DaniloJ-Luengo RF3 F590

Iniciao Cientfica I F590
01/06/2009
Espectroscopia Atmica
Orientador: Prof. Dr. Carlos Alberto Luengo

(luengo@ifi.unicamp.br)
Aluno: Danilo Jos de Lima, RA 032118
(djlima_fsica@yahoo.com.br)
NDICE
Introduo................................................................................................................... 3
Espectrmetro tico .................................................................................................... 4
Calibrao ................................................................................................................... 4
Experimental............................................................................................................... 6
Srie de Balmer......................................................................................................... 7
Constante de Wien .................................................................................................. 11
Arco numa lmpada ................................................................................................ 14
Concluso .................................................................................................................. 18
Referncias Bibliogrficas ........................................................................................ 19
Apndice A: Softwares.............................................................................................. 20
Apndice B: Dados dos espectrmetros ................................................................... 21
Apndice C: Criando Arco eltrico em casa ............................................................ 24
Apndice D: Demais dados ....................................................................................... 26
Introduo
O uso de espectrmetro tico eletrnico atualmente comum para se retirar
informaes a respeito do comportamento eletrnico dos tomos, porm compreender
corretamente os resultados obtidos, verificar conseqncias dos resultados alm de
entender o funcionamento dos espectrmetros uma tarefa que nem sempre os alunos
realizam. Como esse assunto extremamente longo, foram feitas vrias medidas e mais
sugestes que experimentos, incluindo sugestes de como aplicar este assunto no ensino
mdio.
A primeira parte teria como objetivo familiarizar-se com o equipamento bem
como os conceitos bsicos envolvidos, tais como entender o funcionamento do
espectrmetro tico utilizado, obter alguns resultados j descritos na literatura tais como
a srie de Balmer para o tomo de Hidrognio, o valor da constante de Rydberg, estudar
o espectro de emisso de um corpo aquecido encontrando a constante de Wien entre
outras aplicaes que possam surgir com o decorrer dos estudos. Alm disso, dispe-se
de um software para aquisio de dados dos espectrmetros capaz de realizar a
aquisio de dados dos espectrmetros tambm no tempo, desta forma pode-se estudar a
variao da intensidade das linhas com o tempo, o que pode ser usado para o estudo da
variao da temperatura de um corpo em funo do tempo, entre outras possibilidades.
Uma outra caracterstica que diferencia o equipamento a ser utilizado dos
espectrmetros ticos disponveis nos laboratrios de ensino do IFGW a resoluo.
No laboratrio de ensino de fsica moderna dispe-se de um espectrmetro tico com
2048 pixel de resoluo na CCD que faz a captura do espectro de radiao visvel, j
aqui iremos utilizar trs espectrmetros, onde cada um varre uma regio um pouco
maior do que um tero da regio do visvel, oferecendo ao todo uma resoluo de quase
trs vezes mais que no espectrmetro disponvel no laboratrio de ensino. Pesquisas
financiadas pela FAPESP esto utilizando este equipamento bem como os softwares
aqui apresentados. Desta forma, o objetivo deste trabalho , tambm, introduzir o
assunto ao estudante para que possa aplicar seus conhecimentos nas pesquisas a serem
realizadas.
A segunda parte do estudo, que est sugerida para a sequncia desta disciplina,
em Iniciao Cientfica II, seria um estudo mais terico, que poderia utilizar os dados
obtidos no trabalho anterior para estudar o espectro de vibrao das molculas. No
entraremos em detalhe sobre este assunto aqui.
Espectrmetro tico
Trs espectrmetros pticos da Ocean Optics de alta resoluo modelo
HR2000+ cuja aquisio da intensidade da radiao eletromagntica feita por uma
CCD. As caractersticas deles so idnticas, a menos da regio de sensibilidade a
determinados comprimentos de onda. Dados especficos dos espectrmetros se
encontram no apndice B.
Calibrao
Os equipamentos utilizados j esto calibrados, e para verificar isto foram feitos
alguns espectros e comparados com dados bibliogrficos. O modelo de espectrmetro
utilizado permite que armazenemos os valores dos coeficientes da calibrao, conforme
manual do equipamento4, no prprio equipamento. Para ilustrar isso, utilizamos um
espectrmetro do laboratrio de fsica moderna, de outro modelo, no qual inserimos os
valores dos coeficientes obtidos no software da Ocean, utilizando o mesmo
procedimento que seria usado para calibrar os espectrmetros utilizados durante os
experimentos. Neste caso, como comentado na introduo, teramos apenas um
espectrmetro de resoluo de 2048 pixels obtendo o espectro da figura 01 para uma

lmpada de gs de Mercrio e Argnio.
Figura 01 Grfico da contagem pelo canal do espectrmetro e valores esperados para os picos
Os valores esperados para cada um dos picos obtidos no experimento foram

obtidos tambm no site da Ocean4, que foi nossa principal referncia. Com esses dados,
e seguindo o procedimento do manual, graficamos o valor esperado para determinado
pico vs a posio do pixel para o ponto e fizemos uma regresso para uma funo
cbica e obtivemos os coeficientes da equao. Estes so os coeficientes a serem
inseridos no software e, se fosse o caso, seriam os inseridos nos espectrmetros que
foram usados neste trabalho. O grfico e os resultados da regresso encontram-se na
figura 02.
Figura 02 Resultado da calibrao: coeficientes do polinmio da regresso
Experimental
A montagem experimental bem simples: posicionamos o espectrmetro diante
de nossa fonte e o software faz a aquisio. A figura 03 mostra um esboo desse
experimento: o espectrmetro possui em sua sada uma fibra ptica com uma pequena
abertura que direcionada para nossa fonte. No caso, uma lmpada de gs (esta
lmpada trocada conforme interesse podendo termos vrias opes, dentre elas
lmpadas de Hg-Ar, H2, entre outras) fica de frente fibra ptica.
Tambm adquirimos espectros de uma lmpada fluorescente e de um sistema
melhor explicado no apndice C, no qual apresentamos uma montagem experimental
simples, que poder ser realizada em sala de aula. Neste caso, foi apresentado uma
turma de Ensino de Jovens e Adultos (EJA) onde os alunos tiveram grande aceitao e
interesse por querer entender porque e o que estava acontecendo. Neste caso,
procuramos determinar qual gs utilizado em uma lmpada incandescente comum.

Tambm utilizamos uma lmpada incandescente como fonte de calor para verificarmos
determinarmos a constante de Wien.
Espectrmetro
Fig.: 03 Esquema da montagem experimental: a) o espectrmetro esquerda com a fibra tica

apontada para a fonte direita; e a lmpada b) preenchida de H2 mostrando a regio de estrangulamento.
A ponta de prova do Espectrmetro apontada para essa regio, onde concentra uma maior densidade de
corrente e o arco mais intenso. A lmpada no precisa ser aquecida para produzir o arco.
Srie de Balmer
Na fsica clssica, um sistema mecnico pode possuir qualquer valor de energia,
podendo vari-la de quantidades infinitesimais, no entanto na fsica quntica isto no
observado. Existem inmeros indcios de que um sistema quntico possa adquirir
apenas quantidades definidas de energia, sendo um exemplo disso, seria um eltron
aprisionado em uma barreira de potencial. A quantizao pode ser mais facilmente
entendida se compreendermos que no mundo quntico as partculas se comportam como
pacotes de onda e se pensarmos que um eltron aprisionado uma onda estacionria
com ns nos contornos da caixa e que a frequncia dessa onda determina a energia do
eltron, podemos entender que ele pode receber uma quantidade definida de energia
exatamente suficiente para mudar de modo de vibrao. Como vemos em ondas

estacionrias, que podem adquirir apenas determinadas freqncias de vibrao, um
eltron aprisionado tambm pode adquirir determinadas freqncias, e se sua energia
estiver relacionada apenas com sua freqncia ( E = h ), ento ele pode receber apenas
certas quantidades de energia mltiplas inteiras de determinado valor.
Foi Max Karl Ernst Ludwig Planck, um fsico alemo, quem postulou que um
sistema fsico em movimento harmnico simples, poderia apresentar apenas
determinados valores mltiplos de uma constante1, chamada constante de Planck:
E = nh , n = 0,1, 2, 3,
Figura 04 Energias possveis para um sistema clssico e valores discretos de energia, segundo
postulado de Planck
Na prtica, s possvel verificar a quantizao quando levamos em conta

interaes a nvel atmico, pois como o valor da constante de Planck extremamente
pequeno ( h = 6,626 069 311 x 10 34 J . s ) se compararmos com as energias que estamos
acostumados a encontrar. Por isso, para verificar a quantizao de energia, usamos o
espectrmetro e uma lmpada de Hidrognio. O Hidrognio excitado e os seus
eltrons absorvem energia que, ao retornarem para seu estado fundamental, emite um
fton de energia bem definida e, portanto, com freqncia tambm definida.
Para as regies do Ultravioleta prximo e do visvel, Johann Jakob Balmer, um
fsico e matemtico suo, encontrou uma equao emprica que descreve o valor de
em funo de um nmero inteiro n, com n>2 (n = 3, 4, 5, ). Utilizando a relao
determinada por Balmer em 1985, obtemos o valor de o, chamado de limite da srie de

