Strength of Rectangular Section in Bending

4
4
Location of Reinforcement
Behavior of Beam under Load
Beam Design Requirements
Working Stress Design (WSD)
Practical Design of RC Beam
Reinforced Concrete Design
Reinforced Concrete Design
Asst.Prof.Dr.Mongkol JIRAVACHARADET
S U R A N A R E E
UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY
INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING
SCHOOL OF CIVIL ENGINEERING
Location of Reinforcement
Location of Reinforcement
Simply supported beam Simply supported beam
Concrete cracks due to tension, and as a result, reinforcement i Concrete cracks due to tension, and as a result, reinforcement is required s required
where flexure, axial loads, or shrinkage effects cause tensile s where flexure, axial loads, or shrinkage effects cause tensile stresses. tresses.
tensile stresses and cracks are
developed along bottom of the beam
BMD
longitudinal reinforcement is placed
closed to the bottom side of the beam
Positive
Moment
Location of Reinforcement
Location of Reinforcement
Cantilever beam
- Top bars
- Ties and anchorage
to support
Continuous beam Continuous beam
Location of Reinforcement
Location of Reinforcement
Location of Reinforcement
Location of Reinforcement
Continuous beam with 2 spans
Figure B-13 : Reinforcement Arrangement for Suspended Beams
Figure B-14 : Reinforcement Arrangement for
Suspended Cantilever Beams
Behavior of Beam under Load
Working Stress Condition
s

c
f f <
c

T = A
s
f
s
C
w
L
c

2.0
r c
f f f < =
c
f f <
Elastic Bending (Plain Concrete)
c

s y
<
T = A
s
f
s
C
Brittle failure mode
s y
f f <
s y

T = A
s
f
s
C
Ductile failure mode
s y
f f =
Crushing

cu
= 0.003

c
< 0.003
Beam Design Requirements
1) Minimum Depth (for deflection control)
oneway
slab
L/24 L/28 L/10 L/20
BEAM L/18.5 L/21 L/8 L/16
2) Temperature Steel (for slab)
A
s
t
b
SR24: A
s
= 0.0025 bt
SD30: A
s
= 0.0020 bt
SD40: A
s
= 0.0018 bt
f
y
> 4,000 ksc: A
s
= 0.0018 4,000 bt
f
y
3) Minimum Steel (for beam)
A
s
A
s min
= 14 / f
y
To ensure that steel not fail before first crack
5) Bar Spacing
> 4/3 max. aggregate size
4) Concrete Covering
.+.
stirrup
.+.v+.
Durability and Fire protection
WSD of Beam for Moment
Assumptions:
1) Section remains plane
2) Stress proportioned to Strain
3) Concrete not take tension
4) No concrete-steel slip
Modular ratio (n):
6
2.04 10 134
15,100
s
c
c c
E
n
E
f f

= =

Effective Depth (d) : Distance from compression face to centroid of steel
d
d
compression face
b
kd
c

s
s s
s s s
T A f
f E
=
=
N.A.
c c c
f E =
C
jd
Cracked transformed section
strain condition force equilibrium
Equilibrium F
x
= 0 :
Compression = Tension
1
2
c s s
f b kd A f =
Compression in concrete:
1
2
c
C f b kd =
Tension in steel:
s s
T A f =
s s
s s s
T A f
f E
=
=
N.A.
c c c
f E =
C
jd
kd
Reinforcement ratio: /
s
A bd =
2
c
s
f
f k

= 1
Strain compatibility:
1
/
/ 1
1
c
s
c c
s s
c
s
kd k
d kd k
f E k
f E k
f k
n
f k

= =

=

2
d
kd
c

Analysis: know find k 1 2

( )
2
2 k n n n = +
Design: know f
c
, f
s
find k 2
1
1
c
s
c s
c
n f
k
f
n f f
n f
= =
+
+
Example 3.1: = 150 ksc , f
s
= 1,500 ksc
c
f

