A PROJECT REPORT ON SOLAR ENERGY PRESENTED BY Krunal Patel (12MBA068) UNDER THE GUIDANCE OF Ms. Kinjal Mistri Ms.

Komal Shukla IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENT OF THE COURSE GLOBAL WARMING, CARBON MARKETING AND ENVIRONMENTAL CLIMENT OF SEMESTER-III MBA PROGRAMME (2012-14) SUBMITTED TO

INDUKAKA IPCOWALA INSTITUTE OF MANAGEMENT (I2IM) CHAROTAR UNIVERSITY OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY (CHARUSAT) AT & PO CHANGA 388 421 TA: PETLAD DIST. ANAND, GUJARAT

CHAROTAR UNIVERSITY OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY (CHARUSAT) FACULTY OF MANAGEMENT STUDIES (FMS) INDUKAKA IPCOWALA INSTITUTE OF MANAGEMENT (I2IM) MBA/PGDM PROGRAMME (BATCH 2012-14) SEMESTER III

CERTIFICATE

I Mr. KRUNAL PATEL (ID NO. :12MBA068) student of MBA program (Batch 2012-2014) at Indikaka Ipcowala Institute Of Management (I2IM) hereby declare that this report as a part of the course Contemporary Issues In Management (MB 805.1)- Emergence Of India and China is the result of my own work. I also acknowledge the other works/publications cited in the report.

Place: Changa Date: 16.07.2013

(Signature) (Name of the student)

INTRODUCTION
Solar energy is an inexhaustible resource. The sun produces vast amounts of renewable solar energy that can be collected and converted into heat and electricity. Introduction to Solar Energy The sun's energy arrives on earth in the primary form of heat and light. Other aspects of solar radiation are less easily perceived and their detection often requires sophisticated equipment. All solar radiation travels through space in waves, and it is the length of these waves (the shortest is less than a millionth of an inch, the longest more than a thousand yards) by which all solar radiation is classified. The aggregate of all radiation aspects of the sun is called the solar spectrum.

USES Solar energy has many uses. It can be used to provide heat, light or to generate electricity. Passive solar energy refers to the collection of heat and light passive solar design, for instance, uses the suns energy to make homes and buildings more energy-efficient by eliminating the need for daytime lighting and reducing the amount of energy needed for heating and cooling. Active solar energy refers to storing and converting this energy for other uses, either as photovoltaic (PV) electricity or thermal energy.

SOLAR ELECTRICITY

Solar energy technology is used on both small and large scales to produce electricity. A unique advantage of small-scale solar energy systems is that, if they include storage devices, they may eliminate the need to connect to the electric grid. PV systems power road maintenance and railroad warning signs, flashing school zone lights, area lighting and other devices without expensive power lines or batteries. Offshore oil rigs, navigational aids, water pumps, telecommunication equipment, remote weather stations and data logging equipment also benefit from PV power. In 2005, small-scale, off-grid PV-powered devices accounted for about 15 percent of PV capacity installed worldwide. In the same year, most installed PV systems 59 percent provided electricity to homes and buildings connected to the electrical grid. The remaining PV systems were installed for use in remote off-grid homes and buildings in industrialized countries and the developing world. On a larger scale, solar technology can produce commercially significant amounts of electrical power. Utility-scale concentrating solar power (CSP) systems, for instance, typically offer capacities of from 50 to 200 megawatts (MW), and could produce enough electricity to power approximately 7,800 to 31,000 homes in Texas, based on average electric use in 2006, when the sun is shining.

PRODUCTION Sunlight can be converted into heat and electricity in a number of ways. A variety of solar technologies are in production, and many companies and researchers are pursuing efforts to develop devices that convert the suns energy more efficiently.

SOLAR THERMAL ENERGY Solar thermal energy refers to technologies that use the suns energy to heat water and other heat-transfer fluids for a variety of residential, industrial and utility applications. Simple and widely used applications of solar thermal energy include solar water heating, swimming pool heating and agricultural drying. In the U.S., solar pool, water and space heating are currently the major applications of thermal energy.

