Complete NW Training Document Part 2

GUARDIAN ANGELS
COMMUNITY PROJECTS AND MOBILIZATION TRAINING
PART: 2
This document is the property of the International Alliance of Guardian Angels, Cape Town Chapter, and is only issued for training to Neighbourhood Watches requiring it in the execution of their official duties. It does not constitute Official Guardian Angels doctrine or policy, being meant for training of groups other than Guardian Angels. Any person finding this document is requested to transmit or hand it in at the nearest Guardian Angels office or post it to Guardian Angels, PO Box 834, Parow, Cape Town, 7500 or contact: Cape Town Guardian Angels, National Director, tel: 083 568 6760. Guardian Angels do not condone vigilantism and will vigorously pursue all legal measures against individuals and groups using these tactics in a violent and/or inhumane manner.
International Alliance of Guardian Angels Community Projects Training
Page 2 of 100
Table of Contents
Module Name 1) 2) 3) 4) HOW DOES GRAFFITI "HURT"? PART 1 A: THE PROBLEM WITH PROSTITUTION Page 3 15
PART 1 B: THE PROBLEM WITH DRUGS AND 32 STREET CRIMES YOUTH AND GANGS MORE STRATEGIES 55 85
Page 3 of 100 HOW DOES GRAFFITI "HURT"? Graffiti vandals believe their actions harm no one. The reality is graffiti hurts everyone - homeowners, communities, businesses, schools, and you. And, those who practice it risk personal injury, violence, and arrest. Transportation, property, and retail sales - "Graffiti contributes to lost revenue associated with reduced ridership on transit systems, reduced retail sales and declines in property value. In addition, graffiti generates the perception of blight and heightens fear of gang activity" reports the U.S. Department of Justice. The appearance of graffiti is often perceived by residents and passers-by as a sign that a downward spiral has begun, even though this may not be true. Safety - Patrons of buildings, parks, or public facilities where graffiti vandalism has occurred may feel that if graffiti is tolerated, then other more serious crimes, such as theft and assault, may also go unchallenged. Schools and youth - In schools, 52% of public high schools and 47% of middle schools reported incidents of vandalism during the 1996-1997 school years. Data shows little difference between cities, towns, and rural areas. Additionally, about 36% of students saw hate-related graffiti at school. Clean up costs - Although the cost of graffiti vandalism in the U.S. has yet to be definitively documented, for many communities, private property owners, and public agencies the cost is rising each year. Figures from a variety of cities across the U.S. suggest that graffiti cleanup alone costs taxpayers about $3-5 per person per year. For smaller communities the amount dedicated to graffiti cleanup annually may be $1 per person or less. A 2002 survey of communities conducted by Public Technology, Inc., found that "Los Angeles County spends about $55 million per year on graffiti removal (population about 10 million). This is up from $35-39 million in 1998. "Phoenix (1.3 million population) and Minneapolis (382,000 population) each spend about $4 million. Santa Rosa, CA with a population of 175,000 spends about $250,000 for graffiti removal." With a population of just under one million, the City of San Jose spends $3 million per year fighting graffiti. In 1999 Sacramento County (1.2 million population) spent an estimated $500,000 on graffiti abatement. Pittsburgh, PA spent the same amount in 2001. In Baltimore, it costs $350,000 annually; Portland, OR spends $2 million a year; Denver nearly $1 million; Albuquerque, MN has budgeted over $850,000 for 2003; and Madison, WI spends $250,000 annually.
Page 4 of 100 Step 1 - REMOVE GRAFFITI GRAFFITI AND VANDALISM If graffiti is a problem in your neighbourhood, you can learn how it can be eradicated. Many communities have successfully attacked graffiti through direct community action and improved government responses. Here are graffiti-abatement strategies and tactics you can use to remove graffiti and keep it out of your neighbourhood. Graffiti is the weakest link in the criminal empire. Attack it first and you would have eroded criminals power base. If we do not win the war against graffiti we will not win the war against crime. ANALYZING THE PROBLEM Graffiti is the unauthorized painting (and, more recently, window etching) of private or public property that vandalizes roadsides, mass transit, commercial districts, and residential areas. Graffiti affects neighbourhoods in many ways. It sends a clear message to visitors and residents alike that things are out of control. It can reduce property values, add to a climate of lawlessness that discourages business, and open the door to more serious crime. Despite graffiti's pervasiveness in some neighbourhoods, many police departments do not have time to investigate graffiti complaints. Community mobilization is critical to make graffiti-fighting a priority and to help police enforce the laws against graffiti by identifying the individuals who commit these acts of vandalism, reporting graffiti crimes in progress, and photographing and removing the graffiti. Community members must also help develop alternatives for youth who might otherwise be involved in graffiti crimes. Some neighbourhoods have found that simply removing the graffiti was not enough.
Page 5 of 100 Gang Graffiti: Graffiti may be a signal that gangs are operating in the area. Gangs
use graffiti to identify their "turf," warn other gangs to stay out, and communicate other messages. Gang graffiti markings might include the gang name, gang member nicknames, expressions of gang loyalty, symbols, threats, and information about crimes in which the gang has been involved. When one gang's graffiti has been crossed out by another gang, it may indicate acceptance of a challenge and the likelihood of future violence. Also, the graffiti's style (e.g., block letters, "balloon" letters, etc.) may give an indication of the type of gangs involved. Some gangs have members who specialize in writing the graffiti, which has also been characterized as a "newspaper" for some gangs. Gang graffiti may also appear on clothing, notebooks, and interior walls. Tagger and Other Graffiti: Not all graffiti is written by gang members. Drug dealers also may use it to tell users where they can buy drugs. It may have bigotry at its core, containing hate messages directed at other races, religions, or genders. Some graffiti may be expressions of profanity, some communicates political opinions, and some ("Tom loves Mary") may be classified as "bubble gum" graffiti. But perhaps more commonly, graffiti comes from "taggers" who "sign" their work with a unique name. Taggers generally seek to impress their peers with how often their graffiti may be seen or by the difficulties they had to overcome to paint it. Taggers may also be thrill seekers, excited by the dangers involved in eluding the law or by the danger of placing graffiti in high places. Taggers may act alone or they may belong to tagger "crews" or gangs whose main activity is creating graffiti. Tagger graffiti ranges from short messages to mural-sized drawings, known as "pieces," and some taggers have been known to keep notebooks of their work. While tagging is usually thought of as a non-violent crime, some communities have found taggers armed with knives and guns, not just spray paint. TAKING INVENTORY
Page 6 of 100 Although quick removal (after documenting the problem) is the number one objective for all graffiti abatement efforts, the details involved in planning your response will depend on the type of graffiti with which you are dealing. For example, if the graffiti is produced by gang members and contains recent "cross outs" or threats, the police will need to know about it and document it. Here are some steps you can take to help you analyze the problem: Take photographs of marked buildings, walls, etc. Learn to recognize basic gang graffiti styles and messages. Consult with appropriate police officials (e.g., gang specialists, hate crime unit, juvenile officers, and community policing officers) about how to interpret unfamiliar symbols and markings. Determine the extent and type of graffiti problems in and around schools. You may also identify student groups that can help with school and neighbourhood graffiti removal. An example may be an art class, who would probably love painting over graffiti. Learn about techniques for removing graffiti from different types of surfaces (red brick, stucco, glass, etc.) STRATEGIES AND TACTICS The principle behind fighting graffiti is to reduce the rewards, such recognition or control that graffiti criminals get from their crimes. Graffiti abatement (i.e., quickly removing the graffiti and keeping it off) reduces these rewards. Successful graffiti abatement involves both the community and local government. These are the recommended strategies discussed in this section 1. Take direct action to remove graffiti. 2. Hold graffiti vandals accountable. 3. Link with other community improvement projects. 4. Divert graffiti criminals to positive alternatives. Strategy 1 -- Take Direct Action to Remove Graffiti Direct community action involves organizing volunteer groups to coordinate with law enforcement and then actually paint over or otherwise remove graffiti without waiting for government to act. The neighbourhood sends the clearest message when it develops the capacity to respond quickly to reports of graffiti. Even where the graffiti cannot be quickly removed, citizens can record or photograph and then paint over the names of the graffiti criminals, thus depriving them of the publicity they seek. These tactics have proven successful in many communities: Hold a Neighbourhood Meeting: This can be sponsored by a civic or tenants' association, community-based service organization, or other neighbourhood group. If necessary, you can go door to door to begin organizing the neighbours. The focus of the meeting should be on the prevalence of graffiti in the neighbourhood, its impact on the community's feelings of safety, and its economic impacts. Be prepared to display pictures of properties marked with graffiti and note their specific locations on the back of the photos and on a map or list. Maps will also be useful for volunteers on the day of the paint-over.
Page 7 of 100 Organize the Community as a Whole: It does little good when some properties cover up graffiti while adjacent property remains vandalized. Contact any other community-based groups that may be interested in graffiti removal. Educate Your Neighbours: Talk to neighbourhood residents and businesses about graffiti, what it means, and what can be done about it. Use fliers, personal visits, phone calls - whatever it takes. Adopt a Uniform Paint Scheme: Use it when painting over graffiti to avoid clashes. Have volunteers meet with business owners not represented at the meeting. Find out if your local government supplies paint in standard colours for this purpose. Seek donations of paint from local businesses. Discuss Your Plans with the Police: In neighbourhoods where the graffiti was done by violent gangs, you may need to arrange for police protection for the paint-out. Obtain Consent Forms: Property owners should provide you with signed forms that give you permission to paint over graffiti on their properties according to the agreedupon colour scheme. Removal of the Graffiti: Once everything is in place, get all the volunteers together and get cracking. Paint over all the graffiti. In Parow, Cape Town the Guardian Angels got youngsters aged 10-16 together on Sunday mornings and removed all the graffiti they could find by painting white blocks over it. The local McDonalds provided coffee afterwards.
Take Care of Details: Paint-outs are not complicated, but attention to details is important. Use a checklist to plan ahead and keep things running smoothly. Debrief and Get Ready Again. After the paint-out, hold a second meeting to debrief, thank the volunteers, and plan for future efforts. Resolve to paint over future graffiti. Assign responsibility for reporting and recording graffiti and for organizing new paint-outs. Property owners can tell their maintenance staff to check every
Page 8 of 100 morning to see if there is graffiti on their walls and immediately paint it over.Tip: Many removal products are hazardous to personal health and to the environment. Always wear appropriate safety gear, including clothing, masks, breathing equipment, and eye protection. Follow the instructions on all cleaning products. Properly dispose of hazardous materials. Strategy 2 -- Hold Graffiti Vandals Accountable All actions of the community group should be coordinated with local police to help ensure that graffiti vandals are held accountable or prosecuted. Take Pictures: Give copies of all pictures of graffiti to the police along with documentation of when and where the pictures were taken. Report Vandals: Notify police of the vandals' identity. Hold Youth and Parents Accountable: Youth who commit graffiti crimes may be required to paint over the graffiti, pay for its cleanup, or perform other neighbourhood beautification and community service tasks. They may make amends through informal arrangements with residents, or as part of a police program, a condition of probation, an outcome of a community-based mediation process, or a school disciplinary action. Graffiti abatement can also be more meaningful when the parents of youth responsible for the graffiti help to remove it. Strategy 3 - Link with Other Community Improvement Projects Many communities combine graffiti abatement with larger cleanup efforts directed at broken windows, abandoned cars, vacant lots, and vacant houses. Here are some examples: Work with Public Housing: Public housing authorities in Chicago, San Francisco, and many other cities have been working to improve living conditions by removing abandoned autos, pulling weeds, removing graffiti, and repairing apartments. Set Up a Beautification Fund: In 1991, Proposition D was passed in San Francisco to fund neighbourhood cleanup. It has resulted in a reported 580 trees planted, 600 square blocks cleaned of litter and graffiti, 130 trash receptacles placed on city streets, and 24 new murals. Money is raised by City Improvement Districts. Conduct Targeted "Clean Sweeps:" During the summer of 1996, Kansas City crews focused on 10 neighbourhood areas for a special "Clean Sweep" effort that involved cleaning vacant lots, illegal dumps, and catch basins; sweeping streets; painting hydrants; towing abandoned autos; hauling off old tires; and removing graffiti. Part of the program called for neighbourhood groups to mobilize area residents and organize volunteers to help city employees. In Detroit, the Motor City Blight Busters mobilize volunteers for citywide cleanups, including graffiti removal. The program has gone beyond cleanup to join Habitat for Humanity to erect new homes in areas where abandoned, graffiti-filled buildings existed. Join with Neighbourhood Anti-Crime and Anti-Gang Initiatives: In St. Louis, for example, the Northside Neighbourhood Action Association sponsors both neighbourhood crime patrols and a graffiti removal program. In Houston, the antigraffiti community mobilization effort is led by the mayor's Anti-Gang Office. Work with the Courts: Encourage the courts to make graffiti removal part of community service and restitution sentences.
Page 9 of 100 Strategy 4 -- Divert Graffiti Criminals to Positive Alternatives Community action is also needed to develop positive alternatives to graffiti. Community service and restitution are among the most common sanctions for graffiti criminals who are apprehended. Residents, business owners, and service agencies in the neighbourhood can help by seeing that these sanctions are carried out and supervised. Work with Schools: Support student-led cleanup and graffiti removal efforts. Supervise students assigned to remove graffiti as part of school disciplinary actions. Consider Urban Art or Mural Projects: Graffiti abatement initiatives emphasize that graffiti is vandalism, not art, but some community groups have sought to channel the artistic creativity of some graffiti vandals into positive pursuits. In Seattle, for example, the South of the Dome Business Association is complementing its paintover abatement efforts by creating an "Urban Art Corridor" which will feature 50 murals painted by former graffiti vandals. The program hopes to commission professional artists to work as mentors with the youth, and landscaping in the area will be designed and cared for by youth groups. Other cities with successful mural projects include Philadelphia and San Antonio. Not all mural projects succeed, however. The most successful ones emphasize adult supervision and links to other youth-serving programs. PUTTING IT ALL TOGETHER The City of West Palm Beach, Florida, has developed a graffiti eradication program that seeks to remove all graffiti within 48 hours of notification. Countywide graffiti hot lines operated by the sheriff have been established to facilitate reporting. City painters, including offender work details, are sent to reported graffiti sites to cover up the graffiti with special paint that covers graffiti easily. Funds for the special graffiti removal work team come from drug forfeiture funds. The graffiti removal team fully documents its work. Key descriptors of each graffiti incident are recorded, and sites are photographed for future prosecution. Property owners complete a form granting permission for the work team to remove graffiti from their properly. Records are kept of the time spent to remove the graffiti at each site and the cost incurred, so that restitution orders may be sought. Citizens are a key element of this program, which cannot work unless citizen reports of graffiti are made as soon as the graffiti appears. In Scottsdale, Arizona, police and community cooperation was critical for establishing a 48-hour graffiti-abatement program. Local paint merchants donated paint for an experiment to test whether painting over graffiti would be successful and were pleased that it was. Based on this winning experience, a neighbourhood enhancement committee convinced the city council to fund a special position to oversee graffiti removal. Much of the equipment used by the city staff, including a truck and paint sprayer, was donated by local merchants, who continue to donate paint. The city council also funded a 24-hour hot line for reporting graffiti. A second hot line provides rewards to callers who can identify people who commit specific graffiti crimes. Scottsdale also has a voluntary program encouraging merchants to lock up aerosol spray paint to prevent its being stolen by graffiti criminals.
Page 10 of 100 Graffiti Abatement Checklist Obtain supplies: No-lead exterior latex paint that matches Paint scrapers, wire brushes paint surfaces around neighbourhood Inexpensive paint brushes, rollers, trays, Dust masks and paint containers Clean cotton painters' rags Safety glasses
Drop cloths (old shower curtains can be Aerosol solvent used) Trash bags (10+ gallon) Plastic buckets with lids Kitchen cleaner and water in spray bottles Reflective safety vests
These may be donated by businesses or community groups or paid for by the volunteers. Set a time and date for painting over existing graffiti that does not conflict with any other community events. For example, early on Saturday morning has proven to be a good time for many communities or on a Sunday afternoon. In Cape Town, Sunday mornings have proven to be a very good time to execute graffiti removal operations. Distribute a flier to the affected neighbourhoods informing residents and businesses of the paint-out. Choose an assembly location that allows you to distribute supplies and park cars (e.g., a church or business parking lot). Assign volunteers to specific target locations and give them the materials needed to paint over the graffiti. Try to have maps and photographs of each site for the volunteers to use. Use other volunteers to circulate, supervise the painting crews, and replenish supplies. If possible, take new pictures for a display of "before" and "after." Try to invite the media. Their coverage of the operation can result in new volunteers as well as more suppliers of paint and other materials. Summary 1. Know the Law. 2. Apply the 24-Over-3-to-5 Rule. Thwart graffiti vandals often enough and they'll give up. 3. Call for Help. 4. Mobilize. The best response to a neighbourhood graffiti problem is an ongoing neighbourhood response. 5. Acquire the Tools. Develop the talent. 6. Teach Your Children. The permanent solution to graffiti has to involve some home education.
Page 11 of 100 WHAT DOES THE LAW SAY ABOUT DEFACING PROPERTY? Defacing property has always been a crime in Cape Town. It's punishable by a fine. Cleaning up the actual mess, however, is the duty of the victim - and we're talking about a legal duty. Cape Town will soon have an anti-graffiti by-law. WHAT IS THE 24-OVER-3-TO-5 RULE? Thwart graffiti vandals often enough and they'll give up Experts agree: The keys to winning the graffiti war locally are quick response and dogged persistence. Above all else, graffiti vandals want their "work" to stay put, where everybody can see and admire/deplore it. If that desire is thwarted - instantly, repeatedly - they'll go elsewhere for their kicks. One Pittsburgh-area property developer sums up the accumulated wisdom of community-defenders everywhere with what might be called the "24-over-3-to-5" rule: "You have to paint it out within 24 hours. You have to paint it out three to five times, and the kids give up. Boom! You've won. It's pretty simple."
Page 12 of 100 Self Test Question 1: Mark the following statements as True or False Statement Graffiti contributes to declines in property value Graffiti heightens fear of gang activity Graffiti has also been characterized as a "newspaper" for gangs All graffiti is written by gang members It helps when only some properties cover up graffiti while adjacent property remains vandalized. Graffiti must be removed within a week Graffiti must be removed within 24 hours Graffiti in schools are not a problem Graffiti is best combated without involving the public Gangs use graffiti to mark their territory Graffiti removal should start with a community meeting You dont need to worry about your protection while removing graffiti Murals are also considered as graffiti You may need to remove graffiti 3 to 5 times before it stays away Some graffiti removal products can be hazardous 15 Total 15 True False
Page 13 of 100 Answers Question 1: Mark the following statements as True or False Statement Graffiti contributes to declines in property value Graffiti heightens fear of gang activity Graffiti has also been characterized as a "newspaper" for gangs All graffiti is written by gang members It helps when only some properties cover up graffiti while adjacent property remains vandalized. Graffiti must be removed within a week Graffiti must be removed within 24 hours Graffiti in schools are not a problem Graffiti is best combated without involving the public Gangs use graffiti to mark their territory Graffiti removal should start with a community meeting You dont need to worry about your protection while removing graffiti Murals are also considered as graffiti You may need to remove graffiti 3 to 5 times before it stays away Some graffiti removal products can be hazardous X X 15 Total 15 X X X X X X X True X X X X X X False
Page 14 of 100 Combating Prostitution and Drugs At-A-Glance
Communicate Disapproval
Drugs and Prostitution