134
10.94 10 (nearest integer)
150
0.375(150) 56 ksc
1
0.2515
1, 500
1
9(56)
c
n
f
k
= =
= =
= =
+
Allowable Stresses
2
0.33 60 kg/cm
c c
f f

=
Plain concrete:
SR24: f
s
= 0.5(2,400) = 1,200 ksc
SD30: f
s
= 0.5(3,000) = 1,500 ksc
SD40, SD50: f
s
= 1,700 ksc
Steel:
2
0.375 65 kg/cm
c c
f f

=
Reinforced concrete:
Resisting Moment
M
T = A
s
f
s
jd
kd/3
1
2
c
C f k bd =
Moment arm distance : j d
3
kd
jd d =
1
3
k
j =
Steel:
s s
M T jd A f jd = =
Concrete:
2 2
1
2
c
M C jd f k j bd Rbd = = =
1
2
c
R f k j =
Design Step: known M, f
c
, f
s
, n
1) Compute parameters
1
1
s c
k
f n f
=
+
1 / 3 j k =
1
2
c
R f k j =
45
50
55
60
65
f
c
(kg/cm
2
)
R (kg/cm
2
)
f
s
=1,200
(kg/cm
2
)
f
s
=1,500
(kg/cm
2
)
f
s
=1,700
(kg/cm
2
)
6.260
7.407
8.188
9.386
10.082
n
12
12
11
11
10
5.430
6.463
7.147
8.233
8.835
4.988
5.955
6.587
7.608
8.161
Design Parameter k and j
45
50
55
60
65
f
c
(kg/cm
2
)
f
s
=1,200
(kg/cm
2
)
f
s
=1,500
(kg/cm
2
)
f
s
=1,700
(kg/cm
2
)
0.310
0.333
0.335
0.355
0.351
n
12
12
11
11
10
k j
0.897
0.889
0.888
0.882
0.883
0.241
0.261
0.262
0.280
0.277
k j
0.920
0.913
0.913
0.907
0.908
k j
0.265
0.286
0.287
0.306
0.302
0.912
0.905
0.904
0.898
0.899
1) For greater f
s
, k becomes smaller smaller compression area
2) j 0.9 moment arm j d 0.9d can be used in approximation
design.
2) Determine size of section bd
2
Such that resisting moment of concrete M
c
= R b d
2
Required M
Usually b d / 2 :
b = 10 cm, 20 cm, 30 cm, 40 cm, . . .
d = 20 cm, 30 cm, 40 cm, 50 cm, . . .
3) Determine steel area
s s s
s
M
M A f jd A
f j d
= =
From
4) Select steel bars and Detailing
o+.++n o.+ .vannv+o.nao.a.ro+r++v.v.av, zr.
a
Bar Dia.
Number of Bars
1 2 3 4 5 6
RB6
RB9
DB10
DB12
DB16
DB20
DB25
0.283
0.636
0.785
1.13
2.01
3.14
4.91
0.565
1.27
1.57
2.26
4.02
6.28
9.82
0.848
1.91
2.36
3.53
6.03
9.42
14.73
1.13
2.54
3.14
4.52
8.04
12.57
19.63
1.41
3.18
3.93
5.65
10.05
15.71
24.54
1.70
3.82
4.71
6.79
12.06
18.85
29.45
o+.++n o.c o.+raovaanara+o+vo+rr+o.+v ei
Member
One-way slab
Beam
Simple
supported
One-end
continuous
Both-ends
continuous
Cantilever
L/20
L/16
L/24
L/18.5
L/28
L/21
L/10
L/8
L = span length
For steel with f
y
not equal 4,000 kg/cm
2
multiply with 0.4 + f
y
/7,000
Example 3.2: Working Stress Design of Beam
w = 4 t/m
5.0 m
Concrete: f
c
= 65 kg/cm
2
Steel: f
s
= 1,700 kg/cm
2
From table: n = 10, R = 8.161 kg/cm
2
Required moment strength M = (4) (5)
2
/ 8 = 12.5 t-m
Recommended depth for simple supported beam:
d = L/16 = 500/16 = 31.25 cm
USE section 30 x 50 cm with steel bar DB20
d = 50 - 4(covering) - 2.0/2(bar) = 45 cm
Moment strength of concrete:
M
c
= R b d
2
= 8.161 (30) (45)
2
= 495,781 kg-cm
= 4.96 t-m < 12.5 t-m NG
TRY section 40 x 80 cm d = 75 cm
M
c
= R b d
2
= 8.161 (40) (75)
2
= 1,836,225 kg-cm
= 18.36 t-m > 12.5 t-m OK
Steel area:
2
5
cm 8 . 10
75 908 . 0 700 , 1
10 5 . 12
=


