International Journal of Engineering Trends and Technology- Volume4Issue3- 2013

High reliable and advanced cost effective solar production with stable organization
Ramakrishna Bhagawan.P1, A.PRAVIN2, T.V.JANARDHANA RAO3, DR.N.S.MURTHI SARMA4 1 M.Tech Student, ,2ASSOC.PROF 3 PROFESSOR,4PROFESSOR

ABSTRACT: When connecting to the grid isolation plays a key factor in selection of power topology and system design. Isolation requirements depend on the type of PV Panel used and the local grid codes. Isolation can be at the grid connection stage, which uses low frequency transformer. In this case both the boost and the inverter stages may be controlled using a single microcontroller. However, low frequency transformers are heavy, bulky and lossy. Therefore cannot be used for low power PV inverters. Here, this project implements PV inverter topology with isolation at high frequency. This project discusses the design of a smart using grid-enabled renewable energy node a heterogeneous Real-time dual control core of

INTRODUCTION: Depleting non renewable sources have raised interest in sourcing power from renewable and cleaner power sources. A large component of energy expended in the world is used by industries and houses that are connected to the electrical grid. Thus attempts are being made to raise the percentage of energy sourced from renewable sources in the grid. Photovoltaic (PV) energy sources are

considered quintessential factor in increasing this percentage due to ubiquitous nature of solar power and absence of any moving parts and hence extended life time. Also as PV panels can be installed in a distributed way close to where the energy is consumed for example in residential, it eliminates

microcontroller.

transmission losses. Feeding power into the grid has its unique set of challenges, to name a few: the PV panel is a DC source hence a PV system needs to convert this into AC and feed into the grid. Therefore inverter technology is quintessential for success of PV inverters. For the inverter to feed power into the grid it must maintain a DC bus greater than the max instantaneous voltage of the grid, thus a boost stage may be required. Also as PV shows a unique V vs I characteristics the installation must make sure that it operates at the maximum power point (MPP) of this curve. In addition the current that the inverter feeds into the grid must be clean and in phase with the

extracting the energy from the renewable source is done on one core and the Ethernet server is run on the other core. Hardware design for the energy node to extract maximum power from the solar panel is discussed along with communication interface. Software

design and integration challenges for control and communication are presented and the solution using dual core microcontroller illustrated. KEYWORDS: Smart Grid, Heterogeneous, Isolation, Central Inverter, renewable energy, topology, Inverter, reliability, stability

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grid. Several disturbances exist on the grid, like voltage swells and dips, phase jumps and noise from appliances running etc, thus the system must be able to estimate the phase of the grid accurately along with rejecting these disturbances on the grid. SMART GRID: A smart grid is an electrical grid that uses information and communications technology to gather and act on information, such as information about the behaviors of suppliers and consumers, in an automated fashion to improve the efficiency, reliability, economics, and sustainability of the production and distribution of electricity. Origin of the term "smart grid": The term smart grid has been in use since at least 2005, when it appeared in the article "Toward A Smart Grid" by Amin and Wollenberg. The term had been used previously and may date as far back as 1998.[citation needed] There are many smart grid definitions, some functional, some technological, A and some benefitsto most electric grid modernization, especially

substation and distribution automation, is now included in the general concept of the smart grid, but additional capabilities are evolving as well. SOLAR ENERGY: Solar energy, radiant light and heat from the sun, has been harnessed by humans since ancient times using a range of ever-evolving technologies. Solar energy

technologies include solar heating, solar photovoltaic, solar thermal electricity and solar architecture, which can make considerable contributions to solving some of the most urgent problems the world now faces. Solar technologies are broadly characterized as either passive solar or active solar depending on the way they capture, convert and distribute solar energy. Active solar techniques include the use of photovoltaic panels and solar thermal collectors to harness the energy. Passive solar techniques ninclude orienting a building to the Sun, The input current pv I is sensed before the input capacitance along with the panel voltage pv V . These two values are then used by the MPPT algorithm. The MPPT is realized using Increasing the current reference of the boost, i.e. current drawn through the boost loads the panel and hence results in the panel output voltage drop. Therefore the sign for the outer voltage compensator reference and feedback are reversed. an outer voltage loop that regulates the input voltage to the boost stage i.e. the output of the panel, by modulating the current reference for an inner current loop of the boost stage selecting materials with favorable

oriented.

common

element

definitions is the application of digital processing and communications to the power grid, making data flow and information management central to the smart grid. Various capabilities result from the deeply integrated use of digital technology with power grids, and integration of the new grid information flows into utility processes and systems is one of the key issues in the design of smart grids. Electric utilities now find themselves making three classes of transformations: improvement of infrastructure, called the strong grid in China; addition of the digital layer, which is the essence of the smart grid; and business process transformation, necessary to capitalize on the investments in smart technology. Much of the modernization work that has been going on in

thermal mass or light dispersing properties, and designing spaces that naturally circulate air.