Reduce Access to Marketing Space
Destroy Sense of Impunity
Page 15 of 100 PART 1 A: THE PROBLEM WITH PROSTITUTION Cecilia Hoffman, Secretary of the Coalition Against Trafficking in Women - Asia Pacific (CATW-AP), wrote in the Aug. 1997 paper "SEX: From Human Intimacy to 'Sexual Labor' or Is Prostitution a Human Right?" published on the CATW-AP website: "Prostitution violates the right to physical and moral integrity by the alienation of womens sexuality that is appropriated, debased and reduced to a commodity to be bought and sold. It violates the prohibition of torture and of cruel, inhuman or degrading treatment or punishment because clients acts and practices of sexual 'entertainment' and pornography are acts of power and violence over the female body. It violates the right to liberty and security, and the prohibition of slavery, of forced labor and of trafficking in persons because millions of women and girls all over the world are held in sexual slavery to meet the demand of even more millions of male buyers of sex, and to generate profits for the capitalists of sex. It violates the right to enjoy the highest standard of physical and mental health because violence, disease, unwanted pregnancies, unsafe abortions, and AIDS stalk, presenting constant and grave risks for women and girls in prostitution, and militating against a healthy sense of and relationship with their own bodies."
Aug. 1997 - Cecilia Hoffman
John Bambenek, Executive Director of the Tumaini Foundation, wrote in his Jan. 2, 2007 post "The ACLU Is Fighting for the Trafficking of Women Worldwide" on his Part-Time Pundit blog: "One cannot support the reduction of AIDS infections and support legal prostitution at the same time. Prostitution remains one of the leading vectors for AIDS infection. This is true in the case of both legal and illegal prostitution... Prostitutes, because of their many partners, have a greatly increased risk of exposure to HIV. They are likewise able to spread HIV to many other partners... The redefinition of prostitution as 'commercial sex work' is just an attempt to legitimize sex trafficking. It should come as no surprise the ACLU and Planned Parenthood have signed on. While both groups are considered 'pro-woman', it is odd that they support an industry of flagrant abuse of women... There are a multitude of studies to show the high level of abuse that prostitutes suffer. Women are literally bought and sold as property. The incidence of drug addiction is high among women, partially explaining why they became prostitutes to begin with. The argument for legalization goes something like this. Prostitution will happen anyway but legalization and regulation will help stem the abuses. The argument has 50,000 foot appeal. Using the same logic, slavery (which still exists in many places) should be legalized so underground slaves can be given some measure of human rights. The fact that the ACLU and the bevy of left-wing international groups don't argue for the legalization of slavery shows the logical inconsistency of their position. Further, the legalization of abortion has shown that it lead to a radical increase in abortion. The legalization will lead to an untold number of women being forced into sex slavery. Make no mistake, women will be forced into commercial sex work in greater numbers if it were legalized."
Jan. 2, 2007 - John Bambenek
Page 16 of 100 Thomas Kleine-Brockhoff, Senior Director at the German Marshall Fund of the United States, wrote in his Jan. 29, 2007 article "Legalization Opens Criminal Floodgates" posted on the PostGlobal website: "My home country of Germany is one of the few nations to legalize prostitution. Proponents of legalization argue that all attempts to deal with the sex business have failed and the only option left untried is decriminalization... Legalized prostitution creates the same problems that legalized marijuana does. While prostitution is legal, forced prostitution is not. The latter occurs, and the new German law unintentionally makes it harder to hunt down human traffickers, especially from Eastern Europe and Africa. Similarly, it is harder to combat underaged prostitution. With legalized marijuana and prostitution, Amsterdam became a magnet for human traffickers, drug traders and petty criminals. This is not the world legalizations proponents envisioned, but it happened."
Jan. 29, 2007 - Thomas Kleine-Brockhoff
The US Department of State, wrote in its Nov. 24, 2004 article "The Link Between Prostitution and Sex Trafficking" provided on its website: "The U.S. Government adopted a strong position against legalized prostitution in a December 2002 National Security Presidential Directive based on evidence that prostitution is inherently harmful and dehumanizing, and fuels trafficking in persons, a form of modern-day slavery. Prostitution and related activitiesincluding pimping and patronizing or maintaining brothelsfuel the growth of modern-day slavery by providing a faade behind which traffickers for sexual exploitation operate. Where prostitution is legalized or tolerated, there is a greater demand for human trafficking victims and nearly always an increase in the number of women and children trafficked into commercial sex slavery... Few activities are as brutal and damaging to people as prostitution. Field research in nine countries concluded that 60-75 percent of women in prostitution were raped, 7095 percent were physically assaulted, and 68 percent met the criteria for post traumatic stress disorder in the same range as treatment-seeking combat veterans and victims of state-organized torture. Beyond this shocking abuse, the public health implications of prostitution are devastating and include a myriad of serious and fatal diseases, including HIV/AIDS... State attempts to regulate prostitution by introducing medical check-ups or licenses dont address the core problem: the routine abuse and violence that form the prostitution experience and brutally victimize those caught in its netherworld. Prostitution leaves women and children physically, mentally, emotionally, and spiritually devastated. Recovery takes years, even decades often, the damage can never be undone."
Nov. 24, 2004 - US Department of State
Norma Hotaling, Founder and Executive Director of Standing Against Global Exploitation (SAGE) Project and former prostitute, wrote in her prepared testimony for the Apr. 28, 2005 hearing "Combating Trafficking in Persons: Status Report on Domestic and International Developments," before the US House of Representatives Committee on Financial Services Subcommittee on Domestic and International Monetary Policy, Trade, and Technology: "As long as we point the finger away from ourselves, away from the institutions that blame and criminalize women and children for their own rape, sexual abuse,
Page 17 of 100 trafficking and slavery, away from the men who we normalize as Johns, and as long as we disconnect adult prostitution and the exploitation of children and disconnect prostitution and trafficking in human beings for the purposes of rape and sex slavery; then we are to blame and we have assisted in creating well-funded transnational criminal networks dollar by dollar."
Apr. 28, 2005 - Norma Hotaling
Tony Nassif, Founder and President of the Cedars Cultural and Educational Foundation, wrote in the July 19, 2006 article "Legalize Prostitution?" provided on the Cedars Cultural and Educational Foundation website: "Whether legal or illegal, prostitution doesn't stop the spread of disease and the devastation of the human soul as well as the disintegration of the culture, society, and nation.... Yet some promote the legalization of prostitution. This movement must be resisted for many reasons, most notably that it will perpetuate the demand for trafficked victims and the repercussion that follows. Then there is God. No matter what our opinion is, it is God's standard that remains. Abide by it and the nation is blessed. Reject it and we come out from under His blessing of health and prosperity. We choose. We cannot reject God's precepts for life and prosperity by legalizing that which He condemns and yet expect His blessings for ourselves and our posterity."
July 19, 2006 - Tony Nassif
Bonnie Erbe, Contributing Editor at US News & World Report, wrote in the June 15, 2006 Seattle Post-Intelligencer article "Cry Foul on World Cup Prostitution": "Germany is one of several European nations where prostitution is legal. Germany came late to this game, in 2002. In only four years, it built up a work force some 400,000 strong for its multibillion-dollar annual prostitution business... My admiration for relaxed European attitudes toward sex comes to an excruciatingly cacophonous halt on the issue of legalized prostitution. Women's-rights activists believe the German government's sanctioning of sex services for World Cup visitors will drive the illicit international trade in sex trafficking. This, in turn, could force thousands of unwilling women into prostitution. Whether women enter the sex trade willingly or not, no government should sanction prostitution. By its very nature, prostitution is demeaning to women and encourages anti-social, some would say depraved, behavior by men. ...German officials... should ban prostitution altogether."
June 15, 2006 - Bonnie Erbe, JD
Andrea Dworkin, an author, activist, and former prostitute, stated in her Oct. 31, 1992 speech at the University of Michigan Law School: "I ask you to think about your own bodies if you can do so outside the world that the pornographers have created in your minds, the flat, dead, floating mouths and vaginas and anuses of women. I ask you to think concretely about your own bodies used that way. How sexy is it? Is it fun? The people who defend prostitution and pornography want you to feel a kinky little thrill every time you think of something being stuck in a woman. I want you to feel the delicate tissues in her body that are being misused. I want you to feel what it feels like when it happens over and over and over and over and over and over and over again: because that is what prostitution is.
Page 18 of 100 ...And so, many of us are saying that prostitution is intrinsically abusive. Let me be clear. I am talking to you about prostitution per se, without more violence, without extra violence, without a woman being hit, without a woman being pushed. Prostitution in and of itself is an abuse of a woman's body. Those of us who say this are accused of being simple-minded. But prostitution is very simple. And if you are not simple-minded, you will never understand it. The more complex you manage to be, the further away from the reality you will be--the safer you will be, the happier you will be, the more fun you will have discussing the issue of prostitution. In prostitution, no woman stays whole."
Oct. 31, 1992 - Andrea Dworkin
Anastasia Volkonsky, JD, former Executive Director, Colorado Lawyers for the Arts (CoLA), wrote in the Feb. 27, 1995 Insight on the News article "Legalizing the 'Profession' Would Sanction the Abuse": "Behind the facade of a regulated industry, brothel prostitutes in Nevada are captive in conditions analogous to slavery. Women often are procured for the brothels from other areas by pimps who dump them at the house in order to collect the referral fee. Women report working in shifts commonly as long as 12 hours, even when ill, menstruating or pregnant, with no right to refuse a customer who has requested them or to refuse the sexual act for which he has paid. The dozen or so prostitutes I interviewed said they are expected to pay the brothel room and board and a percentage of their earnings -- sometimes up to 50 percent. They also must pay for mandatory extras such as medical exams, assigned clothing and fines incurred for breaking house rules. And, contrary to the common claim that the brothel will protect women from the dangerous, crazy clients on the streets, rapes and assaults by customers are covered up by the management."
Feb. 27, 1995 - Anastasia Volkonsky, JD
Gunilla Ekberg, Special Adviser to the Swedish Division for Gender Equality in the Ministry of Industry, Employment, and Communications, wrote in the article "The Swedish Law That Prohibits the Purchase of Sexual Services: Best Practices for Prevention of Prostitution and Trafficking in Human Beings" published in the Oct. 2004 issue of Violence Against Women: "In Sweden, prostitution is officially acknowledged as a form of male sexual violence against women and children. One of the cornerstones of Swedish policies against prostitution and trafficking in human beings is the focus on the root cause, the recognition that without mens demand for and use of women and girls for sexual exploitation, the global prostitution industry would not be able flourish and expand. Prostitution is a serious problem that is harmful, in particular, not only to the prostituted woman or child but also to society at large. Therefore, prostituted women and children are seen as victims of male violence who do not risk legal penalties. Instead, they have a right to assistance to escape prostitution."
Oct. 2004 - Gunilla Ekberg
Michael Horowitz, LLB, Senior Fellow at the Hudson Institute, in the article "Right Abolitionism" published in the Dec. 2005 - Jan. 2006 issue of The American Spectator: "...Historians will also note the attacks on the Bush administration and Miller [Ambassador John R. Miller] from a shrill claque of academic feminists and their radical chic allies -- and by doing so these historians will understand the reasons for the declining state of the 21st-century American left. They will see in the critics'
Page 19 of 100 attacks liberal utopianism at its worst -- the belief that until all poverty and all exploitation of the weak has ended, targeted efforts 'merely' to ameliorate such 'symptoms' as the mafia-conducted destruction of millions of girls and women in the sex trade are distractions from the need to eliminate 'root causes.' Historians will see in these attacks rhetoric and ideology unhinged from reality, a worship of materialist goals, contempt for traditional values, and a moral stinginess that denies credit for good work to any but political allies. ...The critics endorse the big lie of Pretty Woman and act as if the Julia Roberts character exists beyond Hollywood. The critics routinely seek 'sex worker unions,' government-trafficker condom distribution partnerships, and government regulation - as if written contracts or OSHA [US Department of Labor Occupational Safety and Health Administration]-mandated ergonomic mattresses could ever trump the ability of pimps to exploit the abused and psychologically manipulable runaway girls they prey upon."
Dec. 2005 - Jan. 2006 - Michael Horowitz, LLB
Theodore Dalrymple, a writer and retired physician, wrote in the Feb. 3, 2005 City Journal article "Welfare-to-Work's New Thrust": "A few years ago, prostitutes disappeared from the pages of medical journals; they returned as 'sex workers.' Nor did they work in prostitution any more: they were employees in the 'sex industry.' Presumably, orgasms are now a consumer product just like any other. As for pimps, the correct term is probably: 'brief sexual liaison coordinators.' The editors who decided on the new terminology almost certainly felt, and probably still do feel, a warm glow of self-satisfaction (one of the few emotions than never lets you down). How they must have prided themselves on their broadmindedness, as they strove to reduce the small-minded stigma traditionally attached to offering sexual services in return for money! How morally brave and daring they must have felt, to fly so boldly in the face of two millennia of unthinking condemnation! ...The idea of the state coercing its population into prostitution is, of course, repellent. Even the most liberal of liberals would probably agree with that. This means that there is after all a moral difference between prostitution and washing dishes in the local restaurant or stacking supermarket shelves. And that prostitution is both age-old and ineradicable does not make it any less degrading to all concerned."
Feb. 3, 2005 - Theodore Dalrymple
Charles H. Ramsey, former Police Chief of Washington, DC, stated in the May 11, 1999 interview "Q&A with Charles H. Ramsey" on Levey Live (a weekly live online discussion) on Washington Post with Bob Levey: "I believe that two crimes make a city look totally out of control. That's open prostitution and open air drug trafficking. I was appalled at the blatant prostitution taking place in the District and I have been determined to put an end to it. You're right that often times a problem is simply displaced when strong enforcement action is taken, that's to be expected, actually. The key is to shift resources to the new location and continue to take strong enforcement action wherever the problem crops up. Eventually, people engaged in this kind of activity either stop or leave the area altogether."
May 11, 1999 - Charles H. Ramsey
Page 20 of 100 Jeffrey J. Barrows, DO, Health Consultant on Human Trafficking for the Christian Medical Association, wrote in the Sep. 9, 2005 article "HIV and Prostitution: What's the Answer?" published on the Center for Bioethics Human Dignity website: "Even if a prostitute is being tested every week for HIV, she will test negative for at least the first 4-6 weeks and possibly the first 12 weeks after being infected. If we assume that he or she takes only 4 weeks to become positive, because there is an additional lag time of 1-2 weeks to get the results back, there will be at best a window period of 6 weeks for a prostitute. The average prostitute services between 10-15 clients per day. This means that while the test is becoming positive and the results are becoming known, that prostitute may expose up to 630 clients to HIV. This is under the best of circumstances with testing every week and a four-week window period. It also assumes that the prostitute will quit working as soon as he or she finds out the test is HIV positive, which is highly unlikely. This is not the best approach for actually reducing harm. Instead, in order to slow the global spread of HIV/AIDS we should focus our efforts on abolishing prostitution."
Sep. 9, 2005 - Jeffrey J. Barrows, DO
Lisa Thompson, Liaison for the Abolition of Sexual Trafficking for the United States Salvation Army, stated in her Jan. 26, 2007 phone interview with ProCon.org: "We need to eliminate the purchase of commercial sex. That is no easy task. People tell me all the time that prostitution has been around forever and you can't stop this. I think that's baloney. There are a lot of things that have been around forever but if we provide the right evidence and provide positive motivation and use our laws effectively people's behaviors can change and we can change people's minds I'm opposed to anything that would legalize the purchasing of sex by buyers. I'm opposed to pimping being legal. I'm opposed to brothel keeping being legal. I think we need to absolutely keep as many barriers up as possible. We want to create a sense that buying sex from a woman is socially unacceptable and legally unacceptable Prostitution is a despairing, horrible condition for any women and girl who should end up there. We need to get more and better information out to the public about the harms of prostitution: mortality, homicide, suicide, sexually transmitted diseases, violence, beatings, shootings, stabbings, rape It is no life for anyone."
Jan. 26, 2007 - Lisa Thompson
Joseph Parker, Clinical Director of the Lola Greene Baldwin Foundation, wrote in the article "How Prostitution Works" posted on the Lola Greene Baldwin Foundation website (accessed Jan. 19, 2009): "People who have had luckier lives, as well as those who profit from the sex industry in some way, frequently refer to prostitution and pornography as 'victim-less crimes'. They point to a tiny fraction of sex workers who actually might be involved by choice. They selectively read history to find some tiny minority, somewhere, at some time, who gained something in the sex business. The very selectiveness of their attention indicates that, on some level, they know that for almost everyone, involvement in the sex industry is a terrible misfortune. As many an old cop will say, 'Anyone who thinks prostitution is a victimless crime, hasnt seen it up close.'"
Jan. 19, 2009 - Joseph Parker
Page 21 of 100 S.M. Berg, Co-Founder of the Sexual Health Activist Group (SHAG), wrote in the article "Hey, Progressives! Cathouse Got Your Tongue?" in the July 2006 Portland Alliance: "Instead of railing against the increasing exploitation of females internationally, mainstream American feminists have mostly chosen to ignore the severe and tragic harms of prostitution. Why the wall of silence regarding mens legitimized sense of entitlement to demand sex anytime, any way they want it, from mostly minority and poverty-stricken women? ...Rejecting prostitution is consistent with the feminist belief that men do not have a right to control womens sexuality ever, but too many feminist women still can't say so while standing tall and without apologizing for believing it."
July 2006 - SM. Berg
Mary Anne Layden, PhD, Co-Director of the Sexual Trauma and Psychopathology Program at the Center for Cognitive Therapy at the University of Pennsylvania, was quoted as having stated in the Aug. 10, 2005 The Australian article "Porn Fuels Prostitution": "Internet pornography and the legalisation of prostitution have driven up demand through a set of beliefs that imply that this behaviour is normal, acceptable, common and doesn't hurt anyone so the person has permission to continue to behave in that way... There are not enough women in Australia who have been raped as a child, are homeless, or have a drug addiction, to be prostitutes, because in reality these are the women who end up in this situation. In this case, you have to deceive or kidnap women and children from other countries, take their passport, beat them up and put them into sex slavery."
Aug. 10, 2005 - Mary Anne Layden, PhD
John Paul, II, 264th Pope of the Catholic Apostolic Roman Church, stated in his June 29, 1995 "Letter to Women" provided on www.vatican.va: "Nor can we fail, in the name of the respect due to the human person, to condemn the widespread hedonistic and commercial culture which encourages the systematic exploitation of sexuality and corrupts even very young girls into letting their bodies be used for profit."
June 29, 1995 - John Paul, II
In US v. Bitty (decided Feb. 24, 1908), the US Supreme Court, in a decision written by then Associate Justice John Marshall Harlan: "There can be no doubt as to what class was aimed at by the clause forbidding the importation of alien women for purposes of 'prostitution.' It refers to women who, for hire or without hire, offer their bodies to indiscriminate intercourse with men. The lives and example of such persons are in hostility to 'the idea of the family as consisting in and springing from the union for life of one man and one woman in the holy estate of matrimony; the sure foundation of all that is stable and noble in our civilization; the best guaranty of that reverent morality which is the source of all beneficent progress in social and political improvement.'"
Feb. 24, 1908 - U.S. v. Bitty
Page 22 of 100 Melissa Farley, PhD, Founding Director of the Prostitution Research and Education, wrote in the article "Bad for the Body, Bad for the Heart" published in the Oct. 2004 Violence Against Women: "Legal sex businesses provide locations where sexual harassment, sexual exploitation, and violence against women are perpetrated with impunity. State-sponsored prostitution endangers all women and children in that acts of sexual predation are normalized acts ranging from the seemingly banal (breast massage) to the lethal (snuff prostitution that includes filming of actual murders of real women and children)... Johns who buy women, groups promoting legalized prostitution, and governments that support state-sponsored sex industries comprise a tripartite partnership that endangers all women. These groups collude in denying the everyday violence and subsequent health dangers to those in prostitution."
Oct. 2004 - Melissa Farley, PhD
Dave Quist, MPA, Executive Director of the Institute of Marriage and Family Canada (IMFC), was quoted as having stated in the July 13, 2006 LifeSiteNews.com article "National Post Advocating Legalization of Prostitution Again": "The concept that 'mom's job' is having sex with strangers sets the wrong tone for family life. It hurts the woman, it hurts the children; that is an exploitative situation. If prostitution is legal it affords men the 'excuse' to go find sex outside of marriage, when things in the marriage are difficult. That does nothing to enhance the relationship between a man and a woman. [Prostitution] runs opposite to what relationships are supposed to be. Intimacy and love are not involved; it's just a purely physical act. It lowers both people to the lowest common denominator."
July 13, 2006 - Dave Quist
Ronald Reagan, 40th President of the United States and interviewed as former Governor of California (Jan. 1967-Jan. 1975) at the time of the quotation, was quoted as having stated in the July 1975 Reason Magazine article "Inside Ronald Reagan": "Prostitution has been listed as a nonvictim crime. Well, is anyone naive enough to believe that prostitution just depends on willing employees coming in and saying that's the occupation they want to practice? It doesn't. ...Talk to law enforcement people about the seamy side of how the recruiting is done, including what in an earlier day was called the white slave traffic - and you will find that the recruiting for prostitution is not one of just taking an ad in the paper and saying come be a prostitute and letting someone walk in willingly."
July 1975 - Ronald Reagan
Decriminalization does not decrease the stigma of prostitution and increase women in prostitutions safety When people talk about the harms of prostitution, theyre usually referring exclusively to physical harm, HIV risk, rape risk, physical assault risk, and murder risk, all of which are exceptionally high among those in prostitution. My research has included people who willingly assume the role of a prostitute, only to discover later that its far more dangerous and far more profoundly damaging than they initially suspected. Prostitution is an institution where one person has the social and economic power to transform another person into the living embodiment of a
Page 23 of 100 masturbation fantasy. In prostitution, the conditions that make genuine consent possible are absent: physical safety, equal power with customers, and real alternatives. Its not a choice the way we ordinarily think of a choice as being made from a range of options. One woman in Amsterdam referred to prostitution as "volunteer slavery", an expression that I think accurately represents both the appearance of choice and the coercion behind that choice. Researchers and public health experts dont usually talk about the psychological harms of prostitution. The psychological harms of prostitution happen because, like rape and incest, prostitution is an act of sexually invasive dehumanization.
Melissa Farley at: http://sisyphe.org/spip.php?article1965 Source: http://prostitution.procon.org/viewanswers.asp?questionID=1315
WHAT ARE THE PROS AND CONS TO LEGALISING PROSTITUTION? PRO Legal Prostitution CON Legal Prostitution
1. Victimless Crime? PRO: "Prostitution should not be a crime. Prostitutes are not committing an inherently harmful act. While the spread of disease and other detriments are possible in the practice of prostitution, criminalization is a sure way of exacerbating rather than addressing such effects. We saw this quite clearly in the time of alcohol prohibition in this country. ...What makes prostitution a 'victimless crime' in the sense that no one is necessarily harmed by it is that there are consenting adults involved."
Sherry F. Colb, JD Judge Frederick Lacey Scholar at Rutgers Law School E-mail to ProCon.org Dec. 17, 2006
CON: "Prostitution creates a setting whereby crimes against men, women, and children become a commercial enterprise.... It is an assault when he/she forces a prostitute to engage in sadomasochistic sex scenes. When a pimp compels a prostitute to submit to sexual demands as a condition of employment, it is exploitation, sexual harassment, or rape -- acts that are based on the prostitute's compliance rather than her consent. The fact that a pimp or customer gives money to a prostitute for submitting to these acts does not alter the fact that child sexual abuse, rape, and/or battery occurs; it merely redefines these crimes as prostitution."
National Center for Missing and Exploited Children Female Juvenile Prostitution: Problem and Response 1992
2. Prostitution & Free Choice PRO: "We chose sex work after we did a lot of things we couldn't stand. Sex work is better. For me, sex work isn't my first choice of paying work. It just happens to be the best alternative available. It's better than being president of someone else's corporation. It's better than being a secretary. It is the most honest work I know of." CON: "The ILO [International Labour Organization] report admits that most women 'choose' prostitution for economic reasons. Surely no one can argue that this is free choice any more than the cattle in the squeeze chute choose to go to their death."
Diane Post, JD Attorney and Human Rights Activist "Legalizing Prostitution: A Systematic
Page 24 of 100
Veronica Monet Prostitute and Author in Gauntlet Magazine 1994 Rebuttal" in the journal off our backs July 1999
3. Morality of Prostitution PRO: "Why is it illegal to charge for what can be freely dispensed? Sex work is no more moral or immoral than the chocolate or distilling industries."
Catherine La Croix Founder of Call Off Your Old Tired Ethics (COYOTE) chapter in Seattle "Love For Sale" in the magazine Internet Underground Oct. 1996
CON: "Prostitution as an institution is evil. It doesn't matter if it is the 'world's oldest profession', it is still wrong."
Dorn Checkley Director of the Pittsburg Coalition Against Pornography "Legalized Prostitution?" on Wholehearted.org Jan. 22, 2007
4. Human Trafficking PRO: "Criminalizing the sex industry creates ideal conditions for rampant exploitation and abuse of sex workers...[I]t is believed that trafficking in women, coercion and exploitation can only be stopped if the existence of prostitution is recognized and the legal and social rights of prostitutes are guaranteed."
Marjan Wijers Chair of the European Commission's Expert Group on Trafficking in Human Beings in her article in the book Global Sex Workers 1998
CON: "I believe that we will never succeed in combating trafficking in women if we do not simultaneously work to abolish prostitution and the sexual exploitation of women and children. Particularly in light of the fact that many women in prostitution in countries that have legalised prostitution are originally victims of trafficking in women."
Margareta Winberg Former Deputy Prime Minister of Sweden Speech in Stockholm Nov. 5-6, 2002
5. Prostitution & Violence PRO: "Decriminalization would better protect people in the sex industry from violence and abuse. ...Police cannot and do not simultaneously seek to arrest prostitutes and protect them from violence.... Indeed, women describe being told, 'What did you expect?' by police officers who refused to investigate acts of violence perpetrated against women whom they knew engaged in prostitution. The consequences of such attitudes are tragic: Gary Ridgway said that he killed prostitutes because he knew he would not be held accountable. The tragedy is that he was right - he confessed to the murders of 48 women, committed over nearly twenty years. That is truly criminal."
Melissa Ditmore, PhD Coordinator of the Global International Alliance of Guardian Angels Community Projects Training
CON: "Regardless of prostitution's status (legal, illegal or decriminalized) or its physical location (strip club, massage parlor, street, escort/home/hotel), prostitution is extremely dangerous for women. Homicide is a frequent cause of death.... It is a cruel lie to suggest that decriminalization or legalization will protect anyone in prostitution. It is not possible to protect someone whose source of income exposes them to the likelihood of being raped on average once a week."
Melissa Farley, PhD Founding Director of the Prostitution Research and Education "Prostitution Is Sexual Violence" in the Psychiatric Times Oct. 2004
Page 25 of 100
Network of Sex Work Projects Washington Post's PostGlobal website Feb. 28, 2007
6. HIV/AIDS Prevention PRO: "For HIV/AIDS prevention to succeed, the conditions of risk have to change. The context - legal, social, economic - of sex work has to change, with repeal of criminal laws, access to visas and work permits, freedom of movement and association, and occupational safety and health regulations, to reduce the imposition of risk from above. Until then, it will be heroic, strong individuals that can insist on safe behaviours, leaving those who are less heroic, those who are more timid and afraid, to suffer the consequences of the context of risk." CON: "Even if a prostitute is being tested every week for HIV, she will test negative for at least the first 4-6 weeks and possibly the first 12 weeks after being infected.... This means that while the test is becoming positive and the results are becoming known, that prostitute may expose up to 630 clients to HIV. This is under the best of circumstances with testing every week and a four-week window period. It also assumes that the prostitute will quit working as soon as he or she finds out the test is HIV positive, which is highly unlikely. This is not the best approach for Priscilla Alexander Co-founder of the National actually reducing harm. Instead, in order Task Force on Prostitution "Contextual Risk to slow the global spread of HIV/AIDS Versus Risk Behaviour" in Research for Sex we should focus our efforts on abolishing Work2001 prostitution."
Jeffrey J. Barrows, D.O. Health Consultant on Human Trafficking for the Christian Medical Association "HIV and Prostitution: What's the Answer?" The Center for Bioethics and Human Dignity website Sep. 9, 2005
7. Prevalence of Rape PRO: "It is estimated that if prostitution were legalized in the United States, the rape rate would decrease by roughly 25% for a decrease of approximately 25,000 rapes per year...." CON: "Prostitution cannot eliminate rape when it is itself bought rape. The connection between rape and prostitution is that women are turned into objects for men's sexual use; they can be either Kirby R. Cundiff, PhD Associate Professor of bought or stolen. A culture in which Finance at Northeastern State University women can be bought for use is one in "Prostitution and Sex Crimes" Apr. 8, 2004 which rape flourishes[.]"
Coalition Against Trafficking in Women (CATW) "Frequently Asked Questions About Prostitution" on the CATW-Australia Website Mar. 8, 2007
8. Prostitution as a Legitimate Business PRO: "Sex work is legitimate work and problems within the industry are not inherent in the work itself. It is vulnerability, not sex work, which creates victims. Sex workers should enjoy the same labour rights as other workers and CON: "One needs to completely rid oneself of the voracity for cash to see that prostitution, although legalized, can never be a legitimate business because it will always be associated with crime, corruption, class, mass sexual
Page 26 of 100 the same human rights as other people."