Balmer, quando n tende a infinito. A equao obtida por Balmer foi:
= o
n2
n2 4
Para obter o valor de o utilizamos uma lmpada que consiste de um bulbo

cilndrico com uma regio estrangula para concentrar o arco, representado tambm BA
figura 03, direita. Em suas extremidades foi aplicada uma grande diferena de
potencial, da ordem de 10KV, capaz de excitar o eltron do tomo de Hidrognio. O
espectro obtido est apresentado na (figura 05); a partir destes valores obtemos
o = (365,1 0,4) nm, cujo erro foi calculado com base no desvio padro para os trs
picos utilizados. O valor conhecido na poca em que Balmer encontrou a relao da
srie que levou seu nome era de 364,6nm1. Podemos obter, desse nosso resultado, o
valor da Constante de Rydberg reescrevendo a frmula de Balmer:
Figura 05 Valores discretos do espectro do Hidrognio: Srie de Balmer
k=
Sendo RH =
1 4 1
1
1
= RH 2 2 =
2 2
n o 2
n
2
1
4.o
o erro da constante de Rydber e o o erro de o. Assim,
o 2
temos: RH = (1096 1).104 m-1. O valor com maior preciso medido at hoje1 foi de
RH = (10967757,6 1,2) m-1 .
De nossos resultados, poderamos prever outras sries para o hidrognio. Assim,
obtemos o espectro do hidrognio com maior tempo de integrao para vermos as linhas
de menor comprimento de onda e comparamos os valores calculados com os valores
obtidos nesta medida. Os resultados so exibidos na figura 06. possvel verificar que o
valor medido sempre est acima do valor calculado, o que pode evidenciar um erro
sistemtico na medida, no entanto no descobrimos sua causa. Observa-se tambm que
o menor ponto no est muito bem definido em relao a sua mxima intensidade, mas
acrescentamos esse valor mesmo assim apenas com o objetivo de comparao.
Figura 06 Comprimentos de onda para a srie de Balmer para o Hidrognio: comparao entre
comprimentos de onda medidos versus calculados com base na equao obtida anteriormente.
10
Constante de Wien
Para medir a constante de Wien, precisa-se de uma fonte de calor muito intensa
(temperaturas acima de 700K). Como no dispomos de um pirmetro, ou outro
equipamento que pudesse ser utilizado para medir a temperatura do filamento da
lmpada nos limitou apenas a estimar o valor da temperatura do filamento de tungstnio
de uma lmpada de 100 w de potncia. Utilizando um valor da literatura1 para a
constante de Wien ( max T = const = 2,898 x10 3 m.K ), podemos obter para a temperatura
do filamento com a lmpada em sua potncia mxima o valor de 54311K, o que est
de acordo com dados experimentais para, por exemplo, a temperatura do Sol (5700K), o
que era de se esperar pois, a faixa de luz visvel.
Figura 07 Filamento incandescente de tungstnio. A colorao avermelhada se deve pelo fato de ter
sido tirada uma fotografia da projeo do filamento da lmpada sobre uma parede, usando uma lente
divergente. Uma fotografia direta sem uso de filtro poderia danificar a mquina fotogrfica se tirada foto
com a lmpada em sua potncia mxima.
Figura 08 Filamento da lmpada desligada. possvel notar que o filamento se curva devido efeito de
dilatao trmica.
11
Figura 09 Montagem experimental para medir a temperatura da lmpada. Acima a lmpada

incandescente e abaixo a sada da fibra tica dos espectrmetros.
Uma possibilidade avaliada seria determinar a temperatura da lmpada em

funo do tempo e estimar a condutividade trmica do gs no interior da lmpada, pois
o software utilizado possibilita aquisio no tempo. Isso, porm no foi possvel, pois a
queda de temperatura muito rpida e mesmo utilizando a mxima capacidade de
aquisio (um espectro a cada 1 ms) no foi possvel determinar essa queda. A figura 10
apresenta o grfico obtido para o espectro da lmpada em funo do tempo, sendo a
lmpada desligada algumas vezes durante a aquisio e a figura 11 apresenta uma
quatro medidas do espectro da lmpada e mdia para valor mximo, bem como o erro
da medida.
12
Figura 10 Espectro da lmpada em funo do tempo. A reta vertical representa a contagem, a

horizontal de 0 a 180 o tempo e a outra o comprimento de onda em nm.
13
Figura 11 Contagem nos espectrmetros em funo do comprimento de onda em nm.
Arco numa lmpada

Apresentamos algumas outras aplicaes para a espectroscopia. A figura 12
apresenta o espectro de emisso de uma lmpada de vapor de gua em comparao com
a lmpada de gs de Hidrognio: nota-se que so praticamente iguais, evidenciando que
possvel determinar quais os tomos que compe uma amostra de substncia
desconhecida. Para comparar os resultados, selecionamos um tempo de integrao de tal
forma que os valores dos picos para a gua e para o Hidrognio estejam prximos.
A figura 13 apresenta o espectro de uma lmpada fria (de mercrio) comercial.
Podemos notar que existe uma linha de comprimento de onda igual ao do comprimento
de onda do mercrio. O revestimento branco da lmpada um composto de fsforo que
absorve a luz ultravioleta emitida pelo Mercrio e a emite na regio do visvel.
14
Figura 12 Comparao entre os espectros de emisso de uma lmpada de gua e de uma de Hidrognio
Figura 13 Espectro de emisso de uma lmpada de Mercrio comercial (lmpada fria)
15
Figura 14 Espectro de emisso de uma lmpada de CO2
Outra medida realizada, que apresenta mais detalhe no apndice C, foi do arco
produzido no interior de uma lmpada incandescente, do mesmo tipo que a usada no
experimento para a lei de Wien. A seguir, os espectros obtidos e o arco produzido. Na
realidade no foi encontrado um gs que se coincidisse os valores de picos com os
obtidos neste experimento, assim comparamos visualmente com a bibliografia9. Neste
caso, no h rigor cientfico, mas s ousamos fazer isso, pois sabamos previamente que
o gs contido na lmpada argnio. De fato, deve ser um gs inerte, que no reaja com
o filamento.
a)
b)
Figura 15 (a) Arco eltrico obtido na lmpada e (b) dado bibliogrfico9.
16
Figura 16 Espectro da lmpada incandescente quando gerado um arco no seu
interior
17
Concluso
Atravs de uma anlise quantitativa, podemos verificar experimentalmente a
srie de Balmer e o valor da constante de Rydberg, mostramos a utilidade de
espectrmetros ticos para determinar substncias e uma forma possvel de medirmos a
temperatura de materiais incandescente (que emitam radiao na frequncia do visvel).
Vimos que obter informaes da matria atravs do uso de tcnicas de
espectroscopia um mtodo muito preciso e rpido. Dentre suas aplicaes, podemos
citar a anlise de materiais quando preciso um resultado imediato, pois vimos que o
espectro de molculas depende tambm dos tomos constituintes. Alm disso, medimos
o espectro da gua, do CO2, de uma lmpada fria comercial e de uma lmpada
incandescente.
18
Referncias Bibliogrficas
1. Eisberg R., Resnick R., Fsica Quntica tomos, Molculas, Slidos, Ncleos e
Partculas, Editora Campus, 25 tiragem, Rio de Janeiro, 1991. (pg. 23 Lei de

Wien e constante de Wien; pg. 41 fig. Comparando a quantizao de energia
quntica com a correspondente contnua clssica; pg. 137 constante de Rydberg
para o tomo de Hidrognio)
2. Newton, I., Newton (ptica), Nova Cultural, So Paulo, 2005.
3. N. M., Nusseinzveig, Curso de Fsica Bsica, Vol. 4, Ed. Edgard Blcher, 1 Ed.,
So Paulo, 1998. (pg. 245 A hiptese de Planck; pg. 260 Espectros atmicos
Constante de Rydberg)
4. http://www.oceanoptics.com/, acessado em 22/02/2009. (Manual do equipamento
incluso e traduzido no apndice B; Espectro da lmpada usada para calibrao do
espectrmetro. No manual, veja captulo 1 e apndices A e B)
5. http://www-rohan.sdsu.edu/staff/drjackm/chemistry/chemlink/analytic/analyt1.html,
acessado em 22/02/2009
6. Dalttrini, A. M., Estudo de arco a altas temperaturas por espectroscopia visvel
e ultravioleta no vcuo, Tese de Doutorado, IFGW, Campinas, 2003.

7. http://www.fsc.ufsc.br/ccef/port/02-1/artpdf/a5.pdf,
acessado
30/05/2009.
Este
artigo mostra como pode ser montado um espectrmetro caseiro para us-lo no
ensino mdio.
8. A
Inveno
de
Quantum
de
Energia
segundo
Planck,
http://www.sbfisica.org.br/rbef/pdf/v22_523.pdf, acessado em 30/05/2009.