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A common use of the term voltage converter is for a device that allows appliances made for the mains voltage of one geographical region to operate in an area with different voltage. Such a device may be called a voltage converter, power converter, travel adapter, etc. Most single phase alternating-current electrical outlets in the world supply power at 210 240 V or at 100120 V. A transformer or autotransformer can be used; direct currentand distinguish it from low voltage (501000 V AC or 1201500 V DC) and extra-low voltage (<50 V AC or <120 V DC) circuits. This is in the context of building wiring and the safety of electrical apparatus. In the United States 2005 National Electrical Code (NEC), high voltage is any voltage over 600 V (article 490.2). British Standard BS 7671:2008 defines high voltage as any voltage difference between conductors that is higher than 1000 V AC or 1500 V ripple-free DC, or any voltage difference between a conductor and Earth that is higher than 600 V AC or 900 V ripple-free DC. Electricians may only be licensed for particular voltage classes, in some jurisdictions. [1] For example, an electrical license for a specialized sub-trade such as installation of HVAC systems, fire alarm systems, closed circuit television systems may be authorized to install systems energized up to only 30 volts between conductors, and may not be permitted to work on mains-voltage circuits. The general public may consider household mains circuits (100 250 V AC), which carry the highest voltages they normally encounter, to be high voltage.

(auto)transformers are inherently reversible, so the same transformer can be used to step the voltage up, or step it down by the same ratio. Lighter and smaller devices can be made using electronic circuitry; reducing the voltage electronically is simpler and cheaper than increasing it. Small, inexpensive, travel

adapters suitable for low-power devices such as electric shavers, but not, say, hairdriers, are available; travel adapters usually include plugend adapters for the different standards used in different countries. A transformer would be used for higher power. The term high voltage usually means electrical energy at voltages high enough to inflict harm or death upon living things. Equipment and conductors that carry high voltage warrant particular safety requirements and procedures. In certain

Choosing a converter: A converter to drive equipment should be specified to supply at least the actual watts or amperes used by the equipment; this is usually stated on a label on the equipment. A converter of higher rating is safe to use. Some equipment uses more power or current at startup; a 20% margin is usually adequate, although it may be included in the rated figure HARDWARE PLATFORM: Below drawn Fig1 block implements the diagram of the hardware platform for PV inverter. The board is designed to interface with a high watt solar

industries, high voltage means voltage above a particular threshold (see below). High voltage is used in electrical power distribution, in cathode ray tubes, to generate X-rays and particle beams, to demonstrate arcing, for ignition, in photomultiplier tubes, and in high power amplifier vacuum tubes and other industrial and scientific applications. The International Electrotechnical Commission and its national counterparts (IET, IEEE, VDE, etc.) define high voltage as above 1000 V for alternating current, and at least 1500 V for

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panel and the power stages designed hardware circuitry. Controlling of all home appliances are done using GSM and internet. One special GUI is created for monitoring all devices, which works with solar energy generated from solar panel.

accordingly. The power rating is kept low so that new users can work with the board to experiment with PV systems. A high efficient and more reliable hardware platform is designed for controlling high frequency grids with out using external components and extra

Fig1: Controlling unit

Fig2: Inverter circuit diagram

PV Panels have a unique V vs I characteristics, to enable understanding and quick

the board can be used to change the look up table curves for the panel emulator. PV emulator control scheme is shown in above Fig1. The control of the PV panel emulator is kept separate from the control of the power processing stages of the PV inverter. Fig 2 shows the detail of the power stages present on

development of PV systems, a low cost panel emulator is integrated on the board. The panel emulator is based on a DC-DC stage which is operated in voltage mode. As PV is a light dependent source the light sensor integrated on

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the board along with sense signals. The board follows a macro based approach and the input and output of each power stage is kept in form of connectors, this enables easy debug of each stage. Also, the blocks can be connected in different fashions to implement different PV systems. HETEROGENEOUS DUAL CORE MCU: Automotive SoCs have traditionally been single core, since not much computational work or high end applications were targeted on them. Automotives were simpler, so were the applications and so were the SoCs. As more and more electronics made room in the automotives, the complexity of the SoCs kept on increasing. Now the focus is to have most of the automotive under electronic control. being used for safety applications. With the above discussion, unique challenges of control and communication in design of PV inverters for smart grid have become clear. As the switching frequencies for the power stages

being controlled rises, along with added functionality using a single controller (single cpu) for both control and communications

becomes complicated. Addition of Ethernet style application layers adds more complexity to the system design. A typical way of solving this is to use a two chip solution where one chip handles the control and the other communication. Having a two chip solution increases the complexity of the board and the design along with increasing the total cost. The grid current and the inverter current to be in phase, this implies power from the grid and