Ana Lopes, PhD President of Britain's General Union (GMB) Sex Workers Branch "Stigmatising Sex Workers" in the Chartist Mar. 2006
exploitation and human trafficking."

Virada Somswasdi, JD resident of the Foundation for Women, Law and Rural Development (FORWARD) Speech at Cornell Law School Mar. 9, 2004
9. Prostitution as a Career Option PRO: "Prostitution is not merely an exchange of sexual favors; it is a financial exchange. At this point, individualist feminists rise to defend the free market as well as a woman's self-ownership. This is expressed by the question: 'Prostitution is a combination of sex and the free market. Which one are you against?' CON: "Some prostitution defenders argue that prostitution is an acceptable solution to poverty....
What they mean, but do not say, is that prostitution is an acceptable solution for women living in poverty. Seldom do we see proposals that poor men should make their way out of poverty by welcoming Feminists of all stripes should speak with the insertion of penises and other objects one voice to demand the safety of these into them on a regular basis or dance women by granting them the same naked on a stage in front of ogling and protection as any other woman can masturbating males. The prostitution expect. Only decriminalization can industry exploits to its advantage the fact provide this." that most women and children who are in Wendy McElroy Research Fellow at the prostitution come from the most Independent Institute "'Solutions' to Prostitution" oppressed and vulnerable groups in on Ifeminist.com Feb. 13, 2001 society."
Gunilla S. Ekberg Special Advisor on prostitution and trafficking in women at the Swedish Division for Gender Equality Speech in Stockholm Nov. 2002
10. Former Prostitutes' Viewpoints on Prostitution PRO: "Decriminalization is not at all a solution to every injustice that exists in the sex industry; it is a starting point. If prostitution were not an underground activity it would allow us to much more effectively address the serious problems of forced prostitution and juvenile prostitution and the other abuses which are part of an industry that operates completely in the shadows. ...[T]here are many who... want other options and they should be given alternatives and assistance. And then there are also those who organize for their rights and are not quitting at the moment and they should be afforded options, their rights, and selfdetermination as well. Whatever ills are attendant to prostitution, criminalization of prostitutes exacerbates the abuse." CON: "As long as we point the finger away from ourselves, away from the institutions that blame and criminalize women and children for their own rape, sexual abuse, trafficking and slavery, away from the men who we normalize as - Johns, - and as long as we disconnect adult prostitution and the exploitation of children and disconnect prostitution and trafficking in human beings for the purposes of rape and sex slavery; then we are to blame and we have assisted in creating well-funded transnational criminal networks - dollar by dollar."
Norma Hotaling Executive Director of the Standing Against Global Exploitation (SAGE) Project and former prostitute Testimony to U.S. Congress Apr. 28, 2005
Page 27 of 100
Carol Leigh Founder of Bay Area Sex Workers Advocacy Network (BAYSWAN) and former prostitute "Justice Talking" on National Public Radio (NPR) Mar. 4, 2002
Source: http://prostitution.procon.org/viewresource.asp?resourceID=000115
WHAT ARE SOME OF THE LESSONS LEARNED FROM COUNTRIES THAT HAVE DECRIMINALIZED PROSTITUTION? Germany In Germany, 75% of the prostitutes are foreigners. (Altink, 1995, p.33) ("Trafficking of Women to the European Union: Characteristic, Trends and Policy Issues," European Conference on Trafficking in Women, June 1996, IOM, 7 May 1996) There are 6,000 - 8,000 women in prostitution in Hamburg, about 70% of them are migrant prostitutes and 50% of those are East European women, from Poland, Ukraine, Bulgaria, Romania and the Czech Republic. The majority is controlled by pimps, isolated in apartment-brothels and controlled by Russian mafia organizations. (Hamburg police Department, Lucia Brussa, "Transnational AIDS/STD Prevention Among Migrant Prostitutes in Europe," TAMPEP, 1996) The second largest migrant group of women in prostitution is from Latin America, mostly from the Dominican Republic, Ecuador, Colombia, Venezuela and Brazil. Dominican women are confined to apartments, while those from Ecuador work in the street, or in bars and cabarets. (Licia Brussa, "Transnational AIDS/STD Prevention Among Migrant Prostitutes in Europe," TAMPEP, 1996) There are between 60,000 and 200,000 women in prostitution in Germany. Foreign women and girls account for about half of the women in prostitution, most of them are illegal immigrants. (Michele Hirsch, "Plan of Action Against Trafficking in Women and Forced Prostitution," p.9, Council of Europe, 1996) The Eros Center in Kiel is one of Germanys biggest licensed brothels. The standard price, DM50 (about US$ 30) has not changed since 1992, which means it has dropped to one-third the real value since 1992. ("Giving the customer what he wants...," Economist, 14 February 1998) The E55 highway from Berlin, Germany to Prague, Czech Republic is lined with hundreds of prostituted women, the cheapest, typically gypsies or Ukrainians can be bought for US$10-20. ("Giving the customer what he wants...," Economist, 14 February 1998) In 1994-1996 the sex industry scenery, in Hamburg and other parts of Germany, underwent important changes due to the increasing number of women coming from East European countries. (Lucia Brussa, "Transnational AIDS/STD Prevention Among Migrant Prostitutes in Europe," TAMPEP, 1996)
Source: http://www.uri.edu/artsci/wms/hughes/germany.htm
Netherlands In Amsterdam, Netherlands, 80% of prostitutes are foreigners, and 70% have no immigration papers, suggesting that they were trafficked. (Marie-Victoire Louis, "/Legalizing Pimping, Dutch Style/," /Le Monde Diplomatique,/ 8 March 1997) In the Netherlands, 33% of the prostitutes come from countries outside of the European Union, this increases to 50% in the larger cities (Altink, 1995) ("Trafficking
Page 28 of 100 of Women to the European Union: Characteristic, Trends and Policy Issues," European Conference on Trafficking in Women, (June 1996), IOM, 7 May 1996) Since 1990 in the Netherlands, the number of trafficked women from Central and Eastern European Countries has tripled. ("Trafficking of Women to the European Union: Characterisitics, Trends and Policy Issues," European Conference on Trafficking in Women, (June 1996), IOM, 7 May 1996) New Zealand Decriminalization cant stop the violence, abuse, and stigma that are built-in to prostitution. Prostitution has increased dramatically in New Zealand since decriminalization in 2003, with a 200-400% increase in street prostitution in Auckland. Prostitution of children and youth has increased, with humanitarian agencies declaring that indigenous Maori children are at highest risk for prostitution. When prostitution is decriminalized, neighborhoods mount legal battles over whose back yard the next brothel will be zoned into. In October 2008, frightened parents discovered that a New Zealand brothel was in the same building as a child care center. Yet under decriminalized prostitution We dont believe we have any legal avenues to stop them, said the director of the child care center.
(Brothel Shares Childcare Building OneNews NZ, Oct 14, 2008, http://tvnz.co.nz/view/page/411365/2199590)
For the most part the women in prostitution who I talk to don't really seem to care about their human rights. The stigma and shame of prostitution is still very strong even after decriminalization. The women I see feel that prejudice intensely. One of the women we work with was raped in prostitution since decriminalization. She told us, however, that she felt that it was part of the job of prostitution. Of all the women Ive worked with, none of them told me that when they were little girls they dreamed of growing up to be prostitutes. - Director of an Auckland agency providing services to women in prostitution, 2008. The New Zealand Prostitution Law Review Committee issued a report on the Operation of the Prostitution Reform Act (PRA) 2003. 1. Violence in prostitution continued after prostitution was decriminalized in New Zealand, according to the New Zealand Law Review Committee. The majority of sex workers felt that the law could do little about violence that occurred. (page 14) 35% reported in 2007 that they had been coerced to prostitute with a given john in the past 12 months. (page 46) A majority of respondents felt that decriminalization made no difference with respect to the violence of johns in prostitution they felt that it was inevitably a part of the sex industry. (page 57) The Report notes that few sex workers, regardless of whether they were prostituting indoors or outdoors, reported any of the incidents of violence or crimes against them to the police. (page 122) Many owners of brothels have the same exploitive contract arrangements that existed before prostitution was decriminalized. Often no written contracts or the yre of questionable quality. (page 157)
http://www.justice.govt.nz/prostitution-law-review-committee/publications/plrcreport/index.html
Page 29 of 100 2. Stigma and prejudice against prostitution, and the shame associated with that, continued after decriminalization of prostitution. The New Zealand Prostitution Review Committee stated, Despite decriminalization, the social stigma surrounding involvement in the sex industry continues. (page 154) 3. Street prostitution in New Zealands cities increased dramatically after prostitution was decriminalized in 2003, according to many news reports, and according to one report from the New Zealand Prostitution Review Committee itself. In 2006, an Auckland lawyer declared decriminalization a disaster which had resulted in an explosion of children in prostitution in Auckland and Christchurch, three murders of people in prostitution, and local businesses complaining of prostitution occurring on their premises and used condoms littering streets and doorways. (Barrister labels prostitution law a disaster
(http://www.stuff.co.nz/stuff/0,2106,3640007a11,00.html April 17, 2006)
Mama Tere Strickland, a Maori street outreach worker (who came to Berkeley to speak out against Measure Q in 2004) stated that in 2005, the numbers of those prostituting on the street in Auckland have increased by 400% since decriminalization. The New Zealand Prostitution Review Committee states that street prostitution in Auckland more than doubled in just one year, 2006-7. (page 118). Estimates indicate that the number of street workers in Manukau City may have quadrupled since June 2003. Manukau City Council, Report of Manukau City Council on Street Prostitution Control available at: http://www.manukau.govt.nz/uploadedFiles/manukau.govt.nz/Publications/Plans_&_ Policies/mcc-report-on-streetprostitution-aug-2005.pdf. The New Zealand Prostitution Review Committee comments on citizens complaints of increased street prostitution in two large communities in New Zealand: Christchurch and Manukau. (page 16). In these same two communities, Christchurch and Manukau, street prostitution has shifted into traditionally residential areas where community residents harassed those in prostitution and people in street-based prostitution propositioned members of the public, were aggressive, disruptive, and noisy. Complaints from residents included condoms, excrement, and other bodily waste left in the street, shops, car parks, and on private property. P (124) 4. There is inadequate protection for children against prostitution in New Zealand since decriminalization. According to the New Zealand decriminalized prostitution law, the police have no right of entry into brothels, and have no right to ask for age-identification papers of those in prostitution thus investigation of suspected youth prostitution is extremely difficult, according to police officers, who asked that the law be revised. (page 109) 5. The US State Department has noted trafficking of women and children since prostitution was decriminalized in New Zealand. The Trafficking in Persons Report of the US State Dept notes that New Zealand has internal trafficking of women and children for commercial sexual exploitation, and that there are instances of debt bondage and document confiscation, and women from Asia, the Czech Republic, and Brazil working illegally as prostitutes.
Page 30 of 100
OneNews (NZ) 2008 NZ a sex trafficking destination. Accessed Jun 5, 2008 http://tvnz.co.nz/view/page/1316907/1831498
6. The NZ Prostitution Law Review Committee was biased and blatantly favored the sex industry: For people whose employment options may be limited, sex work, and particularly streetbased sex work, can offer a quick means of achieving financial gains (page 121 )
Source: Melissa Farley, Ph.D. Prostitution Research & Education, San Francisco 415-922-4555 mfarley@prostitutionresearch.com
BACKGROUND TO STREET PROSTITUTION
Children's rights groups like the Cape Town-based Molo Songolo estimate that 28 000 children engage in prostitution in South Africa - and that 25% of prostitutes in Cape Town are children. About 5 000 young boys and girls are said to cater for foreign tourists in the city alone.
Source: http://www.news24.com/Content/SouthAfrica/News/1059/dea020842b534eafb6c10a10dab02077/24-062004-07-39/28_000_children_in_sex_industry
A Cape Town drug rehabilitation centre manager said experience at his centre showed that many Grade 7 girls between the ages of 13 and 14 were falling into prostitution because of their drug habits.
Source: http://www.iol.co.za/index.php?set_id=1&click_id=13&art_id=vn20070311101732967C851403
A police raid a suspected child-sex operation in Benoni found a three-year-old boy being held hostage, and an under-age girl being pimped out for sex, police said on Friday. Superintendent Andr Neethling of the Gauteng child protection unit said four more men had been arrested; one of them was caught having sex with a 15-year-old girl.
Source: http://www.news24.com/Content/SouthAfrica/News/1059/6c67fc647bfd402aa4e1282402f76283/19-112004-10-06/Boy,_3,_saved_from_sex_ring
"Our research shows that children are being forced into prostitution by their own parents, family friends, taxi drivers and gangs," Mobilyn said. "Girls between 12 and 16 are especially vulnerable. "They are kidnapped in broad daylight, in shopping malls, taxi ranks and schools. They are raped and sometimes filmed for pornography.
Source: http://wwww.thestar.co.za/index.php?fSectionId=&fArticleId=vn20031218095434654C377422
FURTHER REASONS WHY PROSTITUTION SHOULD NOT BE LEGALISED
Health risks: 50,3% of prostitutes tested in KwaZulu Natal were HIV positive. The pro legalization groups want prostitution to be a normal job such as bricklayer or electrician. Unfortunately this high level of HIV means that more than half of all prostitutes will become infectious agents, backed by the government, (and still able to pay taxes) but no less deadly. If the registration precluded those who were infected it will either lead to court cases in which the human rights of the infected will certainly win as they will be seen as deprived of income or it will lead to an absolute house of horrors as unscrupulous criminals take control over these women in the black market. The transience of prostitutes will also make regulation impossible. The Netherlands CONTINUES to have a problem with sex trafficking despite legal, registered, taxpaying prostitution. The second argument for "adulthood" and choice is an interesting one but fails on two measures. First, it is common in our country to prevent people from harming themselves. For example, the mentally ill and the drug addicted can be forced to get
Page 31 of 100 treatment. I know that this is generally not the reason for anti-prostitution laws. These are derived from our more historically rigid moral codes. However, given what we know today about the impact of prostitution on the individual, it is an ethical stance to adopt for the good of society. I believe that Spitzer actually endorsed this part of the argument in pursuing increased prosecutions of Johns. Secondly, from a philosophical perspective, one has to address the question of consent. Is consent free when it is driven by powerful and negative forces? Perhaps we can look around and find one example here or there of a very happy prostitute making a bundle of cash with no negative forces driving her behavior or controlling her life. Is that by any means representative of the vast majority of prostitutes? Clearly not. So how can we say that the consent is freely given when the bulk of the profession is peopled by the mentally ill, addicts, the abused and the very poor (even homeless). When droves of college-educated, stable, and clean men and women are all clamoring to work in the sex industry, then I'll believe that it is a consenting activity. I'm a teacher with a Masters degree and I'm quite certain that Kristen made much more money than me. How come I don't envy her job?
Source: http://letters.mobile.salon.com/opinion/greenwald/2008/03/12/prostitution/view/index67.html
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PART 1 B: THE PROBLEM WITH DRUGS AND STREET CRIMES This is why. These pictures show the gradual effect that use of Tik (Crystal-Meth) has on a person.
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Page 35 of 100 And this is what the sores look like that develops
on your body:
This is the effect on your teeth:
Page 36 of 100 How To Understand This Invasive And Exploitative Industry The second easiest link in the crime chain is prostitution. Prostitutes are highly resilient to normal policing tactics, but very susceptible to some of the suggestions mentioned here. Once you have removed all the graffiti in your area you can proceed to start actions against the worlds oldest profession. Prostitutes bring many problems to your community. With them gone you affect crime and violence all over the city. Without prostitutes, gangs lose a lot of their income, disease is curbed and drugs are curtailed. Street prostitution, as the term suggests, refers to instances where the prostitutes use the streets of the city as their base of operations, soliciting passing motorists and pedestrians or loitering on the streets until they are telephoned, paged, or otherwise contacted by prospective clients. This type of prostitution, and the collateral problems that accompany it, is the most familiar to the public and the most damaging to the quality of urban life, particularly to residents of affected neighbourhoods. The other, often overlooked, problem with prostitutes is that any open-air prostitution market also becomes, almost immediately, an open-air drug market. It is virtually unknown to have one without the other. The prostitutes sell and use drugs, introduce their customers to it, often under the guise of a new sex stimulant. The clients, usually, middle-aged males, quickly fall into the trap of this new wonder stimulant. Very soon he no longer visits the prostitute for sex, but for more medicine. She has no become a kind of drug dealer herself. ANALYZING THE PROBLEM Street prostitution produces community harms far beyond the notion that prostitution is a corruption of the public morals. Street prostitution markets can produce many problems for the communities where they operate. These problems include disturbing the peace and quiet of residential areas, propositioning disinterested persons, harassment (sometimes physical) of visitors and residents, soliciting adolescents, sexual activity in public or semi-public view (such as in cars), litter, disrupting traffic and drinking in public. Street prostitutes, and those with whom they associate, are also often involved in a variety of other illegal and community-destructive activities, such as drug use and dealing, forgery, credit card fraud, fraud, auto theft, burglary, and robbery. Prostitution also presents a serious public health problem. There are few, if any, circumstances more conducive to the spread of HIV and other sexually- transmitted diseases than anonymous sex with street prostitutes, most of whom are in the business to support their drug addiction. Efforts to combat prostitution often fail to adequately address its link to addiction. In areas where there is an active prostitution market, parents hesitate to send their children to the library or to visit friends, people take fewer walks, visits to neighbours
Page 37 of 100 occur only during the day, stores and other business are sometimes forced to close, and traffic becomes congested. In short, community life is hindered. Street prostitution and the problems that so often accompany it are not easily eradicated because they have usually been entrenched in an area for years. Customers and prostitutes keep coming back because of the neighbourhoods reputation as a market. In addition, police, judges, and other city officials often view the problem as a consensual transaction between people who have been victimized by life. They are thus inclined to assign a low priority to prostitution cases and fail to recognize the value to a community of shutting down prostitution markets. But with tenacity and a broad-based effort, prostitution markets can be shut down. In the face of insistent community action, most street prostitutes, looking for paths of lesser resistance, are likely to quickly move to more "hospitable" locations. In other words, prostitution markets exist where they are tolerated. Prostitution markets exist where they are tolerated. Prostitution markets are not rigidly organized. Rather, they are somewhat fluid in their structure, with regular turnover and a variety of business arrangements. Some prostitutes work independently, others work in small groups associated with men with whom they are involved romantically, and still others work for professional "pimps" who manage groups of women in a fairly bureaucratic way, providing protection, management, and supervision. All of these modes of prostitution management can exist in a prostitution market at the same time. The markets themselves spring up in neighbourhoods on an informal basis and then become established by word of mouth. The longer a market operates, the more well known it becomes. More patrons learn of the area, and more customers means still more prostitutes. Over time, the market may expand from its original location to encroach on surrounding streets and neighbourhoods. Prostitution is very much a customer-driven market. If there are no customers, there will be no prostitutes! Obviously, any drug use or trafficking is a problem. This manual, however, concerns itself only with flagrant drug markets; those that operate in public spaces and invite a steady flow of buyers to make quick, low-volume, anonymous purchases. More drugs are actually sold through private referral markets of friends and acquaintances, but those markets are not nearly so violent, so likely to recruit children and tempt recovering addicts, or so thoroughly destructive of communities as open-air drug markets. Tactics cited in this guide are not meant to totally eradicate drug use or even sales in the neighbourhood. Instead, they focus squarely on driving drug dealing out of public spaces, one corner, one block, or one park at a time. Flagrant drug markets depend upon large numbers of customers coming to a known and stable location in order to buy one or more small packets of a particular type of drug. Because customers already know unit prices and where to go to get specific products, sales can occur in just a few seconds. The organizational structure of drug rings is hierarchical and segmented in order to insulate those involved from arrest and punishment. At the top of the operation is someone with the capital and connections to maintain a large and steady supply of drugs. Destined for the streets, the drugs are repackaged into small, discrete containers to be sold by the "hit. These packets are bundled and delivered to distributors, mid-level assistants who hand out a few packets at a time to "runners" International Alliance of Guardian Angels Community Projects Training
Page 38 of 100 the people you see actually selling the drugs and collecting the cash. Often, "jugglers" collect the cash and direct the customer to a nearby runner holding the drugs. Typically, young adolescents are posted as lookouts. They use whistles, cryptic voice and hand signals to warn of approaching police. Location is especially important for an open-air drug market's ability to thrive. Good retail space for a drug dealer means an area that has legitimate cover for foot and auto traffic while at the same time exuding a sense of abandonment by community residents. Also, in order to avoid the police, dealers pick spots with easy access for customers and a large number of quick escape routes. Another consideration for dealers is cheap labour, so they look for large pools of poorly supervised kids desperate for money and status. A thoroughly littered street corner with run-down liquor stores and carry-out joints, poorly lit alleys, and a low-income housing complex nearby is an ideal location to peddle drugs. TAKING INVENTORY Now, with these general points in mind, assess your specific problem. In regard to the particular prostitution and/or drug market you've chosen to eliminate, answer as many of the following questions as you can: Who? Do you know who the prostitutes/dealers are? The distributors? The runners and lookouts? The suppliers? The Johns/customers? Enablers, such as businesses or property owners? Where do they all live? Who are the police officers assigned to the area? Their immediate supervisors? What drugs are being sold? What tactics have the dealers used to conduct their business and protect their turf? To attract customers? To intimidate the community? To recruit workers? To maintain a steady supply of drugs? To evade law enforcement? What strategies have already been tried against them by the police and the community? What worked and what failed? Where? What is it about the drug market's location that affects viability? Where do the prostitutes gather? Where are the entranceways and escape routes? Where are the legitimate enterprises that provide cover? Where are the drugs repackaged and bundled? When? Most flagrant drug dealing and visible prostitution takes place on Thursday, Friday and Saturday nights. Is this true at your targeted market? When does dealing go on? When is it busiest? When are the most prostitutes out on the street? Why? Why is there chronic drug dealing at this place? What do you believe are the primary reasons that this particular drug market has been able to flourish? Why do the prostitutes choose this area and not the next street? Don't expect to have the answers to all of these questions. You can be assured that if you ask a few neighbourhood residents and their children these questions even if the answers are incomplete you will have enough information to begin an effective plan of action. HOW CAN I TELL IF MY KID IS USING METH/TIK? Parents and family members should be aware of signs and symptoms of potential indicators of drug use by their child. Some of these include: changes in your child's appearance (notice bloodshot eyes, careless dress, etc.)
Page 39 of 100 changes in health (weight, sleeping and eating habits, restlessness and apathy) changes in school performance how your child is spending money changes in friends, suspicious phone calls, older friends changes in how your child relates to you (mood swings, avoidance)
(Source: Vancouver Island Health Authority information sheet) Additional warning signs of Methamphetamine Use include: Insomnia Decreased appetite and possible weight loss Increased agitation and physical activity Excited speech Compulsive actions, such as repeated cleaning or grooming Intense paranoia, possibly accompanied by hallucinations or delusions Episodes of sudden, violent behaviour The presence of the items needed for inhaling drugs, which include razor blades, mirrors, broken light bulbs, glass pipes, butane torches and drinking straws The presence of the items needed for injecting drugs, which include syringes, heated spoons, and surgical tubing.
It is important to try to understand the dynamic of the relationship between the addict and their addiction. They are not the person you love and yet they are at the same time. The person you love is not really in control at this point. Their addiction is.
Page 40 of 100 PART 3: STRATEGIES AND TACTICS Neighbourhood groups and their supporters can use three basic strategies to fight the establishment, maintenance, or growth of street prostitution markets and drug markets: 1. Communicate community disapproval of street prostitution and drug markets. 2. Limit access to marketing space for prostitutes and Johns. 3. Remove the sense of impunity of prostitutes, Johns and Drug dealers. The same three strategies are highly effective against both street drug markets as well as prostitution problems. These two markets frequently occupy the same space at the same time. Studies have also shown that it is virtually impossible for an open-air prostitution market to be run without it being taken over and controlled by drug dealers in a very short space of time. Remember that all these crimes follow a specific developmental pattern. If you can chip away at the base of the tower you will eventually bring the whole edifice tumbling down. In your community the first step is graffiti and litter. Shortly after that you will get prostitution and it will be followed closely by drug dealing. This manual assumes you will already have removed all the graffiti in the area. Add the following tactics and you will be able to combat both prostitution as well as drugs. Important: It is easier to get rid of a prostitutes customer than of a drug addict. The greatest weakness for a prostitute is that it is a secret crime and it must remain secret if the prostitute wants to keep seeing her client. The clients GREATEST danger is that his wife will find out the drug addict often does not care who knows about him. Street prostitution typically occurs in a dark street, with a half-drunk man, who is more often than not married. Studies have shown that the typical John is married, white and drunk. Tip: Start with an achievable goal (e.g., cleaning up a small park or corner) and then build from there. Strategy 1 -- Communicate Community Disapproval of Street Prostitution and Drugs Think of your job as uniting the moral voice of the community to assert loudly and clearly that drug activity will no longer be tolerated. No matter what else you, the police, or others may do, if drug dealers do not believe the community's resolve, they will always be back to re-use the neighbourhood. As a group, you will have to: 1) clean up the neighbourhood constantly in order to firmly establish community assertiveness; and 2) take back your streets and parks by confronting the drug dealers on what they have deemed their own turf. Driving prostitutes and drug dealers out of a neighbourhood permanently requires more than an occasional police raid. Police tactics often cause the prostitutes to return as soon as they are released or as soon as the police leave the area. The same is true for drug dealers. They will linger as long as they are tolerated. To show that the community does not tolerate this kind of activity sends a strong message to both