9. Imagens dos espectros mais comuns http://www.schaffrath.net/Spectra/, Acessado
em 01/02/2009. Usado para comparao visual com o espectro da lmpada
incandescente quando gerado um arco no seu interior.
19
Apndice A: Softwares
O algoritmo no poder ser inserido, mas abaixo se encontra a aparncia da
interface final. Ele foi construdo na plataforma Labview.
Fig. A1: Aparncia do programa de aquisio de dados.
Fig. A2: Os resultados so apresentados em trs grficos separadamente, depois exportados

automaticamente como imagem.
20
Apndice B: Dados dos espectrmetros

Na tabela a seguir, apresentamos a faixa de comprimento de onda em que cada
modelo trabalha. As demais caractersticas so iguais para todos eles.
Tabela 01: Range de comprimento de onda que cada modelo de espectrmetro capaz de ler.
Modelo do Espectrmetro Range de comprimento de onda (nm)
HR+C0163
188,1 - 412,7
HR+C0162
392,4 - 601,5
HR+C0244
587,5 - 783,3
As caractersticas que podem ser alteradas de acordo com a necessidade de uso

esto descritas com mais detalhe nos itens a seguir (tabelas de 02 04 e figura B1). Os
trs espectrmetros foram ligados ao PC utilizando-se o software LabView. Esta rotina
foi criada para fazer a aquisio de dados do espectrmetro tico em um intervalo de
tempo.
http://www.oceanoptics.com
Fig. B1: Componentes internos dos Espectrmetros ticos. Na tabela 02 encontram-se as caractersticas
de cada item
21
Fig. B2 Detalhe para os trs espectrmetros utilizados
Tabela 02: Identificao dos itens da figura 01. Descrio e nome dos itens
Item
Nome
Descrio
Fixa a entrada da fibra tica ao espectrmetro. A luz da entrada da
1
Conector SMA
fibra entra no sistema tico por este conector.
Uma pea de material escuro contendo uma abertura retangular,
montado diretamente sobre o conector SMA. O tamanho da
2
Fenda
abertura regula a intensidade luminosa que entra no sistema otico
e controla a resoluo espectral.
Filtro
Restringe a radiao para uma regio pr-determinada de

comprimentos de onda. A luz passa pelo filtro antes de entrar no
sistema tico. Filtros passa banda e passa alta so utilizados para
restringir o a faixa de comprimento de onda certa regio.
Espelho colimador
A luz no colimada que entra no sistema otico ento colimada

pelo espelho at a Grade. A luz que entra no espectrmetro, passa
pelo conector SMA, pelo Slit , e pelo filtro e refletida pelo espelho
at a Grade.
22
Tabela 03: Especificaes do CCD dos espectrmetros

Especificaes
Valores
Detector
Sony ILX-511 arranjo linear de CCD de silcio
n de elementos
2048 pixels
75 fotons por contagem a 400 nm
Sensibilidade
41 fotons por contagem a 600 nm
14 mm x 200 mm
Tamanho do Pixel
Intensidade por Pixel
Razo de sinal : rudo
Resoluo A/D
Rudo Dark
Correo de linearidade
Taxa mxima de pixel
62.500 eletrons
250:1 (em sinal mximo)
14 bit
12 RMS counts
>99,8%
Taxa com cada pixel digitalizado: 1MHz
Tabela 04: Caractersticas dos espectrmetros.

Especificaes
Valores
Dimenses
148,6 mm x 104,8 mm x 45,1 mm
Massa
570 g
Consumo de Energia
220 mA 5VDC
Detector
Arranjo de 2048 elementos de CCD linear de silcio
Range do detector
200 - 1100 nm
Grade
14 grades disponveis
Abertura de Entrada
5, 10, 25, 50, 100 ou 200 mm
Filtros
Distncia focal
Resoluo optica
Disperso luminosa
Filtros instalados: passa-alta e passa-banda

f/4, 101 mm
Depende da grade e do tamanho da abertura de
entrada
<0,05% a 600 nm; <0,10% a 435 nm
Range dinmico
2 x 10 (sistema); 1300:1 para uma aquisio simples
Conector da fibra optica

Tranferncia de dados:
USB 2.0
Porta Serial
Tempo de integrao
SMA 905 para cabo simples de fibra optica (0,22 NA)
Canal analgico
Leitura completa para a memria a cada 1 ms

Leitura completa para a memria a cada 100 ms
De 1 ms 65 s
Uma entrada analgica de 13 bit e uma sada
analgica de 9 bit
23
Apndice C: Criando Arco eltrico em casa

Neste item, inclumos um experimento simples, focado aplicao no ensino de
fsica: pode-se criar arco em sala de aula. Para isso, utilizamos um acendedor de fogo
automtico, conhecido comercialmente como usininha e que pode ser encontrado em
qualquer loja que trabalhe com manuteno de fogo ou at mesmo em casas de
ferramentas em geral. Os demais itens so mais comuns: um receptculo (ou bocal) para
lmpada, uma lmpada incandescente (quanto maior sua potncia melhor, pois menor
dever ser a presso no seu interior alm de ter o bulbo maior, possibilitando maiores
arcos neste exemplo, foi usada uma de 200 w), fios, tomada macho, interruptor de
campainha e um suporte (por exemplo, madeira).
A seguir, na figura C1, o resultado do trabalho. Deve-se ligar um dos fios que sai
da usininha ao receptculo e outro pode ser fixado com fita adesiva na superfcie da
lmpada. Outros experimentos podem ser criados, dentre eles fazer uma chave de fenda
de teste ascender na mo sem ser necessrio tocar na lmpada.
Figura C1 Montagem experimental para produzir arco em casa.
24
Figura C2 Montagem experimental com sada do espectrmetro.
Figura C3 Arco formado no filamento da lmpada.
25
Apndice D: Demais dados
Mercury emission lines are <600 nm. Argon emission lines are >600 nm, and are shown
here on an exaggerated amplitude scale.
Strong Hg Emission Lines by Wavelength (nm)

User's Tip: There are more emission lines published here than printed on the label on the HG-1
housing. The label is intended as a quick, convenient reference and does not list every Ar or Hg
emission line that exists.
253.652
404.656
296.728
407.783*
302.150
435.833
313.155
546.074**
334.148
576.960
365.015
579.066
* This spectral line will not be evident with spectrometers configured with 300- or 600-lines/mm
gratings.
** With spectrometers that have 1200-, 1800-, 2400- or 3600-lines/mm gratings, spectral lines
will be evident at 576.96 nm and 579.07 nm.
Strong Ar Emission Lines by Wavelength (nm)

696.543
800.616*
706.722
811.531
710.748
826.452
727.294
842.465
738.398
852.144
750.387
866.794
763.511
912.297
26
772.376
922.450
794.818
* This spectral line will be evident only with spectrometers configured with 1800-, 2400-, or
3600-lines/mm gratings.
Parecer
Parece me que o aluno tem se esforado bastante e conseguido demonstraes notveis.
Professor C.A.Luengo
27
1.
HR2000+ High-speed Fiber Optic

Spectrometer
Installation and Operation Manual
Document Number 294-00000-000-02-0208
Offices:
Ocean Optics, Inc. World Headquarters

830 Douglas Ave., Dunedin, FL, USA 34698
Phone 727.733.2447
Fax
727.733.3962
8 a.m. 8 p.m. (Mon-Thu), 8 a.m. 6 p.m. (Fri) EST
E-mail:
Info@OceanOptics.com
(General sales inquiries)
Orders@OceanOptics.com
(Questions about orders)
TechSupport@OceanOptics.com (Technical support)
Additional
Offices:
Ocean Optics Asia

666 Gubei Road, Kirin Tower, Suite 601B, Changning District, Shanghai,
PRC. 200336
Phone 86.21.5206.8686
Fax
86.21.5206.8686
E-Mail Sun.Ling@OceanOptics.com
Ocean Optics B.V. (Europe)
Geograaf 24, 6921 EW DUIVEN, The Netherlands

Phone 31-(0)26-3190500
Fax
31-(0)26-3190505
E-Mail Info@OceanOpticsBV.com
Copyright 2001-2008 Ocean Optics, Inc.