High end automotives produced these days provide features like electronic stability control (ESC), traction control system (TCS),

the solar explorer load is summed at the load. Thus the grid current changes phase, showing current feed into the grid from the board.

advanced driver assistance systems (ADAS) etc. These features require complex SoCs at heart which can collect, process and transfer data at a fast rate from multiple peripherals.

No matter at how much high frequency the single core is operating on, it will always have performance bottlenecks & challenges while performing multiple tasks. Single core running on higher frequency consumes more power. This makes the single core architecture unfit for ultra low power applications. Dual core based SOC architecture provide better tradeoff in performance and power consumption than single core based architectures. As a result, the dual core SoCs have now been featuring prominently in the automotive designs. Fig 3 Heterogeneous Dual Core MCU Dual core MCU can offer an integrated single chip solution for such applications, where one core handles the communication and other core handles the control tasks. However, using the same core for control and communication, leads to compromise on performance of one or

Besides providing higher performance than single core, dual core based architectures are

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the other because control and communication have different processor requirements. The control peripherals such as pulse width modulators, time capture modules etc are mapped to the C28x. The communication peripherals such as Ethernet and USB are mapped to the M3 core. A single analog to digital converter is shared by both the processors. Having ADC access by both cores with different ISAs adds features of ADVANTAGES: 1. More reliable due to Heterogeneous Dual Core MCU 2. Less power consumption due to solar panel 3. More users friendly 4. Low complexity and low area occupancy APPLICATIONS: 1. 2. 3. 4. Power stations Mobile communications Military communications satellite communications Finally, a novel

redundancy in the system, for safety critical checks. This split of control and

CONCLUSION:

communication tasks and peripherals between the two cores Provides a clean system partitioning. Communication between the two processors is handled using an Inter Processor Communication (IPC) peripheral which can configure and has privileges to write. GUI shows the software structure used to pass messages and commands between the two CPUs through the shared RAMs. The IPC peripheral can configure interrupts for the data to be read immediately and provide

instrumentation for the Hardware platform of PV inverter is designed and implemented. This project implements PV inverter topology with isolation at high frequency. This project discusses the design of a smart grid-enabled

renewable energy node using a heterogeneous dual core microcontroller. In this case both the boost and the inverter stages are included. REFERENCES: [1] Zhang Housheng; Zhao Yanlei; ,

"Research on a Novel Digital Photovoltaic Array Simulator," Intelligent Computation Technology and Automation (ICICTA), 2010 International Conference on , vol.2, no., pp.1077-1080, 11-12 May 2010 [2] Britton, Lunscher, and Tanju,A 9KW High-Performance Solar Array Simulator,

acknowledgement Interrupts on either core. Data is exchanged between the two cores with means of shared RAMs. The shared RAMs allow read accesses from the two cores but only one core RESULT:

Proceedings of the European Space Power Conference,August 1993 (ESA WPP-054, August 1993) [3] Soeren Baekhoej Kjaer ,Design and Control of an Inverter for Photovoltaic Applications, [4] Remus Teodorescu, Marco Liserre, Pedro Rodriguez, Gird Converters for Photovoltaic and Wind Power Systems, John Wiley and Sons,2011

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[5] Tamas Kerekes, Analysis and Modeling of Transformerless Photovoltaic Inverter

Systems, Department of Energy Technology , Aalborg University, 2009 [6] Texas Instruments TMS320F28M35x

Datasheet and Techincal Reference Manual [7] Guillermo Gonzalez, Microwave Transistor Amplifiers, Prentice-Hall, INC.. Englewood Cliffs, N.J .. 1996. [8] B John Albinsson "A graphic design method for matched Low Noise Amplifier" ; IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and Techniques. vol 38 No.2, pp 119-122, Feb. 1990 [9] Ehsan Adabi, Babak Heydari, Mounir Bohsali and Ali M. Niknejad ;'30 GHz CMOS Low Noise Amplifier," IEEE Volume, Issue, 3-5 June 2007Page(s):625 - 628 [10] Maxim Technologies, Application Note 002875, 21 Nov 2003 http://www.maximic.com/an2875 Accessed at 18 June 2008

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