y = x + 13
13
1 x +
y=
7
7
Gradient of the tangent at (1, 2) is 7.
The distance between the two stationary points

=
(3 1)2 + (0 4)2
=
4 + 16
= 4.472 units
15. (a) BD2 = x2 + y2

BD =
x2 + y2
dy
Therefore, = 7 when x = 1
dx
7 = 3(1)2 k(1)
7 = 3 k
k = 10
1
Radius of the circle is
x2 + y2
2
Area of the shaded region, A
= Area of the circle Area of the rectangle

y = x2 + nx + 2
dy
= 2x + n
dx
(3, 7) is a minimum point,
2
1
x2 + y2 xy
=
2
1 (x2 + y2) xy
=
4
1
= (x2 + y2) xy
4
(b) Equation of the tangent at (1, 2) is

y 2 = 7(x 1)
y = 7x + 7 + 2
y = 7x + 9
13.
3a + 2b + 9 = 0 ...................
When x = 3, 27a + 6b + 9 = 0
9a + 2b + 3 = 0 ...................
,
6a = 6
a= 1
When x = 1,
dy
3
=
14
dx
= 3
2 = 2
1
0.993
0.993
y = ax3 + bx2 + 9x
dy
= 3ax2 + 2bx + 9
dx
26
(b)
d 2y
dy
9
18

+ =
+
dx2
dx
(x 4)2
(x 4)3
18 9(x 4)
=
(x 4)3
18 9x + 36
=
(x 4)3
54 9x
=
(x 4)3
1 x2 +
1 y2 xy
A=
4
4
1 (10)2 x(10)
1 x2 +
=
4
4
1 x2 + 25 10x
=
4
dA
1 x 10
=
2
dx
dA
When = 0,
dx
1 x 10 = 0
2
20
x =
d 2y
dy
+
dx2
dx
54
9x
(x 4)3
54 9x
9x
x
d 2A
10
=
2
dx2
20 .
Therefore, A is a minimum when x =
=0
=0
= 54
=6
5
18. (a) f (x) =
1 4x
= 5(1 4x)1
16. PQ = 2x x2
Let PQ = s
s = 2x x2
ds
= 2 2x
dx
ds
When = 0,
dx
2 2x = 0
x= 1
f (x) = 5(1 4x)2(4)

= 20(1 4x)2
f (x) = 40(1 4x)3(4)
= 160(1 4x)3
f (0) = 160(1 0)3
= 160
d 2s
= 2 0
dx2
s is a maximum when x = 1.
(b) (i)
Maximum distance of PQ = 2(1) 12

= 1 unit
17.
=0
y = x(x2 12)
= x3 12x
dy
= 3x2 12
dx
dx
1
=
dy
dy
dx
1
=
3x2 12
2x + 1
y =
x4
(x 4)(2) (2x + 1)(1)
dy
=
dx
(x 4)2
2x 8 2x 1
=
(x 4)2
9
=
(x 4)2
(ii)
dy
= 9(x 4)2
dx
d 2y
= 18(x 4)3
dx2
18
=
(x 4)3
dy
= 0
dx
3x2 12 = 0
3x2 = 12
x2 = 4
x = 2
When x = 2, y = 2(22 12)
= 16
When x = 2, y = 2[(2)2 12]
= 16
y = 16
27
19. (a)
y = 4x2 8x + 1
dy
= 8x 8
dx
d 2y
=8
dx2
dx
20. Given = 0.01 cm s1
dt
16 cm
dy
d 2y
=
When
dx2
dx
8 = 8x 8
8x = 16
x= 2
y = 4(2)2 8(2) + 1
=1
(b)
x cm
2x cm
Total surface area,

A = 2(2x2) + 2(16x) + 2(2x)(16)
= 4x2 + 32x + 64x
= 4x2 + 96x
dy
= 0
dx
8x 8 = 0
x= 1
dA
= 8x + 96
dx
dA
dA dx
=
dt
dx
dt
= (8x + 96)(0.01)
y = 4(1)2 8(1) + 1
= 3
Therefore, the stationary point is (1, 3).
d 2y
=80
dx2
When volume = 162,

(2x)(x)16 = 162
162
x2 =
32
81
=
16
9
x0
x=
4
When x = 0, y = 1
When y = 0,
4x2 8x + 1 = 0
8
64 4(4)(1)
x =
2(4)
dA
9 + 96 (0.01)
= 8
4
dt
= 1.14 cm2 s1
8
48
=
8
8 4
3
=
8
3
= 1
2
21.
10 cm
r cm
12 cm
l cm
1
0
3
1
2
1 + 3
2
x
h cm
10 cm
(1, 3)
Let h be the height of water level in the cylinder and

l be the height of water level in the cone.
r
l =
10
12
10 l
r =
12
5l
=
6
28
1 r2l
V=
3
1
5 l 2l
=
3 6
25 l3
=
108
dp
dx
dx
=
dt
dt
dp
1
= (6)
3
= 2 units s1

dV
25 3l2
=
108
dl
25 l2
=
36
V = 102h
= 100h
dV
= 100
dh
dh
=
dt
dl
=
dt
dy
= 10(3x + 2)3(3)
dx
30
=
(3x + 2)3
(c) x = 1.01 1
= 0.01
dl dh

dh dt
dl dV
(0.2)
dV dh
36 (100)(0.2)
25l2
36 (100)(0.2)
25(6)2
0.8 cm s1
dy
y = x
dx
30
x
=
(3x + 2)3
30
= 3 (0.01)
[3(1) + 2]
30
0.01
=
53
= 0.0024
Therefore, the water level in the cone is decreasing at

a constant rate of 0.8 cm s1.
10
dh
1
22. (a) Given =
t ms
dt
20
dV
= cm3 s1
t
dt
20
6
3 1
=
t 10 m s
dV
dV
dt
=
dh
dt
dh
t
20
= (106)
t
10
= 2 106
24.
y = 3x2 4x + 3
dy
= 6x 4
dx
At point (1, 2),
dy
= 6(1) 4
dx
=2
(a) y = 2.01 2
= 0.01

dx
x = y
dy
1 (0.01)
=
2
= 0.005
dV
dV
dh
(b) =
dt
dh
dt
= (2 106 )(2)
= 4 106 m3 s1
= 4 106 106 cm3 s1
= 4 cm3 s1
23. (a)
5
y =
p2
5
=
(3x + 2)2
= 5(3x + 2)2
0.2 cm s1
(b)

dx
dx dy
(b) =
dt
dy
dt
1
= (0.4)
2
= 0.2 unit s1

dp
p = 3x + 2, = 6 units per second
dt
dp
= 3
dx
29
(c) x = 2.1 2
= 0.1
dx
25. (a) Given = 0.1 cm s1
dt
1x
Radius, r =
2
dr
1
=
2
dx
dr
dr dx
=
dt
dx
dt
dA
A = x
dx
1 x x
= 2x
2
1 (2) (0.1)
= 2(2)
2
= (4 )(0.1)
= 0.08584 cm2

1 (0.1)
=
2
= 0.05 cm s1
(b) Area of the metal, A = x2 r2
1x
= x2
2
1 x2
= x2
4
dA
1 x
= 2x
2
dx

dA
dA dx
=
dt
dx dt
1 x (0.1)
= 2x
2
1 (2) (0.1)
= 2(2)
2
= (4 )(0.1)
= 0.08584 cm2 s1
30

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9 Differentations

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