All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, by any means, electronic,
mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without written permission from Ocean Optics, Inc.
This manual is sold as part of an order and subject to the condition that it shall not, by way of trade or otherwise, be lent, re-sold, hired out or
otherwise circulated without the prior consent of Ocean Optics, Inc. in any form of binding or cover other than that in which it is published.
Trademarks
All products and services herein are the trademarks, service marks, registered trademarks or registered service marks of their respective owners.
Limit of Liability
Every effort has been made to make this manual as complete and as accurate as possible, but no warranty or fitness is implied. The information
provided is on an as is basis. Ocean Optics, Inc. shall have neither liability nor responsibility to any person or entity with respect to any loss or
damages arising from the information contained in this manual.
Table of Contents
About This Manual .......................................................................................................... iii
Document Purpose and Intended Audience.............................................................................. iii
Whats New in this Document ................................................................................................... iii
Document Summary.................................................................................................................. iii
Product-Related Documentation ..................................................................................... iii

Upgrades ......................................................................................................................... iv
Chapter 1: Introduction ......................................................................1

Product Overview ............................................................................................................ 1
System Requirements ..................................................................................................... 2
EEPROM Utilization .................................................................................................................. 2
About SpectraSuite.................................................................................................................... 2
Sampling System Overview....................................................................................................... 2
How Sampling Works............................................................................................................ 2
Modular Sampling Accessories............................................................................................. 3
Interface Options ............................................................................................................. 3

Breakout Box ............................................................................................................................. 3
Shipment Components .................................................................................................... 4
Chapter 2: Installing the HR2000+ .....................................................5

Overview ......................................................................................................................... 5
HR2000+ Installation ....................................................................................................... 5
Configuring the HR2000+ with OOIBase32 .............................................................................. 6
Operator and Serial Number Dialog Box .............................................................................. 6
Default Spectrometer Configuration File............................................................................... 6
Configure Hardware Screen ................................................................................................. 6
Spectrometer Configuration Screen...................................................................................... 7
Connect Spectroscopic Accessories ............................................................................... 8

External Triggering Options............................................................................................. 8
294-00000-000-02-0208
Table of Contents
Chapter 3: Troubleshooting ...............................................................9

Overview ......................................................................................................................... 9
HR2000+ Connected to PC Prior to Software Installation............................................... 9
Windows Operating Systems .................................................................................................... 9
Remove the Unknown Device from Windows Device Manager ........................................... 10
Remove Improperly Installed Files........................................................................................ 10
Mac Operating Systems ............................................................................................................ 11
Linux Operating Systems .......................................................................................................... 11
Older Version of OOIBase32 Installed ............................................................................ 11
Appendix A: Calibrating the Wavelength of the HR2000+...............13

Overview ......................................................................................................................... 13
About Wavelength Calibration ......................................................................................... 13
Calibrating the Spectrometer........................................................................................... 14
Preparing for Calibration............................................................................................................ 14
Calibrating the Wavelength of the Spectrometer ...................................................................... 14
Saving the New Calibration Coefficients: USB Mode ...................................................... 16

Saving the New Calibration Coefficients: Serial Mode .................................................... 17
Appendix B: Specifications................................................................19
Overview ......................................................................................................................... 19
How the HR2000+ Works................................................................................................ 19
HR2000+ Components Table.................................................................................................... 20
HR2000+ Specifications .................................................................................................. 21

CCD Detector Specifications ..................................................................................................... 21
HR2000+ Spectrometer............................................................................................................. 21
System Compatibility ....................................................................................................... 22

Compatibility for Desktop or Notebook PCs .............................................................................. 22
30-Pin Accessory Connector Pinout................................................................................ 23

30-Pin Accessory Connector Pinout Diagram ........................................................................... 23
30-Pin Accessory Connector Pin Definitions and Descriptions.............................................. 23
30-Pin J2 Accessory Connector - Part Numbers ...................................................................... 25
HR2000+ 15-Pin Accessory Cable Pinout....................................................................... 26
Index.....................................................................................................27
ii
294-00000-000-02-0208
About This Manual

Document Purpose and Intended Audience
This document provides the user of HR2000+ Spectrometer with instructions for setting up, calibrating
and performing experiments with their spectrometer.
Whats New in this Document

This version of the HR2000+ High-speed Fiber Optic Spectrometer, Installation and Operation Manual
updates the power consumption specification.
Document Summary
Chapter
Description
Chapter 1: Introduction
Contains descriptive information about the HR2000+

Spectrometer and how sampling works. It also provides a list
of system requirements, interface options, and shipment
components.
Chapter 2: Installing the HR2000+
Provides installation and configuration instructions.
Chapter 3: Troubleshooting
Contains recommended steps to isolate and correct common

problems.
Appendix A: Calibrating the

Wavelength of the HR2000+
Provides instructions for calibrating the HR2000+

Spectrometers.
Appendix B: Specifications
Contains technical specifications and connector pinouts for the

HR2000+ Spectrometers.
Product-Related Documentation
You can access documentation for Ocean Optics products by visiting our website at
http://www.oceanoptics.com. Select Technical ! Operating Instructions, then choose the appropriate
document from the available drop-down lists. Or, use the Search by Model Number field at the bottom
of the web page.
!
!
Detailed instructions for SpectraSuite Spectrometer Operating Software are located at:
http://www.oceanoptics.com/technical/SpectraSuite.pdf.
Detailed instructions for the OOIBase32 Spectrometer Operating Software are located at:
http://www.oceanoptics.com/technical/ooibase32.pdf
294-00000-000-02-0208
iii
About This Manual
!
!
Detailed instructions for the Breakout Box are located at:

http://www.oceanoptics.com/technical/HR4_breakout.pdf.
Detailed instructions for External Triggering are located at:
http://www.oceanoptics.com/technical/external-triggering.pdf.
Engineering-level documentation is located on our website at Technical ! Engineering Docs.

You can also access operating instructions for Ocean Optics products from the Software and Technical
Resources CD that ships with the product.
Upgrades
Occasionally, you may find that you need Ocean Optics to make a change or an upgrade to your system.
To facilitate these changes, you must first contact Customer Support and obtain a Return Merchandise
Authorization (RMA) number. Please contact Ocean Optics for specific instructions when returning a
product.
iv
294-00000-000-02-0208
Chapter 1
Introduction
Product Overview
The HR2000+ High-Speed Miniature Fiber Optic Spectrometer provides optical resolution as good as
0.035 nm (FWHM). The HR2000+ is responsive from 200-1100 nm, but the specific range and resolution
depends on your grating and entrance slit selections. With its capability of transferring 1ms spectra
continuously, the HR2000+ is the fastest spectrometer available from Ocean Optics.
The HR2000+ is perfect for applications where fast reactions need to be monitored and high resolution is
necessary, such as chemistry and biochemistry applications.
Data programmed into a memory chip on each HR2000+ includes wavelength calibration coefficients,
linearity coefficients, and the serial number unique to each spectrometer. Our spectrometer operating
software simply reads these values from the spectrometer a feature that enables hot swapping of
spectrometers among PCs.
The HR2000+ Spectrometer connects to a notebook or desktop PC via USB port or serial port. When
connected to the USB port of a PC, the HR2000+ draws power from the host PC, eliminating the need for
an external power supply.
Ocean Optics HR2000+ High-speed Fiber Optic Spectrometer
294-00000-000-02-0208
1: Introduction
System Requirements
You can use the HR2000+s USB connectivity with any PC that meets the following requirements:
!
!
Windows 98/Me/2000/XP operating system (or Windows CE 2.11 or later for handheld PCs)
Ocean Optics SpectraSuite or OOIBase32 software application installed and configured for use
with the HR2000+. See Chapter 2: Installing the HR2000+ for specific configuration
instructions.
Alternately, the HR2000+ has serial port adaptability for connecting to PCs, PLCs, and other devices that
support the RS-232 communication protocol. However, this connection method requires an external
power supply to power the HR2000+, the Breakout Box (HR4-BREAKOUT), and a serial cable.
EEPROM Utilization
An EEPROM memory chip in each HR2000+ contains wavelength calibration coefficients, linearity
coefficients, and a serial number unique to each individual spectrometer. The software application reads
these values directly from the spectrometer, enabling the ability to hot-swap spectrometers between PCs
without entering the spectrometer coefficients manually on each PC.
About SpectraSuite
SpectraSuite is the latest generation of operating software for all Ocean Optics spectrometers. It is a
completely modular, Java-based spectroscopy software platform that operates on Windows, Macintosh
and Linux operating systems. The software can control any Ocean Optics USB spectrometer and device,
as well as any other manufacturers USB instrumentation using the appropriate drivers.
SpectraSuite is a user-customizable, advanced acquisition and display program that provides a real-time
interface to a variety of signal-processing functions. With SpectraSuite, you have the ability to perform
spectroscopic measurements (such as absorbance, reflectance, and emission), control all system
parameters, collect and display data in real time, and perform reference monitoring and time acquisition
experiments. Consult the SpectraSuite manual for hardware requirements when using SpectraSuite (see
Product-Related Documentation).
Sampling System Overview

How Sampling Works
Ocean Optics components function in a sampling system as follows:
1. The user stores reference and dark measurements to correct for instrument response variables.
2. The light transmits through an optical fiber to the sample.
3. The light interacts with the sample.
4. Another optical fiber collects and transmits the result of the interaction to the spectrometer.
5. The spectrometer measures the amount of light and transforms the data collected by the
spectrometer into digital information.
294-00000-000-02-0208
1: Introduction
6. The spectrometer passes the sample information to SpectraSuite.