Page 41 of 100 prostitutes and drug dealers that the communitys opposition to these illegal activi ties is not some sort of occasional activity, but a strong, concerted, on-going sentiment: Neighbourhood Patrols: Use organized citizens' groups to shadow the movements of prostitutes and their patrons, writing down their license plate numbers and photographing their activities. This will decrease demand for the prostitutes' services because the prospective patrons wish, quite understandably, to remain anonymous. To be effective, neighbourhood patrols must be highly visible and must signal that they are willing to take concrete action to get rid of prostitution. Using a camera with a flash (it doesnt even need any film!) to photograph Johns are a powerful deterrent. A John wants his identity protected at all costs and having his picture taken is a VERY strong deterrent. Inviting the local media along on such an operation can send Johns scurrying! For use against drugs though you may want to also scare the customers away, and not focus directly on the dealers. Let such a patrol mainly deal with observation, make it highly visible and try by any possible means to invite the police with on such a patrol. Wear bright "uniforms" (i.e., a common hat or Tshirt), and equip yourselves with walkie-talkies, still and video cameras, notepads, and whistles. In this way you can scare away drug customers and provide the police with detailed information to use against dealers. Police typically show renewed interest and increased presence in locations where citizen patrols operate. Signs: Post signs and banners that warn prostitutes and their customers that citizens are watching and reporting prostitution activity to police. Signs warning about the dangers of AIDS, and other sexually transmitted diseases might also drive down market "demand." A simple tactic that greatly increases the insecurity felt by drug buyers is to post warnings that they are being watched. Among the "scarecrows" that communities have placed at drug market entrances are seized cars, banners, stencilled messages that read "We Spy: Don't Buy Drugs Here," and posters offering cash rewards for information leading to a drug-related arrest. Community Cleanups: Organizing community cleanups, installing new street lights, towing away abandoned cars, and sweeping litter off the street makes it hard for prostitutes to operate. Street prostitution markets often arise in areas that appear disorderly. Areas that are not well maintained are an indication that residents are unorganized and will be unlikely to strenuously oppose street prostitution activity. Cleaning up the neighbourhood sends the opposite signal.
Page 42 of 100 Adopt a Block: Neighbourhood groups, businesses, churches, schools, and other organizations are often willing to "adopt" a street corner or a park and take responsibility for its upkeep. They clear debris, remove graffiti, paint walls, repair playground equipment, and plant trees and gardens. Clean up Saturdays: Neighbours - homeowners and renters alike - may be encouraged to spend a set portion of a Saturday or weekend sprucing up the appearance of their yards, homes, and adjacent areas. The event can also include a "block barbecue" (explained later). Outreach: Residents and visitors to the area implicitly condone street prostitution when they keep silent. The pressure on prostitutes to move, close down operations, or, ideally, seek help is increased when people speak up. Expressing to those involved in prostitution your concern for their health and well-being, offering real alternatives to life on the streets, and objecting to the effects of the activity on the neighbourhood can be more effective than you might think. One woman in Kansas City, Missouri, was able to have a dramatic impact in her neighbourhood using this approach, convincing many prostitutes to leave not just the neighbourhood, but the business. There were three keys to her success. First, she broke the shell of anonymity by addressing the prostitutes by their real names (which she learned from the police, as most prostitutes use "street names" while working). Second, she was able to communicate to them her genuine love and concern. Finally, she directed interested prostitutes to appropriate service agencies in the community where they could get the help they needed. Community health organizations, hospitals, drug treatment facilities, and medical schools often operate community outreach programs and can be very helpful in your own efforts. Closing Problem Businesses: Closing bars, restaurants, and other businesses that turn a blind eye to prostitution on or near their premises can make a dramatic difference. Community groups should first seek to work with the business owners on steps that make the neighbourhood less hospitable to prostitution. If the businesses are uncooperative, protests and picketing to inform patrons of the owner's unwillingness to combat prostitution may be beneficial. If these actions are unsuccessful, the neighbourhood can turn to lawsuits alleging that these establishments have become neighbourhood nuisances. Liquor and business licenses can also be challenged. An unusual solution that one community came up with was to stage open-air nightlong church services right on the corner where most prostitutes congregated. The sermons, lasting all night, with preachers replaced every hour or two with fresh new ones chased the prostitutes away within one night. Something that normal policing failed to achieve in months of tactical raids. Complaint Campaign: Scarce city resources go first to the proverbial squeaky wheel. A systematic campaign of letter and telephone complaints to the Department of Public
Page 43 of 100 Works, other city departments, your city council representative, and the mayor's office is often the only way to get the kind of maintenance and repair work that your community needs and deserves. Be sure to build a paper trail by documenting all contacts with city officials. If the municipal bureaucracy still fails to respond, taking your story to the local media can sometimes bring results. A fantastic, and unused, pool of letter-writers is old-age homes. There are often dozens of elderly people who long for the old days when drugs were unknown. These people usually do not know much about technology such as emails, but they are champion letter-writers. Get them involved. Marches and Vigils: In many communities, citizen patrols have evolved into fullblown demonstrations. Large groups, often including children and senior citizens, are staging repeated marches and vigils in the heart of some of the country's most notorious drug markets during peak business hours. Their purpose is not to observe but to intimidate drug dealers. Armed with bullhorns and anti-drug slogans, and usually a police escort, the drug fighters park themselves directly in front of dealers and stare them down with loud and droning chants and bright lights. Block Braai: In Chicago, citizens have pushed drug dealers from their preferred selling locations during busy weekend hours by peddling hot dogs and hamburgers there instead. In many cases, the barbecues have grown into popular neighbourhood events. Street Church Services: Ministers in Alexandria, Virginia, have had similar success in disrupting drug markets by holding Saturday evening services outdoors where chronic drug dealing has been going on. Strategy 2 -- Limit Access to Marketing Space Prostitution markets also need access to space in order to operate effectively. By denying prostitutes and their customers easy access to one another, it is possible to hamper the effectiveness of the market, thereby limiting the profitability of prostitution efforts in the neighbourhood. Tip: To limit access, you may have to reach out to other government agencies besides the police. Ask the police to find out for you who to contact at the appropriate agencies. Eliminating Pay Phones: Reduce or eliminate pay phones on public streets to decrease opportunities for prostitutes to communicate with their managers or customers by telephone. Installing pay telephones that do not accept incoming calls is another option. This serves to impede communication between the prostitute and his or her manager as well as potential "regular" clients. Bright lights: One community saved up all their money and erected solar flood lights at the corner where prostitutes where picked up by their customers. The bright lights scared off the customers and the prostitutes incentive to remain was thus also removed. One Johannesburg resident got fed up with the huge numbers of prostitutes that were being picked up in front of his house every night. He installed two Crime Tracker motion sensitive security lights in front of his property and the prostitutes were gone within 24 hours! Drug dealers and customers react to bright light the same way cockroaches do - they scatter. Property owners, city officials, and community leaders who "adopt" an area should make adequate lighting a top priority. Quickly
Page 44 of 100 repairing or replacing lights that have been broken or have had their wiring cut by dealers is an important way to show the community's determination. Posters: Posters warning Picking up Prostitutes here will result in your name being released to the police and the media. Such posters need to be brightly coloured and put high enough that they cannot be removed easily. Open-air drug markets depend upon location stability to maintain their customer base. If a sales operation is forced to move, it cannot easily advertise its new location, and market efficiency declines. The more frequently the market is forced to move, the less likely it is to maintain regular customers and stay in business. To disrupt the normal interaction of dealers and their customers and make the physical environment less hospitable to drug dealing, concentrate on: 1) altering and monitoring entrance and escape routes used by customers and dealers; 2) stopping drug market "enablers;" and 3) advocating legislation to outlaw the mechanics of open-air drug sales. Fences, Gates and Barriers: Erecting fences or other barriers and locking gates can be very effective in cutting off dealer escape routes and channelling foot traffic to a small number of easily monitored avenues. They also make it easy to close parks after dark. Vehicle traffic can also be rerouted using plastic and rubber "knock down" barriers that do not impede police and emergency vehicles. Monitoring Devices: Problem locations can be conspicuously equipped with surveillance cameras, motion detectors, and other monitoring devices. What's more, cheaply mounting cameras that don't actually work can still serve the purpose of scaring away illicit activity. Writing and Picketing Crime Generators: Owners of bars, stores, and apartment buildings often tolerate or even encourage drug activity on or near their properties. The first step to getting such owners to take responsibility for their property and its immediate surroundings is a letter demanding that they undertake specific and concrete action by a certain date or face a concerted community backlash. Such action might include installing lights or video monitors, evicting drug-dealing tenants, hiring security guards, or calling the police whenever suspected drug activity is spotted in the vicinity. If an owner fails to take corrective action, picket lines are the most direct way to encourage cooperation. Be sure to check with your local councillor to get the needed permits from the municipality for such demonstrations. By-law Enforcement Requests: Buildings and businesses involved with flagrant drug markets also tend to have many health, safety, and building code violations. These codes can provide the community with strong leverage against property owners who turn a blind eye to drug activity. In many places, city and county inspectors regularly cite enablers while accompanying citizen patrols and marches. Another option is to initiate liquor and business license revocation proceedings. Your local housing, health or fire safety inspector can be an enormous help. Tip: Some law firms will provide you with free assistance. All you have to do is ask. Small-Claims Court Action: A documented history of drug activity tied to a particular property makes a strong case against a recalcitrant owner for creating a public nuisance. If enough neighbours simultaneously file suit in small-claims court,
Page 45 of 100 they can make an end run around the slow and expensive regular court system and still threaten enough damage that the owner will likely consider a settlement. Demanding Better Building Management: Strategies might include lease identification programs, changing public housing and private rental leases, and placing conditions on public loans to require concerted anti-drug efforts. Other options include seizing houses and condos, closing or seizing businesses, and rehabilitating or razing abandoned property - severe measures that are nonetheless necessary in some cases. In the suburb of Atlantis there was a house that caused a lot of problems for the community. Eventually angry residents tore the place down. All efforts to rebuild it have been met by fierce resistance from the community. The remnants of the building can still be seen. Strategy 3 -- Remove the Sense of Impunity of Prostitutes and Drug Dealers While street prostitution is a problem in cities across the world, it is most serious in neighbourhoods where a combination of ineffective law enforcement and a sense of community powerlessness combine to give gangsters, prostitutes and their patrons a belief that they can engage in crime, prostitution and gang violence with near impunity. Removing the community's sense of powerlessness is essential to driving entrenched gangs and prostitution markets out of residential neighbourhoods. The implicit message of open-air drug markets is that dealers and customers can conduct business with virtual impunity. Because of this perception, dealers have little trouble attracting clients to buy drugs or recruiting youth to sell them. To change these attitudes, you must work closely with law enforcement and criminal justice officials to demand that the rule of law be re-established where drug dealers have gotten used to setting their own rules. Your goals in this regard are threefold: 1) increase the efficiency of police patrols by providing them with useful information; 2) increase the visible police presence within the neighbourhood in general and around the drug market in particular; and 3) increase the probability and severity of penalties for both drug buyers and sellers. Tip: Police may have become frustrated in previous attempts to enforce prostitution laws or to find effective measures against gangs. You must let them know that this is a high priority for the community in order to re-energize them. Some recommended actions that may be effective in eliminating that sense of impunity are: Postcard Warnings: Postcards can be mailed to the owners of cars seen cruising in the vicinity of prostitution markets and cruising in the vicinity of open-air drug markets. . Through the traffic department, police can trace the license plate numbers collected by citizen patrols and send notices to the vehicle owners "warning" them that to frequent certain areas at certain hours is a dangerous health and crime risk. Police Foot Patrols: Increase police foot patrols in areas where prostitution markets are known to exist. This increases police visibility in the area and allows the officers
Page 46 of 100 more opportunity to get to know the prostitutes. In addition, police officers walking the streets of a prostitution district are likely to give pause to any potential client. Car Seizures: Forfeiture of vehicles used to solicit prostitutes or buy drugs with is one of the most powerful "demand-side" tools in the fight against prostitution. Potential patrons will think twice before engaging the services of a prostitute or using their car when they are buying drugs once they are on notice that their vehicle is subject to forfeiture if they are caught. Few Johns, after all, want to explain to their spouse, friends, or co-workers why they came home without the family van. In Mitchells Plain a young man was arrested by Metro police for possession of Heroin. He refused to give his address. Metro police traced the car to Durbanville, contacted the owner and was then informed that he had sold the car to someone in Mitchells Plain. Ten minutes later the young man was greeted by his furious father and uncles (on the night before Ramadan started). His father had brought him the car 3 months previously as an encouragement gift after he had come out of rehab. In Detroit, allowing first-time offenders to retrieve their vehicles after a day by paying a civil fine has worked just as effectively as - but much more cheaply than - typical seizure programs that require an appeal hearing to retrieve one's car. One of the quickest ways to chill drug sales across a city is to publicize a renewed effort to seize vehicles used in drug purchases and sales. In egregious cases, when a particular property has become an "instrument' of drug distribution, it can be seized and sold by state authorities. Assets such as cash, cars, expensive clothes, jewellery, planes, and real estate that have been obtained with drug trafficking proceeds are also subject to seizure. Stay-Away Orders: Judges can also order arrested prostitutes and Johns to stay away from specific prostitution market locations under penalty of incarceration or gang members to stay away from certain areas, persons or premises. Drug Activity Log: Keep a detailed record of all suspected drug activity that you observe. Include the date, time, location, and a careful description of each incident. People, vehicles, drugs, hiding places, "advertising," paraphernalia, overheard conversations, how the drugs and money were exchanged, whether and when the incident was reported to police, and the police response are all things that should be meticulously described. Some police departments and community groups develop a special form for recording such information. This simple tool informs and empowers every course of action that you, the police, or others may want to take against the drug market. Driver's License Checkpoints: Another effective police tactic is the implementation of regular driver's license checkpoints, at drug market entrances or in the middle of prostitution markets to discourage "frivolous" traffic in the area. Two Metro police officers once parked their police vehicle in front of a well-known drug dealers home in the middle of the night while they had coffee. They left their blue patrol lights on. There was a tremendous scurrying at the gates and the next moment everything closed down. Customers were frantically waved away and there was a huge number of angry glares at the officers.
Page 47 of 100 Police Command Posts: For deeply entrenched drug markets, police should consider setting up and staffing a semi-permanent trailer as a command post in the market's centre. Command posts can serve as a point of friendly contact between police and the community, and their mobility allows them to follow migrating drug markets. Partnerships for Better Supervision: Considering that more than half of all crack purchases are made by people on bail, probation, or parole, it is worthwhile to encourage probation and parole officers to team up with police officers on the local beat, school officials, employers, and others who regularly encounter the people they supervise. These partnerships not only help protect the community from people with a criminal history, they also help make criminal justice supervision a real opportunity for troubled individuals to get their lives on the right track. Public Community Service Sentences: Another kind of alternative sentencing is court-ordered community service, which can be used to shame the inflated prestige of drug dealers while they do menial tasks to improve the community that they have harmed. Such tasks can include being forced to help pick up rubbish or helping your Neighbourhood Watch to clean off graffiti at the area where he usually sells. The present fashion of making the offended sweep the police stations floor is ridiculous. Speak to the prosecutor about making the problem part of the solution. Tip: To achieve your strategic objectives, it is enormously helpful to mark your progress. Be sure to specify simple, short-term goals for each tactic you use. For instance, commit to cleaning up the block or park and keeping it litter-free for a month, or to having citizen patrols or marches at least two nights a week for three months. Whatever you choose to do, define it in terms of achievable timetables. PUTTING IT ALL TOGETHER Residents in the New York City neighbourhood of Sunset Park were fed up with prostitutes walking their streets late at night. They decided to fight back by reaching out to the police department and city officials. Based on the citizens' complaints, the police started mailing letters to the prostitutes' customers. The police got the addresses through their license plate numbers. The letters informed the Johns that those caught soliciting prostitutes could have their names released to the press and could face potential prosecution. The campaign of the Sunset Park citizens, and the subsequent police crackdown, resulted in more than 700 arrests and lengthier-than-normal prison sentences for many of the neighbourhoods prostitutes. The actions of the Cape Town Guardian Angels in Parow resulted in an estimated 80% reduction in prostitution. The Boyd Booth community in West Baltimore, after years of suffering from violent open-air drug markets, implemented a comprehensive strategy to fight back. They took direct action themselves and enlisted assistance from a variety of nonprofits and city agencies to board up drug houses, fence off alleyways, pursue drug nuisance abatement cases against six crack houses, conduct neighbourhood cleanups and marches, and send letters to landlords asking for help. Their efforts got results. They contributed to a 52 percent decline in violent crime over two years, with overall crime dropping 40 percent.
Page 48 of 100 Self Test Question 1: Name four problems that street prostitution may cause in a neighbourhood. 1. 2. 3. 4. 4 Question 2: Mark the following statements as True or False Statement Prostitutes are highly resilient to normal policing tactics Without prostitutes, gangs lose a lot of their income, disease is curbed and drugs are curtailed Prostitution markets exist where they are tolerated Prostitution markets are rigidly organized Prostitution is a customer-driven market The community needs to broadcast its disapproval and intolerance for street prostitution To be effective, neighbourhood patrols must be camouflaged A John is not worried about his identity Neighbourhood patrols are a way to discourage prostitution Signs warning about the dangers of AIDS can drive Johns away Organizing community cleanups, makes it harder for prostitutes to operate Installing new street lights makes it easier for prostitutes to operate Towing away abandoned cars makes it harder for prostitutes to operate Sweeping litter off the street makes it harder for prostitutes to operate True False
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Statement Residents should keep silent about prostitution and leave it to the police
True
False
15 Question 3: Complete the following question. A Prostitutes customer is called a __________________________. 1 Total 20
Page 50 of 100 Answers Question 1: Name four problems that street prostitution may cause in a neighbourhood. Disturbing the peace and quiet of residential areas Propositioning disinterested persons Harassment (sometimes physical) of visitors and residents Soliciting adolescents Sexual activity in public or semi-public view (such as in cars), Litter Disrupting traffic Drinking in public Drug use and dealing Forgery Credit card fraud Fraud Motor vehicle theft Burglary Robbery Health problem Parents hesitate to send their children to the library or to visit friends People take fewer walks Visits to neighbours occur only during the day Stores and other business are sometimes forced to close
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Question 2: Mark the following statements as True or False Statement Prostitutes are highly resilient to normal policing tactics Without prostitutes, gangs lose a lot of their income, disease is curbed and drugs are curtailed Prostitution markets exist where they are tolerated Prostitution markets are rigidly organized Prostitution is a customer-driven market. The community needs to broadcast its disapproval and intolerance for street prostitution To be effective, neighbourhood patrols must be camouflaged A John is not worried about his identity Neighbourhood patrols are a way to discourage prostitution Signs warning about the dangers of AIDS can drive Johns away Organizing community cleanups, makes it harder for prostitutes to operate Installing new street lights makes it easier for prostitutes to operate Towing away abandoned cars makes it harder for prostitutes to operate. Sweeping litter off the street makes it harder for prostitutes to operate Residents should keep silent about prostitution and leave it to the police Question 3: Complete the following question. A Prostitutes customer is called a JOHN. True X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X False
Page 52 of 100 Self Test Question 1: Mark the following statements as True or False Statement Drug markets depend upon large numbers of customers To be successful a drug market must move about all the time A typical drug sale can take over half an hour Teenagers typically act as lookouts Location is not important to a drug market Dealers pick spots with difficult access for customers and few escape routes Large pools of poorly supervised kids are a source of cheap labour Patrol members will not scare away drug customers Patrol members can provide police with detailed information Police typically show renewed interest and increased presence in locations where citizen patrols operate Citizens can push drug dealers from their selling locations by selling hot dogs and hamburgers there instead Churches can disrupt drug markets by holding Saturday evening services outdoors where chronic drug dealing has been going on Property owners, city officials, and community leaders who "adopt" an area should make adequate lighting a top priority Owners of bars, stores, and apartment buildings often tolerate or even encourage drug activity on or near their properties Posting warnings that they are being watched greatly increases the insecurity felt by drug buyers 15 Total 15 True False
Page 53 of 100 Answers Question 1: Mark the following statements as True or False Statement Drug markets depend upon large numbers of customers To be successful a drug market must move about all the time A typical drug sale can take over half an hour Teenagers typically act as lookouts Location is not important to a drug market Dealers pick spots with difficult access for customers and few escape routes Large pools of poorly supervised kids are a source of cheap labour Patrol members will not scare away drug customers Patrol members can provide police with detailed information Police typically show renewed interest and increased presence in locations where citizen patrols operate Citizens can push drug dealers from their selling locations by selling hot dogs and hamburgers there instead Churches can disrupt drug markets by holding Saturday evening services outdoors where chronic drug dealing has been going on Property owners, city officials, and community leaders who "adopt" an area should make adequate lighting a top priority Owners of bars, stores, and apartment buildings often tolerate or even encourage drug activity on or near their properties Posting warnings that they are being watched greatly increases the insecurity felt by drug buyers Total 15 X X X X X X X 15 X X X X X True X X X False
Page 54 of 100 YOUTH AND GANGS This manual outlines some of the answers to your questions on how to suppress gangs in your community. There are some simple steps you can take to address the gang problem that so many of us face, but in general, gang suppression starts in the home. Ideally, you will want to take action when the gang is still small and manageable, not when it has grown to become a huge international problem with members on 4 continents and in 500 cities. The tactics discussed in this manual will none-the-less help you in dealing with gangs, whether they are new in your area or old and established. Western Cape Gangs Introduction In Cape Town the one thing that is certain about gangs is that they are utterly and completely dominated by the so-called numbers gangs. The 26s, 27s and 28s. Virtually all the other gangs find their affiliation somehow to these, mostly coloured, gangs that were originally started by a black man, who was taught robbery by white men and became a criminal himself, only to work as a police officer and end his life working as a prison warden! Gangs are at a state of war, more or less constantly. They fight each other, and they fight the police as well as vigilante groups on a constant basis. This makes for battletrained soldiers who kill remorselessly. The present round of violence started in 1998 after the leadership was killed by vigilantes and a power vacuum developed. In 1994 the borders of the country were for all intents and purposes opened up and since South Africa has some of the best infrastructure on the continent, along with the fact that at that time our police was relatively inexperienced in fighting large scale drug smuggling it made sense for criminal cartels to start funnelling their drugs through our country to other markets in different countries. Today, the whole country is dotted with Nigerian cocaine cartels, Chinese triads, Moroccan protection gangs and Pakistani textile syndicates who made the most of the indigenous criminal groups relative immaturity at crime, having effectively been neutralized for the duration of the apartheid era. Street gangs are today highly organized, and prison gangs that were only found inside prisons now recruit outside prison as well. There is a strict demarcation between the members of street gangs and the members of prison gangs. It is also accepted that the leaders of prison gangs are far more disciplined than the leaders of street gangs. Gangs are not as organized as true syndicates. They are often bound to a specific geographical area, are less sophisticated than syndicates, have youth for members and can be identified by a name and/or dress, insignia, tattoos, colours, etc. The Prevention of Organised Crime Act, no. 121 of 1998, chapter 2 defines a criminal gang as: any formal or informal ongoing organisation, association, or group of three or more persons, which has as one of its activities the commission of one or more criminal offences, which has an identifiable name or identifying sign or symbol, and whose members individually or collectively engage in or have engaged in a pattern of criminal gang activity. The penalties for gang activities are harsh. Section 3 of the POCA prescribes: a fine not exceeding R1 000 million, or imprisonment for life.
Page 55 of 100 Some definitions of gangs include that they are simply youth at risk of running afoul of the law, but this excludes those youth who make a rational choice to join a gang for the benefits that they perceive as a perk of membership; fancy cars, alcohol, women, power, drugs, guns etc. This definition also excludes those gangsters who are 30 to 40 years old, since a gang members can be any age.