= =
jd f
M
A
s
s
Select steel bar 4DB20 (A
s
= 12.57 cm
2
)
Alternative Solution:
From M
c
= R b d
2
= required moment M
b R
M
d
R
M
d b = =
2
For example M = 12.5 t-m, R = 8.161 ksc, b = 40 cm
cm 88 . 61
40 161 . 8
10 5 . 12
5
=

= d
USE section 40 x 80 cm d = 75 cm
Revised Design due to Self Weight
From selected section 40 x 80 cm
Beam weight w
bm
= 0.4 0.8 2.4(t/m
3
) = 0.768 t/m
Required moment M = (4 + 0.768) (5)
2
/ 8 = 14.90 < 18.36 t-m OK
Revised Design due to Support width
5.0 m span
30 cm 30 cm
Column width 30 cm
4.7 m clear span
Required moment:
M = (4.768) (4.7)
2
/ 8
= 13.17 t-m
Practical Design of RC Beam
B1 30x60 Mc = 8.02 t-m, Vc = 6.29 t.
fc = 65 ksc, fs = 1,500 ksc, n = 10
k = 0.302, j = 0.899, R = 8.835 ksc
b = 30 cm, d = 60 - 5 = 55 cm
Mc = 8.835(30)(55)
2
/10
5
= 8.02 t-m
Vc = 0.29(173)
1/2
(30)(55)/10
3
= 6.29 t
w = 2.30 t/m
5.00
Load
dl 0.43
wall 0.63
slab 1.24
w 2.30
M

= (1/9)(2.3)(5.0)
2
= 6.39 t-m
As

= 6.3910
5
/(1,5000.89955)
= 8.62 cm
2
As

= 8.62 cm
2
(2DB25)
V = 5.75 t (RB9@0.20 St.)
B2 40x80 Mc = 19.88 t-m, Vc = 11.44 t.
w = 2.64 t/m
8.00 5.00
w = 2.64 t/m
SFD
8.54 9.83
12.58 3.37
BMD
+13.81
-16.17
+2.15
As
13.65
4DB25
2.13
3DB25
15.99
2DB25
GRASP Version 1.02
B11-B12
-47.73 69.70 0.00 81.47 -92.25 6
-52.61 31.27 -92.25 6.59 -28.26 5
-38.92 44.96 -28.26 25.88 -46.35 4
-43.34 40.54 -46.35 20.75 -37.97 3
-39.36 44.52 -37.97 17.36 -53.42 2
-50.84 33.04 -53.42 39.03 0 1
Fy.j [Ton] Fy.i [Ton] Mz.j [T-m] Mz.pos [T-m] Mz.i [T-m]
Membe
r
Analysis of RC Beam
Given: Section A
s
, b, d Materials f
c
, f
s
Find: M
allow
= Moment capacity of section
STEP 1 : Locate Neutral Axis (kd)
( ) n n n k + =
2
2
3 / 1 k j =
where
ratio ent Reinforcem = =
bd
A
s

6
2.04 10 134
15,100
s
c
c c
E
n
E
f f

= =

STEP 2 : Resisting Moment
Concrete:
2
2
1
d b j k f M
c c
=
Steel:
d j f A M
s s s
=
If M
c
> M
s
, Over reinforcement M
allow
= M
s
If M
c
< M
s
, Under reinforcement M
allow
= M
c
Under reinforcement is preferable because steel is weaker
than concrete. The RC beam would fail in ductile mode.
Example 3.3 Determine the moment strength of beam
4 DB 20
A
s
= 12.57 cm
2
80 cm
40 cm
f
c
= 65 ksc, f
s
= 1,700 ksc,
n = 10, d = 75 cm
0419 . 0 , 00419 . 0
75 40
57 . 12
= =