7. SpectraSuite compares the sample to the reference measurement and displays processed spectral
information.
Modular Sampling Accessories

Ocean Optics offers a complete line of spectroscopic accessories for use with the HR2000+. Most of our
spectroscopic accessories have SMA connectors for application flexibility. Accordingly, changing the
sampling system components is as easy as unscrewing a connector and replacing an accessory.
Interface Options
The HR2000+ has both USB and serial port connectors (with the use of an adapter), enabling you to
connect the spectrometer to a desktop or notebook PC via a USB port.
Computer
Interface
Operating System
Requirements
Part Needed
Description of Part
Desktop or
Notebook PC
via USB Port
Windows 98/Me/
2000/XP
USB-CBL-1
(included)
Cable that connects from USB port on HR2000+ to

USB port on desktop or notebook PC
Desktop or
Notebook PC
via Serial Port
Any 32-bit
Windows
operating system
HR4BREAKOUT
(not included)
Adapter block that enables connection from serial port

on HR2000+ to serial port on desktop or notebook PC;
comes with 5 VDC power supply (required when
connecting to serial port). User must supply own
software.
Breakout Box
Ocean Optics also offers the Breakout Box (HR4-BREAKOUT), a passive module that separates the
signals from their 30-pin port to an array of standard connectors and headers, enabling easy access to a
variety of features found in Ocean Optics HR2000+ Spectrometer. In addition to the accessory
connector, the breakout box features a circuit board based on a neutral breadboard pattern that allows
custom circuitry to be prototyped on the board itself.
294-00000-000-02-0208
1: Introduction
Shipment Components
The following information and documentation ships with the HR2000+ Spectrometer:
!
Packing List
The packing list is inside a plastic bag attached to the outside of the shipment box (the invoice
arrives separately). It lists all items in the order, including customized components in the
spectrometer (such as the grating, detector collection lens, and slit). The packing list also includes
the shipping and billing addresses, as well as any items on back order.
Spectrometer Installation Instructions

A sheet of paper that contains the information that you need to get your spectrometer system up
and running. Further information can be found on the Ocean Optics Software and Resources
Library CD (see below).
Wavelength Calibration Data Sheet

Each spectrometer is shipped with a Wavelength Calibration Data Sheet that contains information
unique to your spectrometer. SpectraSuite reads this calibration data from your spectrometer
when it interfaces to a PC via the USB port. Any other interface requires that you manually enter
the calibration data in OOIBase32 (select Spectrometer | Configure | Wavelength Calibration
tab). See the OOIBase32 documentation for more information (refer to Product-Related
Documentation for instructions on accessing OOIBase32 documentation).
Note
Please save the Wavelength Calibration Data Sheet for future reference.
!
Software and Technical Resources CD

Each order ships with the Ocean Optics Software and Technical Resources CD. This disc
contains software, operating instructions, and product information for all Ocean Optics software,
spectrometers, and spectroscopic accessories. You must have Adobe Acrobat Reader version 6.0
or higher to view these files. Ocean Optics includes the Adobe Acrobat Reader on the Software
and Technical Resources CD.
Ocean Optics software requires a password during the installation process. You can locate
passwords for the other software applications on the back of the Software and Resources Library
CD package.
294-00000-000-02-0208
Chapter 2
Installing the HR2000+

Overview
You must install the software application prior to connecting the HR2000+ Spectrometer to the PC. The
software installation installs the drivers required for HR2000+ installation. If you do not install the
software first, the system will not properly recognize the HR2000+.
If you have already connected the HR2000+ to the PC prior to installing the software, consult Chapter 3:
Troubleshooting for information on correcting a corrupt HR2000+ installation.
HR2000+ Installation
To connect the HR2000+ to a PC via the USB port, the PC must be running the Windows
98/ME/2000/XP operating system.
Note
The USB port on a PC can power up to five HR2000+ spectrometer channels. Systems
with more than five channels require a powered USB hub.
! Procedure
Follow the steps below to connect the HR2000+ to a PC via the USB port:
1. Install SpectraSuite on the destination computer.
2. Locate the USB cable (USB-CBL-1) provided with the HR2000+.
3. Insert the square end of the cable into the side of the HR2000+.
4. Insert the rectangular end of the cable into the USB port of the PC.
If you installed SpectraSuite prior to connecting the HR2000+, SpectraSuite installs the HR2000+ drivers.
If the drivers do not successfully install (or if you connected the HR2000+ to the PC before installing
SpectraSuite), consult Chapter 3: Troubleshooting.
If you have followed the previous steps and started SpectraSuite, the spectrometer is already acquiring
data. Even with no light in the spectrometer, there should be a dynamic trace displayed in the bottom of
the graph. If you allow light into the spectrometer, the graph trace should rise with increasing light
intensity. This means the software and hardware are correctly installed.
Note the spectrometer(s) that you have installed are listed in the Data Sources pane.
294-00000-000-02-0208
2: Installing the HR2000+
Once you install the SpectraSuite software and the hardware, and establish your sampling system, you are
ready to take measurements.
Configuring the HR2000+ with OOIBase32

Once you install the HR2000+ with OOIBase32 software, you must configure OOIBase32s Configure
Spectrometer options so that OOIBase32 recognizes the HR2000+ Spectrometer. Consult the
OOIBase32 Spectrometer Operating Software Operating Instructions for detailed instructions on
configuring the spectrometer in OOIBase32 (see Product-Related Documentation).
The following sections contain instructions on initially configuring the HR2000+ the first time you start
OOIBase32. Additional features are available for this spectrometer. See the OOIBase32 Spectrometer
Operating Software Operating Instructions for detailed information on these HR2000+ features.
Operator and Serial Number Dialog Box

The Operator and Serial Number screen prompts you to enter a user name and software serial number
into OOIBase32. Some data files created by OOIBase32 during sampling procedures use this information
in the file headers.
Default Spectrometer Configuration File

The Default Spectrometer Configuration File screen prompts you to select a spectrometer configuration
(.SPEC) file for use with the HR2000+. The unique serial number of the HR2000+ precedes the file
extension (for example, HR2A0162.SPEC).
Navigate to the OOIBase32 installation directory and select the spectrometer configuration file.
Configure Hardware Screen

The Configure Hardware screen prompts you to enter spectrometer-specific information into
OOIBase32 the first time you run the program. Typically, you need only enter this information the first
time you run OOIBase32. However, you can alter the hardware configuration at any time using the
Spectrometer Configuration screen. Select Spectrometer | Configure from the OOIBase32 menu bar
to access the Spectrometer Configuration screen.
294-00000-000-02-0208
! Procedure
To configure hardware in USB Mode:
1. Specify S2000 in the Spectrometer Type drop-down menu.
2. Specify HR2000+ in the A/D Converter Type drop-down menu.
3. Specify the serial number of the HR2000+ under the USB Serial Number drop-down menu.
Note
The system pre-fills this drop-down menu with the serial numbers of all discovered
HR2000+ Spectrometers.
4. Click the OK button to accept the selected options.
5. The spectrometer should now be able to acquire data and respond to light. Exit and restart
OOIBase32 to save configuration data to disk.
Spectrometer Configuration Screen

The Spectrometer Configuration screen prompts you to configure specific channel-level spectrometer
information, if necessary.
! Procedure
1. Select Spectrometer | Configure from the menu and set system parameters.
2. Select the Wavelength Calibration tab. OOIBase32 pre-fills the coefficients for the HR2000+
from information on a memory chip in the spectrometer.
294-00000-000-02-0208
3. Verify that the calibration coefficients match the coefficients from the Wavelength Calibration
Data Sheet that accompanied the spectrometer. If necessary, modify these values using the USB
Programmer utility.
4. Additionally, ensure that you select both the Master and Channel Enabled boxes.
5. In the A/D Interface tab, enter the same values as in the Configure Hardware screen.
OOIBase32 stores this information for future use once you close the program.
Connect Spectroscopic Accessories

To find operating instructions for HR2000+-compatible products (such as light sources, sampling
chambers, and probes), consult the Software and Technical Resources CD or the Ocean Optics website at
http://www.oceanoptics.com/technical/operatinginstructions.asp.
External Triggering Options

You can trigger the HR2000+ using a variety of External Triggering options through the 30-pin
Accessory Connector on the spectrometer. See the External Triggering Options document located at
http://www.oceanoptics.com/technical/external-triggering.pdf. This document contains instructions
for configuring External Triggering options for the HR2000+.
294-00000-000-02-0208
Chapter 3
Troubleshooting
Overview
The following sections contain information on troubleshooting issues you may encounter when using the
HR2000+ Spectrometer.
HR2000+ Connected to PC Prior to Software

Installation
Windows Operating Systems
If you connected your Ocean Optics USB device to the computer prior to installing your Ocean Optics
software application, you may encounter installation issues that you must correct before your Ocean
Optics device will operate properly.
Follow the applicable steps below to remove the incorrectly installed device, device driver, and
installation files.
Note
If these procedures do not correct your device driver problem, you must obtain the
Correcting Device Driver Issues document from the Ocean Optics website:
http://www.oceanoptics.com/technical/engineering/correctingdevicedriverissues.pdf.
294-00000-000-02-0208
3: Troubleshooting
Remove the Unknown Device from Windows Device Manager