Gang members may range in age from youngsters (corner kids) to adults between 20 and 40 years of age. The nature and activities of gangs are mainly determined by their social context. Membership of gangs may include persons both inside and outside of jails. Gang members may be anything from street level operators to sophisticated syndicate bosses. They may belong to the category regarded by the government and its agencies as being at risk of becoming involved in criminal activities, or may make a choice to become involved with full cognisance of the associated risks. Gangs may be involved in criminal activities for the sake of survival, or may be high-level, structured criminal organisations.
The Historical Origin of the Numbers Gangs Mzuzephi (Nongoloza) Mathebula was born in Zululand. He came into the world as part of a family of three boys and 2 girls and first saw the light of day in 1867. The family moved to a farm near Bergville, where the Tugela flows out of the Drakensberg mountains. He lived a mostly solitary life when young and had very little contact with the rest of his family. At age 16 Nongoloza got a job as a gardener in Harrismith where he also trained and worked as a groom, for which he received a horse as partial payment for his good work. In 1886, when he was just 19 years old, Nongoloza went to work as a groom for Tom J, again as a part-time gardener, but principally as a groom. In this time he lost the farmers one horse. The farmer demanded payment for the horse, threatened to have Nongozola incarcerated and accusing him of being negligent. Since Nongoloza was working in the garden that day, and not with the horses he felt, quite rightly, that he was being treated unfairly. Nongoloza was not willing to work for 2 years for free in order to pay back the horse so he packed his things and left to work in Johannesburg as a houseboy. He eventually cut all ties with his family and took on a new name Jan Note (a reference to unotha dagga a vice that Nongoloza indulged in as often as he could). After the new name he got a job with four men in a house in Turffontein. He was paid very well and was only required to be honest and not bring friends to the house. After a while Nongoloza was invited to come along on a trip and this was when he
Page 56 of 100 discovered that his employers were actually highway robbers. Once Nongoloza discovered how easy it was to make many in this way he was hooked. He started up a band of his own in 1890 and had more than 200 men and women in his gang within two years. Nongoloza was eventually captured and sent to prison where he learned to read and write. When he was released from prison he re-structured his band of cut-throats into a small army, with himself as the king. The entire gang was formed and structured around the colonial forces chains of command, complete with his own war general based on the old Boer Vecht Generaals. He had medics (an Inyanga) and even things like magistrates etc. All of this was done before the Boer War took place. He changed the name of the gang to the Ninevites or Umkosi Wezintaba (Regiment of the hills). Shortly after this he banished all the women from the compound as he believed that they transmitted the venereal diseases that was rampant among his men. The older men were to take the younger ones as Boy-wives. In April 1900, Nongoloza was sentenced to seven years hard labour in Pretoria and 30 lashes of the whip for numerous attempted murder charges. For the next seven years he was in open confrontation with the prison administration under Lord Milner, while still controlling the Ninevites outside prison. The pass system saw many, many black men locked up for administrative mistakes such as losing a pass book. Ironically it also allowed a free flow of information in and out of the prison. Between 1900 and 1904 the authorities of the time tried to break him. He was often chained up, lashed, given hard labour etc. He dished out equal, and even worse, cruelty to his own men. Anyone who did not obey instantly or who were considered to be an infiltrator was punished harshly. Made to eat large quantities of porridge before being beaten, having their teeth forcibly extracted, cut out with a pocket knife or beaten out with a wooden spoon, being thrown into the air until their bones broke on the concrete floor etc was par for the course. The extracted teeth became a part of the necklace that Nongoloza wore. Outside prison the Ninevites grew apace. Spurred by the 1906-1908 recession they bloomed to cover an area more than 400 kilometres away. By 1912 there were close to 1000 members. On his transfer to Volksrust he escaped and went on a crime spree. He was recaptured. Nongoloza received a life sentence in March 1909 for theft, stock theft, housebreaking and attempted murder of an elderly person. On his arrival in Pretoria he received a thunderous applause in prison. In a short period the war with the wardens resumed. Outside prison two police officers and a miner was killed. The state realized the size of Nongolozas empire, that it embraced prison, compound and township alike. Jacob de Villiers Roos Prison administration was turned over to Jacob de Villiers Roos, a caring man who truly wanted to see the prison systems inhumanity changed for the better. Roos reduced several life sentences. Nongolozas life sentence was reduced to 15 years. The accommodation in the prison was changed from mass rooms to single cell systems. He divided the prisoners into classes, so that a first time offender could not be kept with the hard-core gangsters anymore. He gave Nongoloza a sympathetic
Page 57 of 100 white warden named Paskin, who was fluent in Zulu and put him in sole charge. Gradually the isolation was replaced with enquiry, deprivation with dialogue and lashing with listening. It took Roos 3 months to change Nongoloza, to get him to renounce his claim as the King of the Ninevites, to call a truce to his 25 year war, disband his organisation and above all others to start working for the state. On 27 December 1912, Nongoloza indicated that he would work for the state as a warden, under the new administration. He was released from prison on 24 December 1914 and then started work on disbanding the Ninevite network at Cinderella Prison on the East Rand. After that he went to the Durban Point Prison where he reduced the gang presence significantly. In his 50s he received a small plot of land in Swaziland where he became a respectable member of the community as well as an agricultural leader. He stayed for 6 years, but in the seventh year he asked to be returned to the Transvaal. He received a job there at Weskoppies Mental Hospital, near to Pretoria Prison and settled into his job by the time he was 57 years old. Nongoloza, like in his youth, kept much to himself, only becoming noticeable when he could not get his regular supply of dagga. He made friend with Jim Mailula and they visited the nearby shebeens together, entertained women, drank and smoke dagga. Nongoloza occasionally slipped into his old role of criminal by robbing groups of houseboys in the area when his money ran low. After threatening to kill a new employee he was transferred to the Premier Diamond Mine near Cullinan where he worked briefly as a compound policeman. However, his forceful personality so terrified the other compound policemen that he was transferred to the mine store where he stayed for a year before raping a 16 year old who was returning home from church. On 13 May 1930 he was declared to be a habitual criminal and nine days later he was transferred to Barberton Prison. He was 63 year old at the time and spent 10 years there as a model prisoner. After his release in October 1940 he was put on the train to Pretoria where a dozen elderly Ninevites came to greet him at Belfast station. He got a job as a guard at Pretoria General Hospital, but later became night watchman at a bottling company in Pretoria. He resigned from this job and drifted around Marabastad in the Pretoria CBD throughout 1946 to 1947 usually with a bottle of booze in the one hand and a (much) younger woman in the other hand. Advanced tuberculosis was diagnosed and he was admitted a few months later to Pretoria General Hospital, where he passed away three months later, at the age of 81. He was buried on 13 December 1948 in grave number 1438 in native section D of Pretorias Rebecca Street Cemetery as a pauper since no-one came to claim his body.
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Reclaim Public Space
Positive Alternatives
Work with Police
Community Gang Suppression