EXHIBIT 10-1

 Flat-plate collectors large, insulated metal boxes with glass or plastic covers and dark heatabsorbing plates are the most common collectors used for home solar water and space heating (Exhibit 10-1). Other common varieties are evacuated-tube collectors and integral collectorstorage systems. All three types gather the suns energy, transform it to heat and then transfer that heat to water, a heat-transfer fluid or air. Flat-plate collectors typically are mounted on the roof. Evacuated-tube collectors are sometimes used to heat water, but also have useful commercial and industrial applications where higher temperatures are required. The most powerful large-scale solar thermal technology, however, is concentrating solar power (CSP). While CSP can be PV-based, it generally refers to three solar thermal systems parabolic troughs, solar dish/engines and power towerseach of which is in use or under development today. These systems use mirrors or reflectors to focus sunlight to heat a fluid and make steam, which then is used to generate electricity. At present, only parabolic trough CSP systems are in commercial use in the U.S., with three installations in three states capable of generating 419 MW of electricity in all.45Trough systems consist of a linear, parabolic-shaped reflector that focuses the suns energy on a receiver pipe, heating a transfer fluid flowing through the pipe; the transfer fluid then generates superheated steam which is fed to a turbine and electric generator to produce electricity. The troughs track the sun from East to West during the day so that the sun is continuously focused on the receiver pipes (Exhibit 10-2). A solar dish/engine system consists of a solar concentrator glass mirrors in the shape of a dish that reflect sunlight onto a small area and a power conversion unit that includes a thermal receiver and a generator (Exhibit 10-3). The thermal receiver includes tubes for the transfer fluid usually hydrogen or helium that transfers heat to a generator to produce electricity. In 2006, Sterling Energy Systems, a Phoenix-based provider of such systems, signed agreements to build two large plants employing the technology in Southern California.46 This would be the first commercial installation of a solar dish/engine system in the U.S.

EXHIBIT 10-2

EXHIBIT 10-3

 Solar power towers use a large field of sun-tracking mirrors called heliostats to concentrate sunlight on a receiver located on the top of a tower. The receiver heats a heat transfer fluid such as molten nitrate salt that is then used to generate steam to power a turbine-generator to produce electricity (Exhibit 10-4). The molten salt reaches about 1,050 degrees Fahrenheit in the receiver before being stored in a tank where it can retain its heat for several hours. In the U.S., two large-scale power tower demonstration plants Solar One and Solar Two located in the Mojave Desert near Barstow, California have generated 10 MW of electricity each. Solar One operated off and on from 1982 to 1988 and used water as its heat transfer fluid, while Solar Two used molten nitrate salt for heat transfer, operating periodically from 1996 to 1999. Europes first commercial solar power tower went online in Spain in late 2006 and currently generates 11 MW of electricity, enough to power just under 6,000 homes. More fields of mirrors are being added to this plant. Solucar, its developer and operator, plans two more power towers at other locations in Spain.

EXHIBIT 10-4

PHOTOVOLTAIC TECHNOLOGY IN INDIA Traditionally, the power sector in India is associated with large-scale power generation under the auspices of both central and state governments. Although the transmission distribution network is widespread, it is still controlled by the government. Despite the increasing budgetary allocation given to the power sector in every Five-Year Plan, government efforts have not been successful in achieving the desired standard for the power sector (Roy & Gupta1996). The Government of India has introduced reforms in the power sector and has introduced new strategies in the scale of operation, ownership patterns and distribution networks. The government is seeking to promote small and medium scale power generation and is encouraging large-scale generation by private sector and joint sector participation. Undoubtedly, there is a shift towards decentralized power generation and private entrepreneurship in the provision of power. Solar photovoltaic energy is one of the special purpose decentralized forms of power-generating units that the Ministry for NonConventional Energy Sources (MNES) is trying to promote to alleviate the power problem in the country (Roy & Gupta 1996). India has a vast land area of over 3.2 million square km and a population of nearly a billion people. The solar radiation received by the country is over 5 1015 kW h/yr with the daily average incidence varying between 4 and 7 kW h/m2. There are over 80,000 villages that are yet to be electrified and about 70 million households without conventional electricity (Sastry 1997). Hence, there is a large scope and potential for the use of solar-based technology in India. The Department of Telecommunications is the largest user of PV modules in India, accounting for 16.6% of the PV modules used. This is followed by solar home lighting (8.8%), solar lanterns (8.7%), solar street lighting (8.1%), solar power plants (8.0%) and water pumping (6.6%). Other applications account for 16% and they include telemetry on offshore oil platforms, railway signaling, low-power TV transmitters and microwave repeaters. The remaining 27% is accounted for by the export sector.

GOVERNMENT INITIATIVES The government can play a leading role through the formulation of favourable policies by showing a practical commitment which enhances public awareness of the potential of PV in all walks of life. Often, the majority of the people constituting the potential market are unaware of the existence of PV technology let alone the systems capabilities (Muntasser, Bara, Quadri, EL-Tarabelsi, & La-azebi, 2000). The lack of information about renewable energy benefits, economic and financial costs is a major barrier to adoption (Martinot, 1998). Not only could the government assume responsibility for creating awareness among the industry and public about the benefits of PV, it could disseminate information pertaining to the environmental and other benefits of PV with a view to educating the public (Cesta & Decker, 1978). Public education can be achieved through a variety of strategies including advertising campaigns, PV documentation programs that reach the people through radio, television, newspapers, highway billboards and setting up demonstration sites (Adurodija et al., 1998). It is reported that the publicity and awareness campaign undertaken in Zimbabwe generated an awareness and demand for solar systems in the country (Marawanyika, 1997). According to Adurodija et al, (1998) the government could establish a financing system which favours PV diffusion and, simultaneously, provide financing and access to affordable credit line plans in order to convert potential users into actual users. The government could promote the development of the local PV market by encouraging local manufacturing of PV components and the removal of constraints on the market growth by providing temporary tax exemptions for the purchase of PV equipment. Additionally, allowing duty free imports of solar equipment, components and appliances would help in lowering the initial costs of PV systems. It is widely regarded that the high initial costs of PV systems often slow down the growth of the PV market; hence, any measure taken by the government to lower the initial cost of PV systems is a step in the right direction. At the national level, the government could establish a strong scientific, technological and industrial development programmed with the active participation of national and international developmental agencies. Similarly, the government can support and