! Procedure
1. Open Windows Device Manager. Consult the Windows operating instructions for your computer
for directions, if needed.
2. Locate the Other Devices option and expand the Other Devices selection by clicking on the "+"
sign to the immediate left.
Note
Improperly installed USB devices can also appear under the Universal Serial Bus
Controller option. Be sure to check this location if you cannot locate the unknown device.
3. Locate the unknown device (marked with a large question mark). Right-click on the Unknown
Device listing and select the Uninstall or Remove option.
4. Click the OK button to continue. A warning box appears confirming the removal of the Unknown
Device. Click the OK button to confirm the device removal.
5. Disconnect the HR2000+ from your computer.
6. Locate the section in this chapter that is appropriate to your operating system and perform the
steps in the following Remove Improperly Installed Files section.
Remove Improperly Installed Files

! Procedure
1. Open Windows Explorer.
2. Navigate to the Windows | INF directory.
Note
If the INF directory is not visible, you must disable the Hide System Files and Folders
and Hide File Extensions for Known File Types options in Windows Folder Options.
Access Windows Folder Options from Windows Explorer, under the Tools | Folder
Options menu selection.
3. Delete the OOI_USB.INF in the INF directory. If your computer is running either the Windows
2000 or XP operating system, you must also delete the OOI_USB.PNF file in the INF directory.
4. Navigate to the Windows | System32 | Drivers directory.
5. Delete the EZUSB.SYS file.
6. Reinstall your Ocean Optics application and reboot the system when prompted.
10
294-00000-000-02-0208
3: Troubleshooting
7. Plug in the USB device.

The system is now able to locate and install the correct drivers for the USB device.
Mac Operating Systems

Since there are no device files for the USB2000-FLG Spectrometer in a Mac operating system, you
should not encounter any problems if you installed the spectrometer before the SpectraSuite software.
Linux Operating Systems

For Linux operating systems, all you need to do is install the SpectraSuite software, then unplug and
replug in the spectrometer. Technically, the driver files for Linux simply give nonprivileged users
permission to use newly connected hardware. There isnt any long-term harm to plugging in the device
before installing the software.
Older Version of OOIBase32 Installed

If the PC to be used to interface to your HR2000+ already has an older version of OOIBase32 software
installed, you must install the latest version of OOIBase32. You can download the latest version of
OOIBase32 from the Ocean Optics website at
http://www.oceanoptics.com/technical/softwaredownloads.asp.
You do not need to uninstall previous versions of OOIBase32 when upgrading to the latest version.
294-00000-000-02-0208
11
3: Troubleshooting
12
294-00000-000-02-0208
Appendix A
Calibrating the Wavelength of

the HR2000+
Overview
This appendix describes how to calibrate the wavelength of your spectrometer. Though each spectrometer
is calibrated before it leaves Ocean Optics, the wavelength for all spectrometers will drift slightly as a
function of time and environmental conditions. Ocean Optics recommends periodically recalibrating the
HR2000+.
About Wavelength Calibration

You are going to be solving the following equation, which shows that the relationship between pixel
number and wavelength is a third-order polynomial:
"p = I + C1 p + C2 p2 + C3 p3
Where:
" = the wavelength of pixel p

I = the wavelength of pixel 0#
C1 = the first coefficient (nm/pixel)
C2 = the second coefficient (nm/pixel2)
C3 = the third coefficient (nm/pixel3)
R" = the reference intensity at wavelength "
You will be calculating the value for I and the three Cs.
294-00000-000-02-0208
13
A: Calibrating the Wavelength of the HR2000+
Calibrating the Spectrometer

Preparing for Calibration
To recalibrate the wavelength of your spectrometer, you need the following components:
!
A light source capable of producing spectral lines
Note
Ocean Optics HG-1 Mercury-Argon lamp is ideal for recalibration. If you do not have an
HG-1, you need a light source that produces several (at least 4-6) spectral lines in the
wavelength region of your spectrometer.
!
!
!
An HR2000+ spectrometer
An optical fiber (for spectrometers without a built-in slit, a 50-$m fiber works best)
A spreadsheet program (Excel or Quattro Pro, for example) or a calculator that performs thirdorder linear regressions
Note
If you are using Microsoft Excel, choose Tools | Add-Ins and check AnalysisToolPak
and AnalysisTookPak-VBA.
Calibrating the Wavelength of the Spectrometer

! Procedure
Perform the steps below to calibrate the wavelength of the spectrometer:
1. Place the software into Scope mode and take a spectrum of your light source. Adjust the
integration time (or the A/D conversion frequency) until there are several peaks on the screen that
are not off-scale.
2. Move the cursor to one of the peaks and position the cursor so that it is at the point of maximum
intensity.
3. Record the pixel number that is displayed in the status bar or legend (located beneath the graph).
Repeat this step for all of the peaks in your spectrum.
4. Use the spreadsheet program or calculator to create a table like the one shown in the following
figure. In the first column, place the exact or true wavelength of the spectral lines that you used.
In the second column of this worksheet, place the observed pixel number. In the third column,
calculate the pixel number squared, and in the fourth column, calculate the pixel number cubed.
14
294-00000-000-02-0208
Independent
Values Computed
from the Regression
Output
Dependent
Variables
Variable
True Wavelength (nm)
Pixel #
Pixel # 2
Pixel # 3
Predicted
Wavelength
Difference
253.65
296.73
302.15
313.16
334.15
365.02
404.66
407.78
435.84
546.07
576.96
579.07
696.54
706.72
727.29
738.40
751.47
175
296
312
342
402
490
604
613
694
1022
1116
1122
1491
1523
1590
1627
1669
30625
87616
97344
116964
161604
240100
364816
375769
481636
1044484
1245456
1258884
2223081
2319529
2528100
2647129
2785561
5359375
25934336
30371328
40001688
64964808
117649000
220348864
230346397
334255384
1067462648
1389928896
1412467848
3314613771
3532642667
4019679000
4306878883
4649101309
253.56
296.72
302.40
313.02
334.19
365.05
404.67
407.78
435.65
546.13
577.05
579.01
696.70
706.62
727.24
738.53
751.27
0.09
0.01
-0.25
0.13
-0.05
-0.04
-0.01
0.00
0.19
-0.06
-0.09
0.06
-0.15
0.10
0.06
-0.13
0.19
5. Use the spreadsheet or calculator to calculate the wavelength calibration coefficients. In the
spreadsheet program, find the functions to perform linear regressions.
!
!
If using Quattro Pro, look under Tools | Advanced Math

If using Excel, look under Analysis ToolPak
6. Select the true wavelength as the dependent variable (Y). Select the pixel number, pixel number
squared, and the pixel number cubed as the independent variables (X). After executing the
regression, you will obtain an output similar to the one shown below. Numbers of importance are
noted.
Regression Statistics
Multiple R
0.999999831
R Square
0.999999663
Adjusted R Square 0.999999607
Standard Error 0.125540214
Observations 22
R Squared
Intercept
Coefficients Standard Error
Intercept
190.473993
0.369047536
X Variable 1 0.36263983
0.001684745
X Variable 2-1.174416E-05
8.35279E-07
X Variable 3-2.523787E-09
2.656608E-10
First coefficient
Second coefficient
Third coefficient
294-00000-000-02-0208
15
7. Record the Intercept, as well as the First, Second, and Third Coefficients. Additionally, look at
the value for R squared. It should be very close to 1. If not, you have most likely assigned one of
your wavelengths incorrectly.
Keep these values at hand.
Saving the New Calibration Coefficients: USB

Mode
Ocean Optics programs wavelength calibration coefficients unique to each HR2000+ onto an EEPROM
memory chip in the HR2000+.
You can overwrite old calibration coefficients on the EEPROM if you are using the HR2000+ via the
USB port. If you are using the HR2000+ via the serial port, consult the Saving the New Calibration
Coefficients: Serial Mode section later in this appendix.
! Procedure
To save wavelength calibration coefficients using the USB mode, perform the following steps:
1. Ensure that the HR2000+ is connected to the PC and that you have closed all other applications.
2. Point your browser to http://www.oceanoptics.com/technical/softwaredownloads.asp and
scroll down to Microcode. Select USB EEPROM Programmer.
3. Save the setup file to your computer.
4. Run the Setup.exe file to install the software. The Welcome screen appears.
5. Click the Next button. The Destination Location screen appears.
6. Accept the default installation location, or click the Browse button to specify a directory. Then,
click the Next button. The Program Manager Group screen appears.
7. Click the Next button. The Start Installation screen appears.
8. Click the Next button to begin the installation. Once the installation finishes, the Installation
Complete screen appears.
9. Click the Finish button and reboot the computer when prompted.
10. Navigate to the USB EEPROM Programmer from the Start menu and run the software.
11. Click on the desired HR2000+ device displayed in the left pane of the USB Programmer screen.
12. Double-click on each of the calibration coefficients displayed in the right pane of the USB
Programmer screen and enter the new values acquired in Steps 5 and 6 of the Calibrating the
Wavelength of the Spectrometer section in this appendix.
13. Repeat Step 12 for all of the new values.
14. Click on the Save All Values button to save the information, and then Exit the USB Programmer
software.
The new wavelength calibration coefficients are now loaded onto the EEPROM memory chip on the
HR2000+.
16
294-00000-000-02-0208
Saving the New Calibration Coefficients: Serial

