Escolar Documentos
Profissional Documentos
Cultura Documentos
Courtesy NASA.
The Question
Courtesy Federal Energy Regulatory Commission.
What needs to be done to support the introduction of 100% solar power (130 GW of distributed PV) in New England by the end of 2013?
Photo credit: ISO New England, 2007 State of the Market Report
5/30/2009
Agenda
Background Grid Constraints Potential Solutions Implementations Conclusions
Background
Generation Power plant generates electrons Transmission Voltage is stepped up and transmitted along highvoltage power lines Distribution Voltage is stepped down by transformers and distributed to retail customers
5/30/2009
System Architecture
Centralized Distributed
Constraints
Problem Scale Severity Certainty % Adoption Overall
No power source when PV is off Bi-directional current flow Utilities cant allocate capital correctly Cannot model insolation to predict PV energy production Time constant for managing dispatchable resources is too currently too long Transmission and distribution cost structure (w/ high PV penetration) is currently unmodeled PV produces DC power (not the commonly used AC) Limited transmission capacity of power lines in some areas Power quality No detailed sensing of the state of the grid Physical resets of fail safes (i.e. circuit breakers) Utilities cannot strategically and precisely direct power to individual users
5/30/2009
Priority Constraints
Constraint Scale Severity Probability % Adoption Overall Importance
Utility Transition:
Technological Solutions
Smart Grid Sensors Software Storage: Batteries Pumped hydroelectric Bi-directional transformers
Photo credit: Energy Information Agency, US Department of Energy
5/30/2009
Modeling Assumptions
6.5 million households and businesses ~39B kWh consumed annually in New England 26 GWp average draw $280/kWh average cost of battery storage 5 days of storage required to avoid problems from intermittency Average system price of $5.38/Wp installed
1%: Current state 10%: Government forces utilities to cease capital expenditures and adopt new revenue streams (e.g. installation) 30%: Power provided by solar during the day, traditional at night 65%: Some substation networks move off grid
5/30/2009
15%: Smart Grid sensors are installed; T&D retain traditional business, with alternate price structure 30%: Electrical hardware is updated at substation level 50%: Micro-Networks established, still rely on centralized generation; Generation companies manage the remaining emergency power plants, and look to new sources of revenue.
15%: Smart Grid sensors are installed; T&D retain traditional business, with alternate price structure 30%: Electrical hardware is updated at substation level 50%: Micro-Networks established, still rely on centralized generation; Generation companies manage the remaining emergency power plants, and look to new sources of revenue.
5/30/2009
Implementation Challenges
Problem Scale Severity Certainty % Adoption Overall
No power source when PV is off Bi-directional current flow Utilities cant allocate capital correctly
Negative network Cannoteffects model insolation to predict PV energy production Time constant for managing dispatchable resources is too currently too long Warm beer Transmission and distribution cost structure (w/ high PV Regulatory approval penetration) is currently unmodeled PV produces DC power (not the commonly used AC) Physical installation Limited transmission capacity of power lines in some areas
Power quality No detailed sensing of the state of the grid Physical resets of fail safes (i.e. circuit breakers) Utilities cannot strategically and precisely direct power to individual users
Recommendations
Issues: non-dispatchability, grid stability, power quality Common technological solutions: storage, transformers, smart grids Network is preferred architecture Utilities will fundamentally change their business models Government can help: financial incentives
5/30/2009
Questions?
Special thanks to Mike Rogol, d Ph oto nC ons ultin g. Rogol, Mark Farburg, Farburg, an and hot on Co nsulti ng . 2.626 Fundamentals of Pho tov oltaic s Phot ovolta ics Prof. Tonio Buonassisi, Buonassisi, Fall 2008 2008