promote national Research and Development institutions and use the purchasing power of the state to obtain resources for PV research programmes. It can facilitate the forging of collaboration and technology transfers, and render institutional support for local and international research institutions (Adurodija et al., 1998). Additionally, the government can consider providing incentives for research and development (Cesta & Decker, 1978). Another option for the government is to attract foreign investment in the production of PV systems by the creation of an appropriate economic and political climate. The progressive removal of barriers to foreign investment and the easing of restrictions for the import of PV technology has led to the establishment of joint ventures between Indian and foreign companies (Sastry, 1997). The government should adopt measures to promote local industries and contractors by encouraging them to take an active role in the production and promotion of PV technology; that is, the government could ensure a healthy market by restricting monopolies, fostering the development of standards and developing codes of practice (Adurodija et al., 1998). The success of the wind energy programme in India is attributed to the proactive policies of the Ministry of Non-Conventional Energy Sources (MNES) in the Government of India. The key elements of this programme include wind resource assessment, government-sponsored demonstration projects, awareness creation and provision of operating experience to industry and State electricity boards (State-run utilities). Incentives were made available to windpower plant entrepreneurs which included tax concessions such as accelerated depreciation, tax holidays, customs and excise duty relief, soft loans and liberalized foreign investment procedures (Rubab & Kandpal, 1996). Government intervention for fostering the diffusion of renewable energy technologies includes provision of information to consumers and manufacturers, tax benefits, subsidies, credit services and direct support of the distribution system (E. Martinot, 1998; Muntasser et al., 2000). In an effort to promote the use of solar systems the government also should publish the results of comparative analysis of solar systems and conventional systems (Cesta & Decker, 1978). Therefore, as argued by Roy and Gupta (1996), government intervention is necessary in a number of ways to promote solar energy.

METHODS A structured questionnaire was used to collect the data from a random sample of 120 small hotels located in different parts of India. The Directory of Hotels and Resorts in India was used as the sampling frame as it provided a comprehensive listing of the target population. Adequate care was taken to ensure a representative sample. Sampling error and non-sampling errors are two key factors, which affect the overall quality of data (Malhotra 2006). Sampling error is the difference between the result of a sample and the result of a census conducted using identical procedures. It is a statistical fluctuation that occurs because of chance variations in the elements selected for a sample. Sampling errors arise from errors in constructing a sampling frame and selecting a sample. Adequate steps were taken to minimize potential sources of error during the process of data collection. A combination of extensive literature review and results of the pre-tests led to the development of the final questionnaire, which was used as the survey instrument in this study (Malhotra 2006). Single-item measures are deficient both with respect to validity and reliability and hence multi-item scales were used.

MY LEARNING Try to use maximum solar energy as possible so we can save more energy and we also protect the global worming problem

CONCLUSION The development of the renewable energy industry in India is still in its early stages. Therefore the government should continue to play a leadership role in regards to policy, legislation, institutional support, tariff formulation, testing and standards, training, information dissemination, education and provision of financial incentives, subsidies and tax rebates. A variety of financial incentives are required to stimulate a market pull for PVs. The goal is to increase market demand for PVs and accelerate the adoption of technologies such as PV systems. It is expected that all these measures will aid the adoption of PVs by SMEs in India. In a country like India where chronic power shortages are rampant there is a strong market potential for PV systems. Power from PV systems offers effective and viable solutions to bridge the energy gap. India is endowed with plenty of sunshine and there is urgent need to hasten the adoption of environmentally friendly technologies such as PV systems. This can be accomplished by providing appropriate financial incentives, subsidies, strengthening of the supporting infrastructure to ensure reliability, quality and efficiency. Further it is necessary to provide the required regulatory, legislative and policy support for the rapid diffusion of PV systems. The contribution of the study emerges from the integration of literature in the areas of renewable energy technologies and the diffusion of photovoltaic technology in developing countries. The significance of this research is that it provides empirical evidence to enhance the understanding of the role of government initiatives in fostering the adoption of photovoltaic technology by SMEs in a developing country, India.

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