Public Information Campaigns
School Safety
Improve Neighbourhood Conditions
Page 59 of 100 Where can you get started in your fight against gangs? Gangs and Criminal Justice Agencies Police: Find out what your local police department is doing to deal with gangs. If the department does have a gang unit, it may be part of field operations, investigations, juvenile, or some other division or bureau. The unit's duties may be intelligence gathering, maintaining a gang database, enforcement, investigations, coordination with other jurisdictions, prevention, education, or some combination of these. Some gang units operate anonymous tip lines. Some have special teams dispatched to diffuse or intervene in school-based gang incidents. If the department has a gang unit, how does it coordinate with community policing officers assigned to your neighbourhood? How does it coordinate with drug enforcement units? Probation and Parole: The probation departments in your area may have a gang unit. In some areas, probation personnel are trained on gang signs, symbols, and activities. Police may team with probation officers to identify gang members, returning to custody those who violate the terms of their probation or parole. Questions to ask include: Which field offices serve probationers and parolees who reside in your neighbourhood? How does the probation office work with police and others on gang-related cases and problems? What conditions of probation must be met by gang-involved youth? What services do they receive that might help them break their involvement with gangs? Juvenile probation officers and supervisors in the field office closest to your neighbourhood should be able to tell you more about the gangs that threaten you. They also have considerable power when it comes to holding violent gang members accountable. Prosecution: You will also want to know more about the prosecutor's and court's response to gangs. What information can the prosecutor give you about gang cases in your neighbourhood? Does the prosecutor use a "community prosecution" approach, with one or more prosecutors assigned exclusively to a community that includes your neighbourhood? What protections are available for victims and witnesses in gang cases? What about those offenders convicted and sentenced to community service? What sort of community service is it? Does it entail cleaning and sweeping the police station, or is it a real sentence such as 200 hours of graffiti removal, or 200 hours of cleaning of parks. Offer your crime watch services and take such an offender under your wing for the period he is sentenced so that he can help undo the damage he did in the first place. Corrections: Most issues related to juvenile corrections go beyond the scope of this module. Still, as part of your strategy, you will want answers to these questions: What services are provided at juvenile correctional facilities that might help youth give up gangs?
Page 60 of 100 How does staff limit residents' contact with other gang members in the institution and back home? What kind of follow-up supervision and services do gang-involved youth receive when they return home? How can the community enhance supervision or improve services? These questions are critical because, even when correctional services are available, their chances for long-term success are greatly diminished if the youth returns to a neighbourhood where gangs "rule" and positive alternatives are limited. TAKING INVENTORY To be sure your resources and energy are not misdirected, get all the information you can about the particular gang problem in your neighbourhood. Be sure to find out if there is an existing anti-gang coalition you can contact - either a citywide group, or groups in specific neighbourhoods. Ask the police and prosecutor about state and local gang-related laws and ordinances. You may well find that "official" police-, school-, court-, and other data about gangs is scarce. Many police agencies, for example, do not classify crimes as gang-related or not. Spend time talking to individual police officers and supervisors, community policing officers assigned to your neighbourhood, the precinct commander and community policing coordinator, gang and drug unit personnel, and juvenile officers. Meet with school administrators, teachers, counsellors, and coaches. Ask about truancy and dropout rates and what is being done about them. Tip: Find out how your police define the term "gang-related." In some departments, any crime involving a known gang member is classified as gang-related, whether or not the person was acting on behalf of the gang. This may end up overstating the gang problem. Other departments do not classify a crime as gang-related unless it is considered gang-motivated. This may tend to understate the gang problem. Talk to recreation centre supervisors, business owners, faith community leaders, public housing and other multi-family housing staff, hospital emergency room personnel - anyone who has first-hand knowledge of gangs in your community. Talk to former gang members, as well as neighbourhood youth, who have successfully avoided gang involvement. Look for youth groups already involved in addressing gang issues, either through the schools, churches, or other neighbourhood organizations. Questions to Ask: How many members and associates does the gang have? What are the age range, gender, and ethnic background of its members? What are the gang's signs and symbols and what do they mean? Is the gang independent or affiliated with other gangs? Does it present a new or a long-standing problem in the community? What geographic area does the gang claim, if any? Who are its rivals? In what types of delinquent and criminal activities are gang members engaged? (You should try to describe as specifically as possible the who, what, where, and when.)
Page 61 of 100 Who are the leaders? Are they in school? On probation? Are there outstanding warrants for their arrest? What types of gang problems have occurred in the schools? What policies do the schools have related to gangs (e, weapons policies or dress and behaviour codes)? How are those policies enforced? What security measures are in place in the schools? How do the schools communicate with and work with the police on gang problems? How do the schools try to prevent gang activity (e.g., gang resistance education, conflict mediation, counselling)? How are school facilities in your neighbourhood used during the after school hours? Are they locked down, or are they available for use by the community? STRATEGIES AND TACTICS This section presents several strategies for taking back the neighbourhood from gangs: 1. Take collective action to reclaim public spaces. 2. Work with the police and other criminal justice agencies. 3. Improve school safety and security. 4. Improve physical conditions in the neighbourhood. 5. Conduct public information campaigns. 6. Provide youth with positive alternatives. Tip: Observe and record neighbourhood conditions. Use a checklist or form to record problem locations (i.e., places where gangs congregate, drug dealing hot spots, abandoned buildings, vacant lots, etc.) and conditions, such as broken streetlights, that encourage gang activity. Photograph graffiti and write date and location on the back of each photo. Strategy 1 -- Take Collective Action to Reclaim Public Spaces Use these tactics to send a clear message that the community will not tolerate gangs. Remove Gang Graffiti Immediately: This is one of the clearest, least complicated steps a community can take to demonstrate its unwillingness to tolerate gangs and violence. Some jurisdictions have promised to clean off graffiti in special zones within 24 hours, but if they do not hold to their promise YOU can do it. One can of paint, a roller and someone (or many) to watch your back and youre in business. Take Back a Park or a Street Corner: Hold community events (e.g., rallies, block parties, festivals, etc.) in public places that "belong" to gangs. Demonstrate: Hold marches or vigils to demonstrate your unwillingness to live in fear and violence. Guardian Angels can provide tips on organizing these events or you can speak to your local councillor. Join with Others: If there is a citywide anti-gang coalition or similar group, make sure your neighbourhood is represented on it.
Page 62 of 100 Strategy 2 -- Work with the Police and Other Criminal Justice Agencies When residents feel comfortable with the officers assigned to their neighbourhood, they will be more willing to report crimes and information. Report Crimes and Information: Increase safety and call police attention to your neighbourhood by picking up the phone and calling 911 to report gang-related crimes. Form block watches. Cooperate with investigations of hard-core gang leaders. Work with Community Policing Officers: Community policing emphasizes assigning officers to specific neighbourhoods and encouraging them to solve problems with residents. Find out who your neighbourhoods officers are. If your department does not make permanent beat assignments, push for change. Encourage the department to give neighbourhood officers beepers or cellular phones so residents can contact them directly. Operate Citizen Patrols: See the part on open-air drug dealing, which discusses this tactic further or speak to the local Guardian Angels.
Improve Victim and Witness Protection: Prosecutors and police often lack resources for witness protection or relocation, which may be necessary for witnesses of gang violence. Explore possible solutions to this problem with the prosecutor and the victim assistance office. Defuse Gang Conflicts: In some communities, individual leaders have successfully defused volatile situations and have prevented gang confrontations. These leaders have included former gang members, police officers, clergy, university professors, Guardian Angels and others. Use the Power of Probation and Parole: Probation officers have enormous power to influence the judge's setting of probation conditions and to initiate proceedings to revoke probation for serious and violent gang members. They can also conduct searches, order drug tests, and require face-to-face meetings with persons under their supervision. Gang members can be ordered to stay away from one another and to stay away from the neighbourhood if they do not reside there. Find out who gang members' probation officers are. Press for stringent conditions, and report violations. Strategy 3 -- Improve School Safety and Security If gangs are operating in your schools, take immediate steps to send a clear message of intolerance by using tactics like these:
Page 63 of 100 Start a Walking School Bus: The Walking School Bus concept gives your child safety in numbers; it is highly cost-effective and very visible. It consists of children walking in a bus-shaped group along designated safe routes. Along this route unemployed mothers gather on the corners in small groups wearing reflective vests. Certain houses are chosen as safe houses for those children who missed the bus to escape to if they feel threatened and need to escape from gangs or bullies. Revise School Rules and Regulations: Work with school officials, parent groups, and students to develop regulations that discourage gangs, drugs, and violence on school grounds. Develop or revise dress codes, prohibiting gang attire. Adopt uniforms. Ban cellular phones from school grounds. Tighten weapons policies. Improve Physical Security: Consider metal detectors, security guards, fences, landscaping, lighting improvements, and student or parent volunteer patrols. Set up graffiti removal teams at the school, start a school watch program with about 15-20 students with radios who patrol the school grounds. Student involvement will make or break your efforts to make the school safe and secure. Any efforts that does not include the students will almost certainly fail. Revise Fire Regulations: Often these regulations require leaving too many doors unlocked, making it easy for gang members (or anyone else, for that matter) to come in and out at will. Train School Personnel: Ask police and community organization staff to provide training for teachers and other school personnel on how to recognize gang signs and symbols and how to use community resources. Other training topics might include drugs, non-violent educational strategies, or conflict resolution. The Alexandria, Virginia, Police Department held special gang training for teachers and school administrators after a youth was stabbed to death in a gang fight in front of the junior high school. Monitor School Attendance: Use parents or neighbourhood watch volunteers to monitor school attendance and call parents of absent youth right away. In Anaheim, California, police gang officers are involved in attendance monitoring and disciplinary proceedings. The officers review attendance records, contact parents, and participate at attendance and disciplinary hearings with students, parents, and school officials. These officers also link arrested youth to alternative school programs. Attendance should NOT only be checked at the beginning of school. It should be checked at the beginning of EVERY class. See Appendix A to see what the law says about truancy. Form a Police/School Gang Response Team: Some police departments train special units to head off, respond to, and de-escalate gang-related incidents on school grounds. Hold Schools accountable for your childs safety - and not just the schools image: Some of the questions you may want to ask the school (and which they may not want you to ask): If my child misses a class, how long will you wait before calling me? If my child gets sick, will I be called immediately? What will the school do if they cannot reach me? If my child is seriously injured to what hospital will the school take him?
Page 64 of 100 Has a student ever brought a gun to school? What happened to him? Is he still at this school? If my child wants to call me, will the school allow it? If one of my childs teachers is suspected of sexual abuse, will anybody inform me? How long will it take before I am informed?
Further questions can be found in Appendix B. Strategy 4 -- Improve Physical Conditions in the Neighbourhood Taking stock of your neighbourhoods gang problems includes identifying locations and conditions (e.g., poor lighting, litter, abandoned buildings, etc.) that allow gangs to congregate and commit crimes unobserved. You can improve some of these conditions in the short run by holding cleanup days, pushing for improved city services, and taking other direct action. Bring pressure on city officials and businesses to help you install street lighting, tighten public housing screening policies, and enforce lease provisions. Remove abandoned and junk cars, overgrown shrubbery, and public pay phones (or restrict them to outgoing calls only). To effect long-term change, you'll need to determine who "owns" the particular problem. Who is legally responsible for fixing or removing it? Which agency (i.e., health department, public works, code enforcement, alcoholic beverage control, etc.) is charged with seeing that owners comply with ordinances, health codes, or other regulations? Police officers responsible for community policing, crime prevention, and crime prevention through environmental design (CPTED) should be able to help by referring you to contact people in the correct agency and by helping you cut through red tape. Nuisance and Problem Buildings By-laws and Other Civil Remedies: Nuisance laws, noise ordinances, health and building codes, and other civil remedies can be used to require property owners to change the conditions that contribute to the gang problem. Target liquor stores that sell alcohol to underage patrons, tattoo parlours, vacant lots and buildings, residences used as drug houses, and other locations. The city attorney's office in Los Angeles, for example, sends letters to private owners stating the alleged violation and giving the owner a chance to comply voluntarily. The office works with owners who attempt to remedy the situation and pursues legal cases against those who do not. Signs: Encourage the posting of "No Trespassing" and "No Loitering" signs where permitted. Post your own block watch, "No Gangs,'' "We Report Gang Crimes," and other messages that show your resolve to combat gangs. Curfews. Consider lobbying for a curfew ordinance, if your community does not already have one. Ideally, parents and their children together determine and abide by curfews. But in many jurisdictions where there is citizen support, local governments have passed curfew ordinances. These must be carefully drawn to protect constitutional rights. The curfew ordinance in Dallas, Texas is considered a model for several reasons. The need for a curfew was backed by statistics on the level of juvenile crime committed during the proposed curfew hours; the ordinance states an intent to protect children from harm, not simply prevent them from congregating; and the law is narrowly drawn, allowing exceptions for many legitimate reasons. As a result, the Dallas curfew law has passed a series of court tests, and the U.S. Supreme Court recently refused to hear a case challenging that law. Even when a curfew law is
Page 65 of 100 carefully constructed, though, there are other important issues to consider. Police must have the resources needed to enforce the law; the law must be enforced consistently and fairly; children will need a safe place to go when parents cannot be found; and there should be some means to hold parents accountable. Strategy 5 -- Conduct Public Information Campaigns Sponsor Parent and Community Forums on Gangs: Share the information you have gained with a wider audience. Presentations by community leaders, police, and others may be made at regular meetings of existing organizations or at special meetings convened solely to focus on gangs and violence. Encourage Media Responsibility: If you believe that the newspaper or local television and radio news coverage or programming should be more responsible, express your concerns as a group. Meet with editors and reporters. Tell them about the positive steps your neighbourhood is taking to combat the gang problem. Encourage them to cover prevention and intervention efforts, not just suppression. Encourage editors to develop guidelines for reporting on gangs. Most news media do not have such guidelines. Printing the names of gangs encourages them by giving them the attention they crave. When newspapers publish the names of victims, they often identify them as victims of gang crimes, leaving them or their family members terrified - sometimes terrorized - as a result. Debating competitions, poster designs, theatre productions. Strategy 6 -- Provide Youth with Positive Alternatives
Take a hard look at the reasons why youth join gangs. A striking number of gang members talk about their gangs as "family," suggesting that gangs offer a substitute
Page 66 of 100 for something missing at home. There are no easy answers. Sometimes youth join gangs for protection - they are afraid not to do so. Sometimes the appeal is the excitement represented by the gang lifestyle-quick money, cars, parties, girls, alcohol, drugs. Some children are in gangs because their relatives, including parents or even grandparents, are in gangs. Others feel beaten down by poverty, unemployment, crime, or school failure, and have little hope for a better future. Most gang-involved youth need more than just one thing - a decent recreation centre, for example, or even a good friend - to break free of gangs, crime, and drugs. But each small step can help, especially when it is part of a broader, long-term strategy to turn things around. Remember that not every program or approach that sounds good really does well. Collect information about what has been done in similar communities around the country. Ask questions about why various approaches were successful and others were not (e.g., was the idea off base, or was it a good idea that was poorly executed?). An exceptionally effective gang alternative program is the establishment of a Guardian Angels group in your area. Tip: Local college or university students may be eager to help. In Racine, Wisconsin, a student research team at the University of Wisconsin, Parkside, Department of Sociology, talked to 500 Racine residents, including gang members, community leaders; police, media representatives, and others. The students' report helped Racine get grants for two youth service projects related to gangs. Provide Direct Services to Gang-Involved Youth: Helping gang-involved youth who have already committed violent or serious crimes is the focus of Project Comin' Up in Fort Worth, Texas, a partnership involving the Boys and Girls Club, Tarrant County Citizen's Crime Commission, and Parks and Community Services. Project Comin' Up identifies the most violent gangs and aims services at individual gang members, with the objective of reducing violent behaviour. Another example is the University of Connecticut Institute for Violence Reduction. In addition to providing direct conflict mediation services, the Institute serves youth and family members released from prison and brings college and community college instructors into the community. Provide Structured, Safe Activities When School Is Out: Communities throughout the country are expanding the use of schools during nonschool hours through Safe Haven programs. Activities include sports, tutoring, recreational activities, parent education, and many others. Training to get Safe Haven programs off the ground is available to all cities with Weed and Seed projects. Another example is Urban Art, Ink. This after-school arts program operates at Jefferson High in Denver, Colorado. The neighbourhood is a Comprehensive Gangs Initiative target area. Midnight Basketball is a well-known example of how one person can begin to make a difference. Started by G. Van Standeford of Glen Arden, Maryland, it is now a national organization based in Oakland, California, and operates programs in 42 cities. Geared to youth aged 17-25, Midnight Basketball not only offers a safe place to play the game at night, but also includes AIDS education, drug programs, career information, job training, and other services. FORCE (Females Obtaining Resources for Cultural Enrichment) is sponsored by the Boston, Massachusetts, Housing Authority. In seeking to address kids'
Page 67 of 100 needs for acceptance, loyalty, and a feeling of family, FORCE offers sports, debate teams, and other activities. Gangs to Clubs in Providence, Rhode Island provides alternatives to gangs for Southeast Asian youth. Program personnel use older youth to work with younger ones and emphasize listening to the youth and making them part of the solution. Guardian Angels is an international organization that targets youth to get them involved in community projects by training them in crime prevention and martial arts. Provide Rites of Passage: One of the best known examples here is the House of Umoja, which stresses "the importance of traditional cultural norms of the AfricanAmerican community and instils African-American youths with the life skills necessary to halt self-destructive behaviour. House of Umoja, begun by just one family, is now a community-based residential treatment and educational program that occupies 23 row houses in Philadelphia. But meaningful, age-appropriate rites-ofpassage programs can be developed on a much smaller scale through the efforts of churches, community-based organizations, schools, parent groups, or individual residents. In addition, some communities bring together Hispanic and AfricanAmerican youth to talk about cultural differences and similarities. Offer One-on-One Guidance: Organizations like Big Brothers and Big Sisters, Concerned Black Men, church and religious groups, police youth services programs, colleges, sorority and fraternity alumni groups, and many others match youth with responsible, caring adults for one-on-one friendship, guidance, and opportunities for new experiences. Program examples for gang-involved girls include those operated by Pueblo, Colorado, Youth Services and by Grace Hill Neighbourhood Services in St. Louis, Missouri. The federal Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention (OJJDP) is currently sponsoring JUMP, an evaluation of mentoring programs. Offer Gang Resistance Curricula in the Schools: One example is the GREAT (Gang Resistance Education and Training) Program. GREAT was developed in 1991 by the Phoenix Police Department and the federal Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, and Firearms (ATF), and is now in place in many schools throughout the country. Similar to DARE (Drug Abuse Resistance Education), GREAT offers nine weekly lessons delivered by police officers in the schools, usually at the 7th grade level. PUTTING IT ALL TOGETHER The Ad Hoc Group Against Crime in Kansas City, Missouri, has a long history of community activism to combat drugs, gangs, and violent crime through a combination of cooperation with law enforcement and, more recently, the development of alternatives for youth. Ad Hoc was formed in 1977 when concerned black leaders and residents organized a meeting to discuss the recent murders of nine black women. This was a confrontational meeting, and hundreds of residents showed up to express their anger and fear. It was from this meeting that the grass-roots, volunteer-driven Ad Hoc Group Against Crime was formed. Since that time, Ad Hoc has worked on four main objectives: Raising community awareness about crime and violence.
Page 68 of 100 Improving relationships between the at-risk community and the local police department. Maintaining a 24-Hour Secret Witness Hotline to enable residents to report crimes anonymously. Forming a community reward fund to offer rewards for crime tips that lead to arrest. The proliferation of crack cocaine in the 1980s brought a new emphasis on combating drugs and gangs. Ad Hoc organized "anti-dope house" marches, commissioned reports on black homicides and other issues, and formed a rape victims' task force. In the early 1990s, Ad Hoc raised the money to hire a small staff. In addition to continuing its direct-action, crime-fighting objectives, Ad Hoc has added several programs for youth, including Youth and Gang Services, which operates a 24-hour youth help line; Project Redirect, which includes gang awareness, violence reduction training, AIDS awareness, and other components; Project Intercept, which targets middle school youth at high risk for gang involvement and low school achievement; and other programs and services directed at ex-offenders.
Page 69 of 100 Appendix A: Truancy and your childs rights. South African Constitution (Act 108 of 1996) Bill of Rights The following rights of learners are impacted on negatively through the act of truancy. Children who are truant find themselves in highly dangerous environments while truant, without the protection of school personnel, parents or other care givers. They are often drafted into gangs and used for criminal activities. 12. Freedom and security of the person 1. Everyone has the right to freedom and security of the person, which includes the right a. b. c. to be free from all forms of violence from either public or private sources; d. e. 2. Everyone has the right to bodily and psychological integrity, which includes the right a. to make decisions concerning reproduction; b. to security in and control over their body; and c. Being away from care-givers, a child finds himself in an environment which does not have his best interest at heart. Such an environment is not conducive to fostering health or well-being in the child and can often, in fact be considered as toxic to the childs future well-being. 24. Environment Everyone has the right a. to an environment that is not harmful to their health or well-being; and b. i. ii. iii. A child has the right to family care or alternative care when removed from the family environment. Along with this right go the rights to be protected from neglect, inappropriate labour practices, and not to be involved in armed conflict. Children who are truant are often drafted into gangs where they become expendable cannon fodder and drug runners. 28. Children 1. Every child has the right a.
Page 70 of 100 b. to family care or parental care, or to appropriate alternative care when removed from the family environment; c. d. to be protected from maltreatment, neglect, abuse or degradation; e. to be protected from exploitative labour practices; f. not to be required or permitted to perform work or provide services that i. ii. g. i. ii. h. i. not to be used directly in armed conflict, and to be protected in times of armed conflict. 2. A child's best interests are of paramount importance in every matter concerning the child. 3. In this section "child" means a person under the age of 18 years. Children also have the right to basic education. By allowing a child to be truant this right is directly infringed. 29. Education 1. Everyone has the right a. to a basic education, including adult basic education; and b. to further education, which the state, through reasonable measures, must make progressively available and accessible. 2. a. ; b. c. . 3. a. ; b. c. . 4. . The South African Schools Act (Act 84 of 1996) Further to the rights of children to safety, parental care and an education, the South African Schools Act (Act 84 of 1996) makes school attendance compulsory for every child between six and15 years old. 3. Compulsory attendance.(1) Subject to this Act and any applicable provincial law, every parent must cause every learner for whom he or she is responsible to attend a school from the first school day of the year in which such learner reaches the age of
are inappropriate for a person of that child's age; or place at risk the child's well-being, education, physical or mental health or spiritual, moral or social development;
Page 71 of 100 seven years until the last school day of the year in which such learner reaches the age of fifteen years or the ninth grade, whichever occurs first. (2) . (3) . (4) . (5) If a learner who is subject to compulsory attendance in terms of subsection (1) is not enrolled at or fails to attend a school, the Head of Department may (a) investigate the circumstances of the learners absence from school; (b) take appropriate measures to remedy the situation; and (c) failing such a remedy, issue a written notice to the parent of the learner requiring compliance with subsection (1). (6) Subject to this Act and any other applicable law (a) any parent who, without just cause and after a written notice from the Head of Department, fails to comply with subsection (1), is guilty of an offence and liable on conviction to a fine or to imprisonment for a period not exceeding six months; or (b) any other person who, without just cause, prevents a learner who is subject to compulsory attendance from attending a school, is guilty of an offence and liable on conviction to a fine or to imprisonment for a period not exceeding six months. Discussion There is much talk about the crisis in education. A very large part of this crisis can be laid at the feet of disinterested and uncaring parents who show no interest in their children. Truancy is a strong precursor for other, further crimes, and is seen as a gateway to criminality and gangsterism. Since it is such a strong indicator of disorder in our communities it fosters a disrespect for law and order and creates a skewed image in the minds of youth, that it si all right to break the rules and, since no one cares about it, that they can always get away with breaking the law. A truant child is not only breaking the law, but he/she is growing a criminal mind-set. Such a child is in trouble and needs strong and direct intervention from the CoCT to become a productive citizen. Children who are truant will put themselves at direct risk of long-term disadvantage in life. They are two and a half times more likely to be on welfare when adults, earn significantly lower salaries and are twice as likely to be unemployed as those who finished schools. Such a child will have been set up by an uncaring parent for a lifetime of struggle. Truancy also leads directly to crime. Whenever there is a high rate of truancy, there is a high daytime burglary rate and high vandalism. Truancy is the most powerful predictor of youth at risk of turning to criminal activities. One study revealed that 100% of gang members were truants. Another study showed that more than 71% of 13-16 year olds who were prosecuted for criminal violations had been truant. When the City of Minneapolis started to act against truants by implementing a law enforcement approach, daytime crime dropped 68%! A study in San Diego showed that 44 % of violent youth crimes occurred during school hours (08h30 13h30).
Page 72 of 100 Unexcused absences number in the 1000s in Cape Town. International studies have shown that in some areas the truant population may be as high as 12 % of the pupil population. Each of those children are being unsupervised for hours at a time, in direct contravention of his/her constitutional right to parental care/alternative care. It is the duty of the CoCT to take up the cause of children such as these and to make every effort to force parents to fulfill their moral, ethical and legal requirement toward their children. Truancy must be the only crime in the world where the offender is not the one committing the act, since, while the child may be the truant, the parent enables it by turning a blind eye, and the child is without doubt the victim, no matter how willing. Some highly effective truancy reduction programs have been established around the world. In all of them the one thing that was made clear is that the truant child is not victimized. The offender in this case, more often than not, is the parent. When parents are held accountable for making sure their children go to school, and truant children know that their parents will be called by the school every night that they have not been at school, or that they will be picked up by the police if found to be truant and returned to school, with their parents receiving an initial warning (for a first offence) and a fine for a second offence, with three or more offences resulting in the parents being sentenced to a fine, and parenting classes, the following results in the community occur. Results from truancy prevention programs In Milwaukee, Wisconsin 73 % of truant children returned to school the next day and 64 % of them were still there 30 days later. Day light burglary has decreased by 33 % and daytime assault by 29 %. In Rohnert Park, California daytime burglary dropped by a staggering 75 %! In Atlantic County, New Jersey some 84 % of the students who went through a truancy reduction program had no recurrence of truancy a year later. In Oklahoma City, Oklahoma there was a 33 % drop in daytime burglary rates. In Norfolk, Virginia attendance improved at all levels of schools, even for those students who were no longer required by law to attend. In Peoria, Arizona, youth property crimes dropped by 65 % and truancy in the whole city was cut in half.
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Appendix B: Questions to ask the Principal. Do you have a policy manual or teachers handbook? May I have a copy or review it here? Is the safety of students the first item addressed in the policy? If not, why not? Is the safety of students addressed at all? Are there policies addressing violence, weapons, drugs, sexual abuse, child-onchild sexual abuse, unauthorised visitors? Are background checks conducted on all staff? What areas are reviewed during these checks? Who gathers the information? Who reviews the information and decides on the suitability of employment? What are the criteria for disqualifying an applicant? Does such a check apply to all staff (teachers, cleaners, security personnel)? Is there a nurse on site at all times while there are children present (including before and after school)? Is the nurse qualified? Can my child call me at any time? May I visit my child any time? What is your policy for when to contact a parent? What are the parent notification procedures? What are the student pickup procedures? How is it determined that someone other than I can pick up my child? How does the school address special situations (custody disputes, kidnapping concerns etc)? Are older children separated from younger children during breaks and in the restrooms? Are all acts of violence or criminality documented? Are statistics maintained? May I review the statistics? What violent or criminal acts occurred in the last three years? Is there a regular briefing of teachers to discuss safety and security? Are teachers formally notified when a child with a history of serious misconduct is introduced to their class? What is the student-to-teachers ratio in class? During breaks? How are students supervised during visits to the rest rooms? Will I be informed of teacher misconduct that might have an impact on the safety or well-being of my child? Are their security personnel on the premises? Are they provided with written policies and guidelines? Is student safety the first thing addressed in the security policy and guideline material? If not, why not? Are background checks done on security personnel and what does it entail? Is there control over who enters the grounds? If there is an emergency in class, how does the teacher summon help?
Page 74 of 100 What are the policies covering emergencies (fire, civil unrest, violent intruder)? How often are such drills carried out? What procedures are followed when a child is injured? What hospital would my child be transported to in the event of serious injury? Can I designate a different hospital? A specific doctor? What police station responds to the school? Who is the schools liaison at the police department?
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Appendix C: Letter to the School Mr Charles Harrison, Cape Town elementary school Dear Mr Harrison, Our daughter Kate Jason is attending Cape Town elementary this year. We recognise that schools face special challenges these days and we want to be certain that our expectations are reasonable. If were off-base on any of these items, please let us know: We expect the safety of students to be a priority. We expect Kate to be allowed to contact us at any time she feels the need. We expect the school to inform us of anything that may have an impact on her safety or well-being. We expect the school to comply with the policies of the Western Cape Department of Education. We expect the school to screen all employees for a criminal record and prior convictions of sex offences and child abuse. We expect the school to be a weapons free environment. While we authorise you to make decisions on our behalf we do not authorize you to make decisions on our behalf on life or death matters. We are relying on you or your designates to notify us of any threats to commit violent acts at school. Even if Kate is not specifically named since she could be in the environment of targeted individuals, we want to be informed so we can evaluate the risks. We request that a safety committee of parents be formed and that the committee be notified of all threats to commit violent acts. (Other points specific to your child). Just as we hold you to your duty as principal, so do we ask you to hold us to ours as parents: On this point, please advise us of ways we can help you develop a safer school. Knowing that you face bureaucratic, political and budgetary challenges, there is surely something we can do to help. For now, we have a few specific questions: (From the list of questions in Appendix #B, or others). Were confident that if your office and our family work together, our daughter will have the best possible experience at Cape Town elementary. At the same time, we want to assist you in furthering the well-being of all the students. Sincerely, Peter and Susan Jason
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Are you a high school student? We invite you to take the Cape Town Peace Pledge.
WHEREAS in 1994, the youth in the city of Cape Town took the bold step forward to ensure that following generations would not have to experience the self destruction and agony of civil and gang warfare. We honour them for this and for keeping their word. WHEREAS in as much as our ancestors, parents, teachers, caregivers, elder community members, and others that have shed blood that we might acquire freedom and an education. WE give our word to refrain from fighting during school, after-school, and inside of the school and we encourage those that we know to do the same. WHEREAS we, too, are a generation that is proud and want to succeed. On this day, I, _________________________, sign this document to let it be known wherever it needs to be known that I care deeply about my community and will do all in my power to bring us to greatness. LET MY WORD BE MY BOND.
Page 77 of 100 WORKING WITH THE POLICE If you feel that your community needs to develop better working relationships with the police, and if you want the police to pay more attention to crime and disorder in your neighbourhood, read this Action Guide. Over the past decade, police agencies throughout the world have been working toward this goal through community policing. Since so many police agencies are adopting the approach, this Guide first reviews some basic community policing principles. The Guide then offers recommendations for working with the police by taking responsibility for the problems in your neighbourhood, understanding what your local police are doing to implement community policing, and collaborating with the police to reduce disorder and other problems. ANALYZING THE PROBLEM High-crime communities have become increasingly dependent upon the police to exert social control as the community's bastion against crime, disorder, and fear. Police have been characterized as the "thin blue line," fortifying a community against predators and wrongdoers. To sustain this role as the community's primary defence and offence against crime, police for many years have favoured law enforcement as their principal function. Traditional Policing The philosophy and principles of community policing evolved in response to the realization that traditional law enforcement tactics alone have not been enough to effectively reduce crime and that the issues of disorder, fear of crime, and quality of community life must be addressed to maintain order. Community policing stresses the need to develop the community's capacity to accept shared responsibility as "coproducers" of public safety. Advocates of community policing, while emphasizing the need to keep what works, have become disenchanted with several traditional policing tactics. Preventive patrol entails motor patrol officers randomly patrolling streets to act as a visible deterrent to crime and to increase citizen satisfaction. Preventive patrol creates uncertainty about the frequency and location of police in a community. Rapid response assumes that the quicker an officer arrives at the scene of the crime, the better the chances of apprehending suspects, identifying witnesses, and preserving evidence. Retrospective investigation is the follow-up investigation to a crime already committed. Effective investigations depend on the ability to apprehend suspects quickly and the ability to gather and preserve corroborating evidence. Historically, most police departments have given higher priority to law enforcement tactics like preventive patrol, rapid response, and investigations than to order maintenance and service delivery. But research and experience have shown that these tactics have failed to significantly reduce crime because they are limited to reacting to crimes that have already taken place or to situations that have already reached critical levels. Specifically, the following conclusions were found: Preventive Patrol: Random patrol does not necessarily reduce or deter crime, disorder, or the fear of crime. Isolating officers in patrol cars and enslaving them to the radio has resulted in less dialogue between the police and the community.