Mode
If you are connecting the HR2000+ Spectrometer to the serial port of the PC, you need to save the new
wavelength calibration coefficients to the .SPEC file that OOIBase32 accesses when opened.
Note
You cannot save the calibration coefficients to the EEPROM memory chip on the
HR2000+ when using the serial mode.
! Procedure
To save Wavelength Calibration Coefficients using the Serial mode, perform the following steps:
1. Open the OOIBase32 application.
2. Select Spectrometer | Configure from the OOIBase32 menu bar. The Configure Spectrometer
screen appears.
3. Select the Wavelength Calibration tab to update the wavelength coefficients within OOIBase32.
4. Enter in the new values acquired from Steps 5 and 6 of the Calibrating the Wavelength of the
Spectrometer section in this appendix.
5. Click the OK button to save the information in OOIBase32.
294-00000-000-02-0208
17
18
294-00000-000-02-0208
Appendix B
Specifications
Overview
This appendix contains information on spectrometer operation, specifications, and system compatibility.
It also includes accessory connector pinout diagrams and pin-specific information.
How the HR2000+ Works

Below is a diagram of how light moves through the optical bench of an HR2000+ Spectrometer. The
optical bench has no moving parts that can wear or break; all the components are fixed in place at the time
of manufacture. Items with an asterisk (*) are user-specified.
HR2000+ Spectrometer with Components

See HR2000+ Components Table on the following page for an explanation of the function of each
numbered component in the HR2000+ Spectrometer in this diagram.
294-00000-000-02-0208
19
B: HR2000+ Specifications
HR2000+ Components Table

Ocean Optics permanently secures all components in the HR2000+ at the time of manufacture. Only
Ocean Optics technicians can replace interchangeable components, where noted.
Item
Name
Description
SMA
Connector
Secures the input fiber to the spectrometer. Light from the input fiber enters the
optical bench through this connector.
A dark piece of material containing a rectangular aperture, which is mounted directly
behind the SMA Connector. The size of the aperture regulates the amount of light
that enters the optical bench and controls spectral resolution.
Slit
You can also use the HR2000+ without a Slit. In this configuration, the diameter of
the fiber connected to the HR2000+ determines the size of the entrance aperture.
Only Ocean Optics technicians can change the Slit.
Filter
Restricts optical radiation to pre-determined wavelength regions. Light passes

through the Filter before entering the optical bench. Both bandpass and longpass
filters are available to restrict radiation to certain wavelength regions.
Only Ocean Optics technicians can change the Filter.
Collimating
Mirror
Grating
Focuses light entering the optical bench towards the Grating of the spectrometer.
Light enters the spectrometer, passes through the SMA Connector, Slit, and Filter,
and then reflects off the Collimating Mirror onto the Grating.
Diffracts light from the Collimating Mirror and directs the diffracted light onto the
Focusing Mirror. Gratings are available in different groove densities, allowing you to
specify wavelength coverage and resolution in the spectrometer.
Only Ocean Optics technicians can change the Grating.
Focusing
Mirror
Receives light reflected from the Grating and focuses the light onto the CCD
Detector or L2 Detector Collection Lens (depending on the spectrometer
configuration).
An optional component that attaches to the CCD Detector. It focuses light from a tall
slit onto the shorter CCD Detector elements.
L2 Detector
Collection
Lens
The L2 Detector Collection Lens should be used with large diameter slits or in
applications with low light levels. It also improves efficiency by reducing the effects
of stray light.
Only Ocean Optics technicians can add or remove the L2 Detection Collection Lens.
20
CCD
Detector
(UV or VIS)
Collects the light received from the Focusing Mirror or L2 Detector Collection Lens
and converts the optical signal to a digital signal.
Each pixel on the CCD Detector responds to the wavelength of light that strikes it,
creating a digital response. The spectrometer then transmits the digital signal to the
OOIBase32 application.
294-00000-000-02-0208
HR2000+ Specifications
The following sections provide specification information for the CCD detector in the HR2000+, as well
as the HR2000+ Spectrometer itself. HR2000+CG-UV-NIR specifications are listed in Appendix C:
Error! Reference source not found..
CCD Detector Specifications

Specification
Value
Detector
Sony ILX-511 linear silicon CCD array
No. of elements
2048 pixels
Sensitivity
75 photons per count at 400 nm

41 photons per count at 600 nm
Pixel size
14 m x 200 m
Pixel well depth
62,500 electrons
Signal-to-noise ratio
250:1 (at full signal)
A/D resolution
14 bit
Dark noise
12 RMS counts
Corrected linearity
>99.8%
Maximum pixel rate
Rate at which pixels are digitized is 1 MHz
HR2000+ Spectrometer
Specification
Value
Dimensions
148.6 mm x 104.8 mm x 45.1 mm
Weight
570 g
Power consumption
220 mA @ 5 VDC
Detector
2048-element linear silicon CCD array
Detector range
200-1100 nm
Gratings
14 gratings available
294-00000-000-02-0208
21
Specification
Value
Entrance aperture
5, 10, 25, 50, 100 or 200 m wide slits
Order-sorting filters
Installed longpass and bandpass filters
Focal length
f/4, 101 mm
Optical resolution
Depends on grating and size of entrance aperture
Stray light
<0.05% at 600 nm; <0.10% at 435 nm
Dynamic range
2 x 108 (system); 1300:1 for a single acquisition
Fiber optic connector
SMA 905 to single-strand optical fiber (0.22 NA)
Data transfer rate:

USB 2.0 Port
Full scans into memory every 1 millisecond
Serial Port
Full scans into memory every 600 milliseconds
Integration time
1 millisecond to 65 seconds
Interfaces
USB 2.0, 480 Mbps (USB 1.1 compatible); RS-232 (2-wire); SPI
(3-wire); I2C Inter-Integrated Circuit 2-wire serial bus
Operating systems:
USB Port
Windows 98/Me/2000/XP, Mac OS X, and Linux
Serial Port
Any 32-bit Windows operating system
Onboard GPIO
10 user-programmable digital I/Os
Analog channels
One 13-bit analog input and one 9-bit analog output
System Compatibility
The following sections provide information on hardware and software requirements for the HR2000+.
Compatibility for Desktop or Notebook PCs

To use the HR2000+, you must have a PC that meets the following minimum requirements:
!
!
!
22
Operating systems: Windows 98/Me/2000/XP, Mac OS X, or Linux with USB port; any 32-bit
Windows OS with serial port
Computer interfaces: USB 2.0 @ 480 Mbps; RS-232 (2-wire) @ 115.2 K baud
Peripheral interfaces: SPI (3-wire), I2C inter-integrated circuit
294-00000-000-02-0208
30-Pin Accessory Connector Pinout

The HR2000+ features a 30-pin Accessory Connector, located on the side of the unit as shown:
30-Pin Connector
Location of HR2000+ 30-Pin Accessory Connector
30-Pin Accessory Connector Pinout Diagram

When facing the 30-pin Accessory Connector on the front of the vertical wall of the HR2000+, pin
numbering is as follows:
USB
Port
10
12
14
16
18
20
22
24
26
28
30
11
13
15
17
19
21
23
25
27
29
30-Pin Accessory Connector Pinout Diagram
30-Pin Accessory Connector Pin Definitions and

Descriptions
The following table contains information regarding the function of each pin in the HR2000+s 30-Pin
Accessory Connector:
Pin
#
Function
Input/Output
Description
RS232 Rx
Input
RS232 receive signal Communicates with a PC over DB9 Pin 3
RS232 Tx
Output
RS232 transmit signal Communicates with a PC over DB9 Pin 2
GPIO (2)
Input/Output
General purpose software-programmable, digital input/output

(channel number)
V5_SW
Output
Regulated 5 Volt power pin Supplies 50 mA (maximum)
Ground
Input/Output
Ground
294-00000-000-02-0208
23
Pin
#
Function
Input/Output
Description
I2C SCL
Input/Output
I2C clock signal for communication to other I2C peripherals
GPIO (0)
Input/Output

(channel number)
I2C SDA
Input/Output
I2C data signal for communication to other I2C peripherals
GPIO (1)
Input/Output

(channel number)
10
Ext.
Trigger In
Input
TTL input trigger signal See External Triggering Options

document for information.
11
GPIO (3)
Input/Output

(channel number)
12
VCC, VUSB,
or 5VIN
Input or Output
Input power pin for HR2000+ When operating via USB, this pin
can power other peripherals Ensure that peripherals comply with
USB specifications
13
SPI Data
Out
Output
SPI Master Out Slave In (MOSI) signal for communication to other