= = n
bd
A
s

916 . 0 3 / 251 . 0 1 251 . 0
0419 . 0 ) 0419 . 0 ( 0419 . 0 2
2
= = =
+ =
j
k
M
c
= 0.5(65)(0.251)(0.916)(40)(75)
2
/10
5
= 16.81 t-m
M
s
= (12.57)(1,700)(0.916)(75)/10
5
= 14.68 t-m (control)
Double Reinforcement
When M
reqd
> M
allow
- Increase steel area
- Enlarge section
- Double RC
only when no choice

c
M
T = A
s
f
s
C = f
c
k b d
1
2
A
s
A
s

s
d
T = A
s
f
s
A
s1
f
s
A
s2
f
s
vaavnvv+uva aauau+a +a.uau+a
T = A
s
f
s
C = f
c
kbd
1
2
T = A
s
f
s
T
1
= A
s1
f
s
C = f
c
kbd
1
2
T
2
= A
s2
f
s
T = A
s
f
s
jd
d-d
2
1
1
1
2
c c
s s
M M f kjbd
A f jd
= =
=
2
2
( )
( )
c
s s
s s
M M M
A f d d
A f d d
=

=

=
Steel area A
s
=
1
c
s
s
M
A
f jd
= +
2
( )
c
s
s
M M
A
f d d

M = M
1
+ M
2
Moment strength
Compatibility Condition

c
d
d
kd

s
s
s
d kd
kd d

From Hooks law:

s
= E
s
f
s
,
s
= E
s
f
s
s s s
s s s
E f f d kd
E f f kd d

= =

1
s s
k d d
f f
k

. .a!!-
2
1
s s
k d d
f f
k

Jaua au+a ( A
s
:
T
2
= A
s2
f
s
T = A
s
f
s
d-d
Force equilibrium [ F
x
=0 ]
T = T
2
A
s
f
s
= A
s2
f
s
Substitute
2
1
s s
k d d
f f
k

2
1 1
2
s s
k
A A
k d d

auv+va.nv ( k :

c
d
d
kd

s
Compression = Tension
c s
C C T

+ =
1
2
c s s s s
f bkd A f A f

+ =
Substitute 2 ,
1
s
s s
A k d d
f f
k bd

= =

1
,
s
s c
A k
f n f
k bd

= =
( ) ( )
2
2
2 2 2 2
d
k n n n
d

= + + + +


Example 3.4 Design 40x80 cm beam using double RC
f
c
= 65 ksc, f
s
= 1,700 ksc,
n = 10, d = 75 cm
k = 0.277, j = 0.908, R = 8.161 ksc
w = 6 t/m
5.0 m
Required M = (6.768) (5)
2
/ 8 = 21.15 t-m
Beam weight w
bm
= 0.4 0.8 2.4(t/m
3
) = 0.768 t/m
M
c
= Rbd
2
= 8.161(40)(75)
2
/10
5
= 18.36 t-m < reqd M Double RC
5
2
1
18.36 10
15.86 cm
1, 700 0.908 75
c
s
s
M
A
f jd

= = =

5
2
2
(21.15 18.36) 10
2.34 cm
( ) 1, 700 (75 5)
c
s
s
M M
A
f d d

= = =

Tension steel A
s
= A
s1
+ A
s2
= 15.86 + 2.34 = 18.20 cm
2
USE 6DB20 (A
s
= 18.85 cm
2
)
Compression steel
2
2
1 1 1 1 0.277
2.34 4.02 cm
2 2 0.277 5/ 75
s s
k
A A
k d d

= = =

USE 2DB20 (A
s
= 6.28 cm
2
)
6DB20
2DB20
0
.
8
0
m
0.40 m
\.: . ......
s s