Page 78 of 100 Rapid Response: Rapid response seldom increases the probability of making an arrest or identifying a witness. Rapid response is not as critical as previously believed because there is typically a delay before citizens call the police. Retrospective Investigation: Criminal investigations are not extremely effective. Some studies show that only about one in five reported crimes results in arrest. In many communities, only about one-fourth to one-third of all crimes, depending on the crime type, are even reported to the police. The traditional policing approach, sometimes called the "professional model," is also characterized by a hierarchical, paramilitary police organization. Intended to improve efficiency, internal accountability, and professionalism, and to reduce opportunities for corruption and abuse of power by limiting officer discretion, this approach has also served to sever police ties with the community. As a result, it has weakened the ability of the police to intervene effectively with community problems. The philosophy and principles of community policing evolved in response to the strategic shortcomings of traditional policing, as well as the realization that community disorder and fear of crime must be addressed to effectively maintain social order. Community Policing Problem solving is one of the critical elements of community policing. The theory behind police problem solving is simple: Underlying disorder and other conditions in a community create problems. A problem created by these conditions may generate one or more incidents. These incidents may appear to be different, but they stem from a common source. For example, social and physical conditions in a deteriorated apartment complex may generate burglaries, acts of vandalism, intimidation of pedestrians by rowdy teenagers, and other incidents. These incidents, some of which come to police attention, are symptoms of the problems. The incidents will continue as long as the problems that create them persist. Community policing places a higher priority on crime control and order maintenance than in the recent past. By controlling minor disorders and enhancing the community's quality of life, it seeks to reduce fear of crime and ultimately disrupt the escalating cycle of community decay that generates serious crime. Community policing emphasizes preventing problems, separating symptoms from problems, and seeking long-term solutions. Community policing also emphasizes partnerships with the community. Developing strong, self-sufficient communities is an essential step in creating an atmosphere in which serious crime will not flourish. Community policing, therefore, attempts to cultivate a sense of community where there is little or none. Although community policing alone cannot be expected to revive communities, several of its approaches are specifically geared to facilitate the growth of self-reliant communities. In addition to problem-solving, these approaches include community collaboration, community engagement, and community mobilization. Problem-Solving: Through joint problem solving with community members, community policing attempts to reduce the social decay and disorder that breed persistent crime problems as well as fear of crime. As public safety increases, citizens feel more confident about venturing out into their community and interacting with others. This is the first step toward establishing relationships, and building a sense of community. As citizens become more informed about the status of crime in their
Page 79 of 100 neighbourhood, learn how to protect themselves, and become actively involved in crime control and prevention activities, they become empowered to assume responsibility for public safety. Community Collaboration: Under community policing, building police-community partnerships (one of the core community policing principles) means developing collaborative relationships with individuals and organizations. In fact, community policing involves establishing at least four types of relationships, with a goal of working toward collaboration in the fullest sense of the word. Communication simply involves individuals or groups sharing information, thoughts, ideas, and feelings, and can result in a better understanding of different perspectives. Cooperation involves informal relationships (for example, agreements to "stay in touch," or to make referrals), but there is no common structure or planning effort, and resources remain separate. Coordination involves more formal relationships and an understanding of common missions or goals. It also requires some joint planning and division of responsibilities. Finally, collaboration can be defined as a mutually-beneficial and well-defined relationship entered into by two or more organizations to achieve common goals. Each organization has separate responsibilities that are required to meet those goals. True police-community collaboration will produce comprehensive strategies directed at physical decay, disorder, and crime problems. The objective is to produce changes that will result in stable neighbourhoods over the long term. Community Engagement: Community engagement is the process of stimulating community members to accept responsibility for and exercise control over their collective destiny as a community. To do this, police must provoke the interest and involvement of community members in improving the condition of their community, including physical decay, disorder, and crime. Effective community engagement requires the development of trust between the police and the community. This is achieved through police interaction and meaningful dialogue with the community's formal leaders (church leaders, school principal, business owners) and informal leaders (community activists or popular residents). Police are encouraged to attend and participate in community meetings, events, and organizations; make personal contacts with residents and businesses; and conduct surveys to identify community needs and resources. Through direct contact with the police, citizens develop an increased appreciation for police officers as trained professionals and as individuals. They may also develop an appreciation for the police officers' sense of personal commitment and concern for their community and its members. A department that encourages interaction with citizens gains a new perspective on the expectations, fears, and interests of the community as customers of police services. Officers begin to recognize that citizens do care about the police and the level of crime in the community. This type of mutual understanding is the first step in developing trust between the police and the community. In turn, mutual trust is essential for building effective partnerships. Mobilizing Community Resources: Within every community are businesses, social service agencies, religious organizations, and civic agencies that are valuable resources for dealing with community problems. The community policing concept recognizes that when service providers work closely with the community, they become more aware of the underlying causes and extent of social problems and can
Page 80 of 100 adjust accordingly to provide new and better ways of delivering services. In addition, through close cooperation, service providers can identify any gaps or overlaps in human services and provide or coordinate the needed service. Citizens who are aware of and use these services will be better equipped to solve their own or their community's problems. Successful community policing is often the result of strong interagency partnerships. The most effective community police officers are those who have researched the availability of these community resources and have established a relationship with agency representatives. For example, an officer who responds to a domestic dispute call might observe that the husband accused of spousal abuse is drunk. Upon further investigation, the officer might learn that there were many previous calls to this address and that each time, the husband reacted violently when inebriated. Under the philosophy of community policing, an appropriate response to this situation might involve the arrest or citation of the husband, a referral to a local substance abuse agency for the husband, information to the wife about sources of outside support, and a recommendation to the prosecution to seek a court order for batterer and substance abuse treatment. The officer would continue to follow up later with the couple and would check calls for service and arrest records to assess their progress. STRATEGIES AND TACTICS In developing an effective working relationship with the police, you can use three basic strategies: 1. Take responsibility for disorder in your neighbourhood. 2. Learn how the police are implementing community policing. 3. Work with the police on a collaborative strategy to reduce disorder. Strategy 1 -- Take Responsibility for Disorder in Your Neighbourhood Tolerance of crime is controlled by the community, not the police. When communities unite to demand a lower crime tolerance, the police and the political system respond. Tolerance to crime is reinforced by informal social control-neighbours talking to neighbours and agreeing on what they tolerate and what they don't. When neighbours withdraw because of increasing fear of crime, these informal controls break down. The community then depends on formal social controls--the police--to control crime. Any community planning to reduce crime must incorporate into its strategies a process of increasing contact among neighbours and developing an action plan that acknowledges the neighbourhoods responsibility for eliminating disorder and incivilities.
Page 81 of 100 Strategy 2 -- Learn How the Police Are Implementing Community Policing Everyone understands that emergency calls to the police are important. But police also need to institutionalize the reality that increasing disorder leads to more serious crime and more 911 calls, which lead to more disorder. Addressing disorder is an excellent way to reduce 911 calls. Community policing is designed to form partnerships with the community to address disorder. But to do this, the shift to community policing requires "reengineering" the police department as an organization. Ideally, officers from the chief executive down to the newest recruits will promote the approach regardless of the unit to which they are assigned. But most police officers join a department because the role of traditional law enforcer is attractive. They typically don't join to make friends with youth in high-crime communities. For this reason (among others) there is often a huge resistance to shifting an entire agency to community policing. Communities working with the police must accommodate a slow institutional change toward community policing. If your police department has done little in establishing community policing, start with "communication" and work toward "collaboration. Find officers who will be liaisons within the department. Find out what their values are. If they want to reduce 911 calls and you want graffiti removed from buildings, show how community action and graffiti removal will reduce 911 calls. As you communicate, you will begin to cooperate, then coordinate, and finally collaborate. Consider developing a simple card or survey form that residents and businesses can use to report signs of disorder (e.g., abandoned cars, broken street lights, loitering, vandalism, panhandling, etc.). Tip: If you want the police to pay attention, give them what they want. Most police departments need information-not anecdotes, but hard facts about who, what, where, and when. If a neighbourhood is cooperating by providing specific, concrete information about the type of crime and the perpetrators involved, the police will be in a much better position to coordinate responses to those problems. Strategy 3 -- Work on a Collaborative Strategy to Reduce Disorder Disorder, like loitering, graffiti, vandalized vacant buildings, litter, and loud noise, is often not measured and tracked. As a result, it does not receive the attention it should from either the police or the community. If disorder remains unchecked, attention to the symptoms of disorder will have little effect. Communities must address disorder if they want to reduce crime and fear of crime. Pick a manageable problem and begin a process with the police for solving that problem. Remember, collaboration requires separate responsibilities. The community must be independently responsible for some part of the solution. They can organize graffiti removal teams or confront drug dealers on the street corner. Any of the tools suggested in this manual will work. The police should do their part. That might be surveillance and a buy/bust on a crack house supplying drugs to the corner drug dealers. Together you can reach a common goal: reducing crime. PUTTING IT ALL TOGETHER A woman named Eartha K., a day-care worker for the local YMCA, lived in the Hilltop section of Wilmington, Delaware. Her neighbourhood was overrun with street corner drug dealing. She felt the police did nothing except cruise through the neighbourhood every once in a while.
Page 82 of 100 Eartha organized the neighbours, and together they went out on a street corner and chanted anti-drug slogans. They did this two times a week, every week. The police, who did only traditional policing, took notice. The number of shootings and calls for service were down in that area. When the neighbours were on the streets and the patrol cars drove by, the neighbours would applaud. Soon the police stopped and began talking with the residents. They shared information. The police came by more. The neighbours learned their names. The officers cooperated by keeping their eye on the corners during the day and the nights the neighbours were not out. Eartha and the residents soon learned that the drug dealers they were chasing were supplied from a house on the middle of the block. They began working with the police by sharing that information and coordinating a strategy to solve the problem. They agreed that the police would do what they did best and begin the process of arresting the dealers. The neighbours would continue the vigils and give them information. That simple beginning led to an area-wide strategy to map all crime and begin developing joint solutions to the community's problems. Eartha started an afterschool program in the local church and began a community garden with the youth. The police helped by linking her up with the Department of Parks and Recreation and the Wilmington Horticultural Society. The Department of Real Estate closed down a neighbourhood bar and purchased it to convert it for other purposes. Eartha's story is similar to many other neighbourhood success stories. She began by encouraging the neighbourhood to take responsibility for the problem. The neighbours attracted the attention of the police by appealing to their values at the time-reducing 911 calls for service. They began to cooperate, coordinate, and then collaborate on the issues of disorder, those issues that caused crime. Without planning it, a city police department with a traditional approach to policing was suddenly engaged in community policing in that neighbourhood. HOW CAN I GET THE POLICE ON OUR SIDE? Adopt-a-Cop (When you show the police you appreciate their dedication, your whole neighbourhood benefits.) Dedicated police tend to concentrate so much on the people they're working against; they can easily lose touch with the people they're working for. There are ways to counteract that tendency: changes in the way police work is organized, communication programs, that sort of thing. But don't overlook your potential role. If you want your police to care about you and your neighbours, try caring about them first. And showing them. In the Lawrenceville section of Pittsburgh, the local block watch network closes off a street one day in the summer, sets up picnic tables, and serves police a free lunch. Pittsburgh's Zone 6 Public Safety Council throws them an annual thank-you party. It's a simple idea in fact, it's surprising more neighbourhood groups don't think of it. WHAT ARE THE MOST IMPORTANT THINGS TO REMEMBER WHEN I SPOT A CRIME? When a crime has just occurred, try to observe and report these crucial things: The exact location, the exact time, whether the suspect had a weapon, and in which direction he fled.
Page 83 of 100 If a car is involved, try to notice as many of the following as possible: the make and model, colour, condition, and license number or at least whether or not it had plates. In noting a person's appearance, apart from the obvious things sex, approximate age, colouring, weight and build, height (compare it to a doorway, a stop sign, or some other standard) try to zero in on more specific distinguishing marks, like facial hair, the height of the forehead, the size and position of the ears, the shape of the nose and chin, any tattoos or earrings, etc. Whatever you're reporting, be sure to make note of (or better yet, write down) as many details as you can, so that your information can be of real use to the police.
Page 84 of 100 MORE STRATEGIES WHAT CAN I DO WITH A VACANT LOT? 1. Bust It. The law requires that property-owners keep their lots clear, clean and safe. 2. Clear It. Is there anything preventing you from cleaning up that lot yourself? 3. Fence It. The CoCT can assist residents in clearing and fencing city-owned lots. Ask your councillor for more info. 4. Buy It. It may be cheaper than you think. 5. Farm It. Urban garden programs can help you turn an eyesore into food, flowers, and fun. Ask the Community Liaison Officer for more info. HOW CAN I BUST AN UNSIGHTLY RESIDENCE IN MY NEIGHBORHOOD? The law requires that property-owners keep their lots clear, clean and safe Private owners of vacant lots have to comply with the law, just like private owners of buildings. Among other things, vacant land has to be kept free of rubbish and weeds, and, except in the case of cultivated gardens, trimmed so that plant growth never exceeds a certain length. The rules are enforced in response to citizen complaints, so the procedure here is the same one applicable to poorly-maintained buildings. If a lot is unsafe or unsightly (i.e., if it tends to blight the area around it or pose a health hazard to nearby residents), the CoCT finds out who the owner is and require him or her to bring it up to an acceptable standard within a specified time or face fines. If the lot turns out to be city-owned - as many are, typically on account of taxdelinquency forfeitures - its upkeep is the responsibility of the city. Whether it's private or public, be aware that a littered and neglected vacant lot is a magnet for illegal dumping. So don't put off doing something about it. CAN I DO ANYTHING ABOUT ILLEGAL DUMPING? What a Dump! Illegal dumping can be a big problem in some communities. Vacant property particularly when it isn't being properly cared for tends to attract trash from elsewhere, courtesy of unscrupulous haulers, contractors, and others who want to save themselves trouble and tipping fees by imposing on you and your neighbours. Don't sit still for it. Dumping is a serious crime punishable by stiff fines - in Cape Town, it's up to R1500 and in some instances even more. Report violations to the appropriate authorities and, if possible, give them a description of the dumpers, the license number, make, colour and model of any vehicle involved, and some idea of the material that was dumped. CAN I CLEAN AN UNSIGHTLY RESIDENCE MYSELF? Is there anything preventing you from cleaning up that lot yourself? In the salty language of one activist, "People waste so much of their time bitching about finding the appropriate person or agency that's supposed to take care of this stuff, when all it would take themselves is two garbage bags and 25 minutes of their time." If you and your neighbours are concerned about the safety or appearance of a
Page 85 of 100 vacant lot in your area, don't overlook the possibility of simply cleaning it up yourself. This could be part of an organized community-wide cleaning event, or entirely on your own - just because it's spring. HOW CAN I CLEAR AND FENCE CITY-OWNED LOTS? Why not start a project that clears and fences city-owned lots. Of course, a permanent solution would be better - especially one that links neighbours together. That's the idea behind such a program. If a problem lot is city-owned, and residents are willing to accept on-going responsibility for it, the Department of Public Works will clear and fence it. Once that's done, residents take care of the routine upkeep. WHAT IS A COMMUNITY GARDEN PROGRAM? One community garden program serves as a way of promoting urban gardening, encouraging volunteerism, and improving the quality of life in Cape Town, all at once. To participate, residents find a plot that's a minimum of 4,000 square feet, round up at least 8 to 10 volunteers who are willing to work to raise vegetables on it, and contact the Western Pennsylvania Conservancy the year before they want to plant. The CoCT can help find and get permission for use from the owner of the lot. They'll meet with residents to judge their commitment and look over the land to make sure it is suitable (i.e., to make sure there's a water source nearby and that the grade is suitable, among other things). If everything looks good and funding is available, the Conservancy will hire a contractor to clear the lot and provide residents with a fence to protect it, as well as seeds, tools, a hose and other necessary equipment. The residents - working individual family plots, but under the general authority of a garden captain chosen from among themselves--will do the rest. The Conservancy spends as much as $5,000 per year per garden on the Community Garden Program, and in a typical year sponsors 55-60 sites in Pittsburgh. The Conservancy also has a Pittsburgh Parks and Playgrounds Fund that pays smaller grants for seeds, tools, and so forth--typically a few hundred dollars--to Pittsburgh volunteers who want to beautify their neighbourhoods with public flower gardens. HOW DO I START A COMMUNITY GARDEN IN A VACANT LOT? All vacant lots are gardens of one kind or another. Most produce only weeds, anxiety and disorder. But if you and your neighbours make up your minds to it, your neglected lot could be putting up tomatoes by next year, or sunflowers, radishes, peppers--anything. For example, Pittsburgh's Garden Waiver program allows neighbourhood residents, whether individuals or groups, to garden city-owned vacant lots without having to pay anything for the use of the land. If you and a group of neighbours want to work together to turn a vacant lot into a vegetable garden, you may be able to get financial assistance and other help from groups, such as the Western Pennsylvania Conservancy.
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"You have to make it matter to people," Fattah said. "We're not just growing vegetables here. Some of the vacant lots have been used for drug dealers to hide their product underneath the rubbish - when you reclaim your lot, that's crime prevention."Then you have children who thought produce came out of the grocery store; they didn't understand it came from the earth. We have them test the soil and measure the areas for planting - that's chemistry and mathematics. So you have education," Fattah added. "We have an epidemic of obesity among young people; we give them organic produce to eat better. That's health. And we need workers (to harvest) and we might sell at the farmers market. That's economic development."http://www.philly.com/philly/living/green/51551087.html
HOW DO I DETER THIEVES FROM MY CAR OR HOME? Engrave a Dis-Invitation (You can protect your household valuables, too.) In Pittsburgh, Operation Identification works on some basic principles: All residents need are an engraving pen and some Operation Identification window decals--both of which are available at their local police station. They simply use the pen to etch the driver's license number on bicycles, cameras, jewellery, power tools, TV sets, and whatever else the resident owns that a thief might want, making all of it harder (and less profitable) to sell and easier to recover. Then, the stickers are posted in the windows to let potential burglars know. HOW CAN I ENHANCE THE VALUE OF MY HOME? If you care about your neighbourhood at all, it probably has a lot to do with the way things look--the way the homes were built, the materials that were used, the details around the doors and windows, how the porches and the roofs look from the street. These are the sorts of design details that give Pittsburgh's older neighbourhoods character, and make them distinctive places. Unfortunately, they often get covered up, stripped away and otherwise lost when homeowners, with the best of intentions, invest in repairs and renovations. Shortcuts, vinyl siding, replacement windows these can wreck a historic neighbourhood, too, as surely as disinvestment and neglect. The following pages will detail plants that can be used to enhance security, increase value, beautify and protect.
Page 87 of 100 MAKING YOUR GARDEN UNATTRACTIVE TO CRIMINALS You do not need to have a garden that is as dry and empty as the Sahara desert to make it unattractive to criminals. Many plants have evolved elaborate defences against mobile enemies and among these the thorn is the prime example of a defensive weapon. Thorny plants can be highly attractive while at the same time being remarkably cheap barriers against intruders. There are thorny plants for every part of South Africa, from lush tropical gardens to arid Kalahari. The plants in this booklet have been chosen for their low maintenance, and because they are all either indigenous or else flourish in South Africa and specifically in the Western Cape. Let us examine a few: Japanese Hardy Orange (poncirus trifoliate) This oriental member of the citrus family is cold resistant and carries dark green leaves with lovely white flowers. The fruit are inedible. The plant does not need to be pruned, but tolerates it very well if it IS shaped. Likes full sun, but be careful when handling, due to the spines. It is attractive to bees, butterflies and birds. The plant has large, fragrant, white flowers, handsome foliage and it is an excellent intruder-repellent. It is well-suited as an informal hedge for planting on boundaries and is so full of thorns that even rabbits are deterred. It grows best in full sun against a wall and can go as high as 5 meters if not pruned. It will tolerate dry conditions very well and is not susceptible to diseases or pests. Bougainvillea There are few plants as effective in deterring a would-be intruder as a bougainvillea. The thorns are vicious to say the least and the plant itself, if pruned regularly, a great asset to your home. It grows very well in the warmer areas but can grow quite well in colder parts if it is protected against frost. It requires very little water. They are hardy, drought resistant, cheap, requires little care and are very colourful. Bougainvillea tolerates being pruned to virtually any shape. It does not tolerate frost very well, but is so hardy that it will grow out again in spring if it has died down due to frost. It grows quite well in full sun, but tolerates some shade. Bougainvillea are dirty. Do not grow it near to a pool. The red bracts (flowers) serve as a fantastic mulch, but if you do not want extra compost in your garden it can be a nuisance to rake it up all the time. Our suggestion is to leave it exactly where it falls. It will nourish your soil and gradually enrich
Page 88 of 100 the entire garden. Carissa macrocarpa (Natal Plum) The Natal Plum requires very little water, grows well near to the coast, has few pests, grows in most soils and has a delightful sweet/sour fruit. It grows to about 2 meters high, but can be trimmed closer to the ground or the ground-
hugging variety (Green Carpet) can be planted. It can be trained into a formal hedge, mini tree or ground cover. The plant is thorny, the leaves rubbery and the sap is poisonous (but the red fruit are perfectly safe). When working with this plant make sure you are wearing gloves! Indigenous to South Africa, it can tolerate drought and has virtually no pests.
Page 89 of 100 Pyracantha Orange Charmer (Firethorn) The Pyracantha is an evergreen wall covering and its colorful berries are eye-catching. It can be planted as a hedge where its thorny armour will keep
intruders at bay. If left unpruned it will reach a height of about 3 meters. It likes sun and loose soil and grows quite quickly. Birds love the plant as the thorns provide great protection and cover from their enemies. Firethorn is a fast grower and should be planted about 1,5 meters apart if grown as a hedge. Euphorbia milii (Crown of Thorns) Very few plants can compare to the Crown of Thorns in sheer thorniness. The plant can create an impregnable shield in front of any window and prevent access to anyone, including things like cats. The delightful flowers belie the fierceness of the thorns hidden underneath and the poisonous milky sap should also not be underestimated The Crown of Thorns is an evergreen and will often bloom right through the year. If left to its own devices it can grow as high as one meter and will spread about 45 cm wide. It is therefore important to plant them close together and
Page 90 of 100 to trim the tops right back. Plant it in rows three plants deep outside or inside your fence to prevent people from climbing over or plant the same amount of plants outside every window. Your view will not be obstructed but any intruder is in for a painful surprise as is any teenager who wants to slip out without his/her parents knowledge. The Crown of Thorns grows well by the coast and does not require a lot of water. It grows in full sun or partial shade and even indoors! Crown of Thorns will do best if planted as in the accompanying photo where it becomes a dense, impregnable barrier to intruders and any unwelcome passers-by. The plant is cheap and grows easily and it is highly recommended. Aloe arborescens (Krans Aalwyn) The Krans Aalwyn is a magnificent long-lived plant that has been a traditional barrier against thieves and intruders for hundreds of years in Africa. In Zululand you can still see remnants of kraals where aloes were planted as a barrier to prevent stock theft as well as to keep cattle from roaming. The kraals are mostly gone now, but the aloes, as a living barrier, are still thriving. Krans Aalwyn will grow very well in full sun or light shade. It is extremely hardy and needs almost no water from
Page 91 of 100 the gardener. With its thorny leaves and bright red flowers it is also a protective area for little birds who feast on the nectar, safe from predators. As can be seen in the picture above this plant can become a formidable barrier against intruders and can reach a height of up to 3 meters high which grows quite comfortably by the coast. Chaenomeles speciosa (Flowering Quince) The thorny and densely tangled branches of the Flowering Quince makes a very effective barrier against intruders. It is often called the ugly duckling of shrubs as its flowers only burst forth for a few weeks in early spring. The plant grows from 1.5 to 3 meter high and about the same width. It grows easily in any soil, in bright sun or partial shade and is drought tolerant. It can be planted in mixed hedges and borders and makes an effective security barrier. Dovyalis caffra (Kei-apple) The Kei Apple makes a formidable hedge against unwanted intruders and it also produces a delicious fruit. It is an evergreen tree that is drought and frost resistant. It can grow as high as 8 meters and should be planted close together to form a good hedge. It grows well at the coast. Wellloved by birds it carries numerous, strong and sharp thorns that are up to 7.5 cm long. It can be cultivated as a border, screen or used as an impenetrable hedge around a garden to keep unwanted people and animals out. It flourished in full sun or light shade and will need a light trimming in order to maintain a good hedge. The fruit is renowned for the delicious jam that
Page 92 of 100 can be cooked out of it. Ziziphus mucronata (Wag-n-bietjie/Buffalo Thorn) The Wag-n-bietjie is a magnificently effective barrier against intruders. It grows 3 to 10 meters high with a spreading canopy. The tree has only small thorns, but they are extremely vicious and an intruder often gets stuck in the bush, unable to free himself. It is rather slow-growing tree that is now seeing a revival as a natural fence. It is becoming popular for this reason in schools and domestic homes. The leaves are edible, and can be cooked into tasty spinach; the fruit are also very nutritional, though not very tasty. During the Anglo-Boer war the stones were roasted and ground as a substitute for coffee. A beer can be made from the fruit.
Page 93 of 100 HOW DO I SET UP TELEPHONE TREES A telephone tree is a marvellous tool for developing a sense of community among neighbours. It is especially effective for the elderly. As a group the elderly are particularly vulnerable. When one of them phones the police it is often seen as a nuisance by officers who do not always understand the urgency of such a call. Since many of these calls are the there-is-a-strange-man-in-the-street kind, CSCs often do not have the resources to respond adequately to them. A telephone tree gets around this problem by mobilising the whole street. It works like this: Call a meeting of everyone in the street and get them together at someones house. While chatting and eating snacks they complete the form on the next page. This form is put up next to the telephone. When someone sees a suspicious character he/she fills the kettle, switches it on, and then phones everyone in their street. Everyone switches on their kettle, makes a cup of tea, takes a broom and steps out onto their front porch where they start to sweep while taking a good look at the character, and making sure they are being seen. Should the suspect enter a house, EVERYONE has seen him and it is time to call the police. Such a suspect will be met with a kettle of boiling water if he is an attacker, but above all his sense of invisibility is gone. Psychologically he will also sense that dirt (him) is being swept away in this street. This simple tactic also unites a community and can supply information on stolen vehicles to the police.
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NAME: ADDRESS : : NAME ADDRESS : : NAME ADDRESS : :
HOME PHONE
WORK
AWAY
HOME PHONE
WORK
AWAY
HOME PHONE
WORK
AWAY
MOTOR VEHICLE(S) LIC # MAKE/MODEL YEAR LIC #
MOTOR VEHICLE(S) MAKE/MODEL YEAR LIC #
MOTOR VEHICLE(S) MAKE/MODEL YEAR
SPECIAL INFORMATION
SPECIAL INFORMATION
SPECIAL INFORMATION
NAME: ADDRESS
: :
BEHIND
NAME ADDRESS
: :
RIGHT SIDE
HOME PHONE
WORK
AWAY
HOME PHONE
WORK
AWAY
LEFT SIDE
MOTOR VEHICLE(S) LIC # MAKE/MODEL YEAR
MOTOR VEHICLE(S) LIC # MAKE/MODEL YEAR
SPECIAL INFORMATION
SPECIAL INFORMATION
ACROSS
NAME: ADDRESS : : NAME ADDRESS : : NAME ADDRESS : :
HOME PHONE
WORK
AWAY
HOME PHONE
WORK
AWAY
HOME PHONE
WORK
AWAY
MOTOR VEHICLE(S) LIC # MAKE/MODEL YEAR LIC #
MOTOR VEHICLE(S) MAKE/MODEL YEAR LIC #
MOTOR VEHICLE(S) MAKE/MODEL YEAR
SPECIAL INFORMATION
SPECIAL INFORMATION
SPECIAL INFORMATION
Page 95 of 100
HOW CAN I DETER VAGRANTS FROM AN AREA? The first rule is to understand that vagrants will always migrate to high-comfort areas. If there is food in easy reach there will be vagrants. If safe and fairly comfortable areas are available to sleep in they will be there. If someone is willing to pay them a few cents to work in the garden or carry rubbish or wash a car then there will be vagrants. They are therefore found in areas that condone and accept their presence and life-style. While it is cruel and illegal to break down the crude dwellings that they build for shelter, it is none-the-less quite within your rights to make sure that there is nothing in your household waste that will make it easy for them to stay there. Therefore make sure that when you discard something it is truly worthless. Re-cycle as much as possible and do not give vagrants jobs, food or money. If you truly feel sorry for them you can always make a donation to one of the local charities who will really appreciate your contribution. Empty milk crates are a magnet for vagrants as they use them for seats, building materials, transport, shelter, storage areas, bedding and fencing. Make sure that there are no empty milk crates left lying about. If you find any, pick them up and return them to the vendor whose name appears on it. Ask them to take better care of the crates. For communities or individuals who have the means to acquire such an item a Mosquito Device may be just the thing. The Mosquito is an electronic device that sends out sound waves that have been shown to be completely harmless. Teenagers find it highly annoying and usually leave within less than 10 minutes. It can be set up so that it will drive anyone from an area, such as a subway or a park. For more info go to: http://www.mosquitodevice.com/ The following NGOs operate in Cape Town. Contact them if you feel like donating. Straatwerk job rehabilitation projects for men and women. (021) 425 0140 The Haven trying to get the homeless home. (021) 425 4700 The Homestead residential care and family integration for boys. (021) 461 7470 Ons Plek residential care while undertaking re-unification processes for girls. (021) 465 4829 The Carpenters Shop rehabilitation skills and services for adults. (021) 461 5508 WHAT CAN I DO ABOUT STRAY DOGS Stray dogs go where they find easy food and easy access to females. Make sure that your own dogs are spayed and encourage your neighbours to do the same. If you find dogs tearing open rubbish bags often they can be discouraged with a tablespoon of ammonia in each bag, but in general a wire cage on a pole, out of reach of do gs will be the best container to place your rubbish bags for retrieval by solid waste services.
Page 96 of 100 HOW DO WE STOP PUBLIC DEFECATION In Malaysia a woman started to change the huge problem of public defecation by getting a map of the area where she lived. She then called a meeting of all the community leaders in her area. At the meeting they walked through their area and placed a red dot on each place that they found people defecating. After the walk-about she showed the map, which was covered in red dots, to them. This brought home the picture of the spread of public defecation. The next step was to get everyone present to use the public toilets and then to use public shaming to get the rest to use the toilets. Whenever they found anyone using the bush they would quickly gather a group to go and look and draw more attention by making a noise and ridiculing the offender. Within six months the problem disappeared. WHERE CAN I REPORT ABANDONED VEHICLES In Cape Town all abandoned vehicles are impounded at Ndabeni. Complaints can be lodged at the Metro Police Control Centre (021 596 1999) or at the pound itself (021 400 6234). Make sure you receive a notification nr. Each vehicle will first have to be observed for 9 days before it can be towed away. The responsible official is Mr James Dowdall WHAT CAN I DO ABOUT LOUD MUSIC Your first step would be to ask, nicely, if they wont lower the volume a few notches. This often has the desired effect. If it does not work you may want to state in a clear and firm voice: Please turn your music down, it is a disturbance and is irritating all the neighbours. If that does not work, you may want to get a whole bunch of neighbours to descend on the house and all complain directly to the home-owner. If the residents hire from someone else you will want to go directly to the owner of the premises and make your complaint there. If none of this helps, you can call Metro Police Control Centre at 021 596 1999 and lay a complaint of Noise Disturbance in terms of the Nuisance by-law Sect 3(a), code 93817 which prohibits any screaming, shouting, loud and persistent or amplified noises. The fine is R500 for a first offence and R1000 for subsequent offences. HOW DO I STOP UNDERAGE DRINKING IN PUBS Have you considered the impact it may make on such an underage drinker if his parents were to suddenly confront him/her in the pub? Are the parents drinking with their kids? Well, then what about the grand-parents or a teacher or a member of the clergy or an uncle whom they respect? Also, think about using the power of social workers in this instance. It is highly destructive for a parent to go drinking with his child. It cannot be tolerated and such a parent is in a very real sense being abandoned by his parent. Such a pub also faces the danger of being closed down and the local police should be notified immediately in this regard. While all those institutions are being mobilized the community can start with writing and picketing the enablers of crime, as discussed in the Drugs and Prostitution manual. Things like Truancy abatement will also dramatically cut down on underage drinking.
Page 97 of 100 The next few pages are an application form for starting your own business in glass recycling. Complete it and fax it to the number at the top right of the document.
Page 98 of 100
5 Wessels Road Office Park, South East Block, 5 Wessel Road, Rivonia P.O. Box 623, Paulshof, 2056, Gauteng, South Africa Telephone: 27 11 803 0767 Fax: 27 11 803 0421
NEW ENTREPRENEURS APPLICATION SUBMISSION FORM