SPI peripherals
14
VCC, VUSB,
or 5VIN
Input or Output
Input power pin for HR2000+ When operating via USB, this pin
can power other peripherals Ensure that peripherals comply with
USB specifications
15
SPI Data In
Input
SPI Master In Slave Out (MISO) signal for communication to other

SPI peripherals
16
GPIO (4)
Input /Output

(channel number)
17
Single
Strobe
Output
TTL output pulse used as a strobe signal Has a programmable

delay relative to the beginning of the spectrometer integration
period
18
GPIO (5)
Input/Output

(channel number)
19
SPI Clock
Output
SPI clock signal for communication to other SPI peripherals
20
Continuous
Strobe
Output
TTL output signal used to pulse a strobe Divided down from the
master clock signal
21
SPI Chip
Select
Output
SPI Chip/Device Select signal for communication to other SPI

peripherals
24
294-00000-000-02-0208
Pin
#
Function
Input/Output
Description
22
GPIO (6)
Input/Output

(channel number)
23
Analog In
(0-5V)
Input
13-bit analog-to-digital input with a 0-5V range
24
Analog Out
(0-5V)
Output
9-bit programmable output voltage with a 0-5V range
25
Lamp
Enable
Output
TTL signal driven Active HIGH when the Lamp Enable command
is sent to the spectrometer
26
GPIO (7)
Input/Output

(channel number)
27
Ground
Input/Output
Ground
28
GPIO (8)
Input/Output

(channel number)
29
Ground
Input/Output
Ground
30
GPIO (9)
Input/Output

(channel number)
30-Pin J2 Accessory Connector - Part Numbers

The part numbers for the 30-pin accessory connector on the HR2000+ Spectrometer are as follows:
!
The connector is Pak50 model from 3M Corp. Headed Connector Part Number
P50030P1RR1TG.
! The mating connector is Part Number P50030STGF.
! Mating the two components requires two 1.27 mm (50 mil) flat ribbon cables (3M 3365 Series is
recommended).
If you are customizing your HR2000+ Spectrometer system or configuring External Triggering, you may
need these part numbers to complete your setup.
294-00000-000-02-0208
25
HR2000+ 15-Pin Accessory Cable Pinout

Pin #
Description
Pin #
Description
Single_strobe
GPIO-9
ContStrobe
10
GND_SIGNAL
V5_SW
11
SDA
ExtTrigIn
12
SCL
ExtTrigIn
13
LampEnable
GPIO-8
14
A_IN
A_OUT
15
GPIO-7
ExtTrigIn
26
294-00000-000-02-0208
Index
Numbers
15-pin accessory cable
pinouts, 26
30-pin accessory connector
diagram, 23
part numbers, 25
pin definitions, 23
A
accessories, 8
Accessories, 3
accessory connector
pinout, 23
Adobe Acrobat Reader, 4
D
Default Spectrometer Configuration File, 6
detector, 21
Detector Collection Lens, 20
document
audience, iii
purpose, iii
summary, iii
E
EEPROM, 2
External Triggering, 8
F
filter, 20
focusing mirror, 20
breakout box, 3
C
grating, 20
Calibrating, iii, 13
calibration, 13
preparing for, 14
procedure, 14
calibration coefficients
saving in Serial mode, 17
saving in USB mode, 16
CCD, 21
CCD Detector, 20
collimating mirror, 20
compatibility, 22
Desktop or Notebook PCs, 22
Components Table, 20
Configure Hardware, 6
configuring, 6
294-00000-000-02-0208
I
Installation, 5
USB mode, 5
installed filter, 20
Interface, 3
L
L2 Detector Collection Lens, 20
Lens, 20
27
Index
M
memory chip, 2
mirror, 20
O
OOIBase32
configuring, 6
Options
Interface, 3
Triggering, 8
troubleshooting
Linux systems, 11
Mac systems, 11
OOIBase32, 11
Windows systems, 9
Troubleshooting, 9
U
P
packing list, 4
passwords, 4
power supply (external), 2
product-related documentation, iii
S
Sampling
Accessories, 3
System, 2
serial number, 6
setup, 5
shipment components, 4
slit, 20
SMA Connector, 20
Software and Resources Library CD, 4
specifications, 19, 21
detector, 21
spectrometer, 21
SpectraSuite, 2
Spectrometer Configuration Screen, 7
spectrometer operation, 19
spectroscopic accessories, 8
System Requirements, 2
28
upgrades, iv
USB mode, 5
USB-ADP-PC, 3
USB-CBL-1, 3
W
Wavelength Calibration
about, 13
Wavelength Calibration Data File, 4
Wavelength Calibration Data Sheet, 4
what's new, iii
294-00000-000-02-0208
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DaniloJ-Luengo RF3 F590

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Iniciao Cientfica I F590

Orientador: Prof. Dr. Carlos Alberto Luengo

espectrmetro de resoluo de 2048 pixels obtendo o espectro da figura 01 para uma

Os valores esperados para cada um dos picos obtidos no experimento foram

Figura 02 Resultado da calibrao: coeficientes do polinmio da regresso

procuramos determinar qual gs utilizado em uma lmpada incandescente comum.

Fig.: 03 Esquema da montagem experimental: a) o espectrmetro esquerda com a fibra tica

exatamente suficiente para mudar de modo de vibrao. Como vemos em ondas

Na prtica, s possvel verificar a quantizao quando levamos em conta

determinada por Balmer em 1985, obtemos o valor de o, chamado de limite da srie de

Para obter o valor de o utilizamos uma lmpada que consiste de um bulbo

Figura 05 Valores discretos do espectro do Hidrognio: Srie de Balmer

Figura 09 Montagem experimental para medir a temperatura da lmpada. Acima a lmpada

Uma possibilidade avaliada seria determinar a temperatura da lmpada em

Figura 10 Espectro da lmpada em funo do tempo. A reta vertical representa a contagem, a

Figura 11 Contagem nos espectrmetros em funo do comprimento de onda em nm.

Arco numa lmpada

Figura 13 Espectro de emisso de uma lmpada de Mercrio comercial (lmpada fria)

Figura 14 Espectro de emisso de uma lmpada de CO2

Figura 16 Espectro da lmpada incandescente quando gerado um arco no seu

Partculas, Editora Campus, 25 tiragem, Rio de Janeiro, 1991. (pg. 23 Lei de

e ultravioleta no vcuo, Tese de Doutorado, IFGW, Campinas, 2003.

http://www.sbfisica.org.br/rbef/pdf/v22_523.pdf, acessado em 30/05/2009.

Fig. A1: Aparncia do programa de aquisio de dados.

Fig. A2: Os resultados so apresentados em trs grficos separadamente, depois exportados

Apndice B: Dados dos espectrmetros

As caractersticas que podem ser alteradas de acordo com a necessidade de uso

Fig. B2 Detalhe para os trs espectrmetros utilizados

Restringe a radiao para uma regio pr-determinada de

A luz no colimada que entra no sistema otico ento colimada

Tabela 03: Especificaes do CCD dos espectrmetros

Tabela 04: Caractersticas dos espectrmetros.

Filtros instalados: passa-alta e passa-banda

2 x 10 (sistema); 1300:1 para uma aquisio simples

Conector da fibra optica

SMA 905 para cabo simples de fibra optica (0,22 NA)

Leitura completa para a memria a cada 1 ms

Apndice C: Criando Arco eltrico em casa

Figura C1 Montagem experimental para produzir arco em casa.

Figura C2 Montagem experimental com sada do espectrmetro.

Figura C3 Arco formado no filamento da lmpada.

Apndice D: Demais dados

Strong Hg Emission Lines by Wavelength (nm)

Strong Ar Emission Lines by Wavelength (nm)

HR2000+ High-speed Fiber Optic

Ocean Optics, Inc. World Headquarters

8 a.m. 8 p.m. (Mon-Thu), 8 a.m. 6 p.m. (Fri) EST

Ocean Optics Asia

Geograaf 24, 6921 EW DUIVEN, The Netherlands

Copyright 2001-2008 Ocean Optics, Inc.

Product-Related Documentation ..................................................................................... iii

Chapter 1: Introduction ......................................................................1

Interface Options ............................................................................................................. 3

Shipment Components .................................................................................................... 4

Chapter 2: Installing the HR2000+ .....................................................5

Connect Spectroscopic Accessories ............................................................................... 8

Chapter 3: Troubleshooting ...............................................................9

Older Version of OOIBase32 Installed ............................................................................ 11

Appendix A: Calibrating the Wavelength of the HR2000+...............13

Saving the New Calibration Coefficients: USB Mode ...................................................... 16

HR2000+ Specifications .................................................................................................. 21

System Compatibility ....................................................................................................... 22

30-Pin Accessory Connector Pinout................................................................................ 23

HR2000+ 15-Pin Accessory Cable Pinout....................................................................... 26