Please note: detail your Where you see the asterisk (*) detail must be supplied (without this application will not be considered) Personal Details: Name of Applicant* Identity Number* Company Registration Number* Please supply us with a copy of : ID/Registration Certificate Site Owner Approval Council Letter Physical Address Street:* Suburb:* City/Town:* Metropolitan Area:* Province:* Postal Address Street:* Suburb:* City/Town:* Metropolitan Area:* Province:* Contact Information Telephone number:* E-mail Address:*
If same as physical address (please tick)
Page 99 of 100 Cell Number:* Have you conducted any investigation into glass recycling?
o Yes, if yes, please elaborate
o No
Please mark the appropriate box with a tick Do you know of companies which purchase glass? Do you know how many bottles you need to make a ton?
o Yes o Yes, if yes please specify o Yes, if yes please specify
o No o No o No
Are you an existing glass supplier? What is your monthly tonnage? Who are your selling glass to?
Is glass available in your proposed area of collection?
o Yes
Area
o No
Please list at least eight areas that you will collect your waste glass from: Name of the collection point EXAMPLE
Joe Soap Restaurant

Do you have permission to collect from listed site? Name of the collection point
Vanderbijlpark
o Yes
Area
o No
Collection point 1 Do you have permission to collect from listed site? Name of the collection point Collection point 2 Do you have permission to collect from listed site? Name of the collection point Collection point 3 Do you have permission to collect from listed site? Name of the collection point Collection point 4
o Yes
Area
o No o No
Area
o Yes o Yes
Area
o No
Page 100 of 100 Do you have permission to collect from listed site? Name of the collection point Collection point 5 Do you have permission to collect from listed site? Name of the collection point Collection point 6 Do you have permission to collect from listed site? Name of the collection point Collection point 7 Do you have permission to collect from listed site? Name of the collection point Collection point 8 Do you have permission to collect from listed site? Do you have suitable site available for glass and containers to be stored and serviced? (please tick appropriate box) Is your proposed site situated in a residential area or
o Yes
Area
o No
o Yes
Area
o No o No
Area
o Yes o Yes
Area
o No
o Yes o No o Yes, if yes o No
industrial area?
Have you confirmed with the council if you can commence glass recycling on the site? Yes Does the site belong to you? Yes No No
Do you have permission issued by the site owner to operate from the site Yes No
What mode of transport will you use to transport the collected waste glass? Bakkie or Donkey Cart Truck or Other Tractor or None Yes No Private car with trailer or
Does the vehicle belong to you?
How did you hear about The Glass Recycling Company (TGRC)?
Newspaper Street Pole Ads Other
Billboards Taxi
Advertising
Magazine
Other Recycling Agents
TV Programme Radio

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GUARDIAN ANGELS

COMMUNITY PROJECTS AND MOBILIZATION TRAINING

International Alliance of Guardian Angels Community Projects Training

International Alliance of Guardian Angels Community Projects Training

International Alliance of Guardian Angels Community Projects Training

International Alliance of Guardian Angels Community Projects Training

International Alliance of Guardian Angels Community Projects Training

International Alliance of Guardian Angels Community Projects Training

International Alliance of Guardian Angels Community Projects Training

International Alliance of Guardian Angels Community Projects Training

International Alliance of Guardian Angels Community Projects Training

International Alliance of Guardian Angels Community Projects Training

Page 14 of 100 Combating Prostitution and Drugs At-A-Glance

Drugs and Prostitution

Destroy Sense of Impunity

International Alliance of Guardian Angels Community Projects Training

International Alliance of Guardian Angels Community Projects Training

International Alliance of Guardian Angels Community Projects Training

International Alliance of Guardian Angels Community Projects Training

International Alliance of Guardian Angels Community Projects Training

International Alliance of Guardian Angels Community Projects Training

International Alliance of Guardian Angels Community Projects Training

Page 26 of 100 the same human rights as other people."

exploitation and human trafficking."

International Alliance of Guardian Angels Community Projects Training

International Alliance of Guardian Angels Community Projects Training

International Alliance of Guardian Angels Community Projects Training

BACKGROUND TO STREET PROSTITUTION

FURTHER REASONS WHY PROSTITUTION SHOULD NOT BE LEGALISED

International Alliance of Guardian Angels Community Projects Training

International Alliance of Guardian Angels Community Projects Training

International Alliance of Guardian Angels Community Projects Training

International Alliance of Guardian Angels Community Projects Training

This is the effect on your teeth:

International Alliance of Guardian Angels Community Projects Training

International Alliance of Guardian Angels Community Projects Training

International Alliance of Guardian Angels Community Projects Training

International Alliance of Guardian Angels Community Projects Training

International Alliance of Guardian Angels Community Projects Training

International Alliance of Guardian Angels Community Projects Training

International Alliance of Guardian Angels Community Projects Training

International Alliance of Guardian Angels Community Projects Training

International Alliance of Guardian Angels Community Projects Training

International Alliance of Guardian Angels Community Projects Training

International Alliance of Guardian Angels Community Projects Training

International Alliance of Guardian Angels Community Projects Training

International Alliance of Guardian Angels Community Projects Training

International Alliance of Guardian Angels Community Projects Training

International Alliance of Guardian Angels Community Projects Training

International Alliance of Guardian Angels Community Projects Training

International Alliance of Guardian Angels Community Projects Training

International Alliance of Guardian Angels Community Projects Training

International Alliance of Guardian Angels Community Projects Training

International Alliance of Guardian Angels Community Projects Training

Reclaim Public Space

Work with Police

Community Gang Suppression

Improve Neighbourhood Conditions

International Alliance of Guardian Angels Community Projects Training

International Alliance of Guardian Angels Community Projects Training

International Alliance of Guardian Angels Community Projects Training

International Alliance of Guardian Angels Community Projects Training

International Alliance of Guardian Angels Community Projects Training